Territory Arrangement Research Articles

The Australia’s Foreign Relations Act and Australia’s Relationship with International Law

This article examines the consequences of the Australia’s Foreign Relations (State and Territory Arrangements) Act 2020 (Cth) (‘Foreign Relations Act’) for international law. It argues that the arrangements entered into by state, territory and local governments to which the Foreign Relations Act applies can be relevant to international law in three ways. First, they may relate indirectly to Australia’s international legal obligations. Second, they may be a means by which Australian subnational governments claim a role for themselves in governance on global issues. Third, as an exercise of diplomacy, they influence the relations Australia maintains with other nations and the way in which it participates in the international system. As the states and territories in particular become more assertive, including on international issues such as climate change, giving the Commonwealth complete control over such arrangements may impact Australia’s relationship with international law.

СХЕМЫ ТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОГО ПЛАНИРОВАНИЯ В ОБЛАСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ И РАЗМЕЩЕНИЯ ОСОБО ОХРАНЯЕМЫХ ПРИРОДНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ КАК ДОКУМЕНТЫ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОГО РАЗВИТИЯ: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

In this article, the authors proceed from the statement that territorial planning schemes of specially protected natural territories improvement and placement should be considered as documents of spatial development. As they put it, these schemes combine the interdependent ways of all land users development in a single planning solution. The authors offer fundamental methods for implementing the tasks assigned to specially protected areas and conclude that ecological well-being of our country is one of the most important tasks for both state bodies and the entire population as a whole. At timely planning and informing the authorities about upcoming schemes, plans and the territory arrangement, a well-designed scheme for the protected areas placement not only adds the informational value to the study, but also allows to accurately identify all significant objects to minimize further incident situations.

THE ROLE OF CENTRAL AND REGIONAL GOVERNMENTS IN THE RESOLUTION OF LAND PROBLEMS OF THE INDONESIAN NAVY AS A MILITARY TRAINING AREA IN GRATI PASURUAN

ABSTRACT
 The Indonesian Navy owns land assets of State Property (BMN) in Grati, Pasuruan Regency covering an area of ​​36,763,350 m2 (3,676.34 Ha). In accordance with Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 68 of 2014 concerning State Defense Territory Arrangement. There are 1,033 locations of Indonesian Forces lands that are included in the Territory The defense consists of the Indonesian Army as many as 583 locations, the Indonesian Navy as many as 93 locations and the Indonesian Air Force in 357 locations. The Defense Area consists of military bases or soldiers, military training areas, military installations, equipment testing areas, storage areas for other explosive and dangerous goods, areas for disposal of ammunition and other dangerous defense equipment, strategic national vital objects and air defense interests. the land of the Indonesian Navy BMN in Grati, Pasuruan Regency cannot be used optimally for the Indonesian Forces training area because many residents inhabit the Indonesian Navy land for agricultural land and housing so that the participation of the central and regional governments is needed in resolving these problems so that the Indonesian Navy can use the land as a training area in accordance with the Main Duties and Main Functions of the Indonesian Navy. And This research used descriptive qualitative methods and analysis is carried out based on the findings of the data that has been collected.
 
 Keywords: Policy evaluation, military training area, community relocation, team formation combined

LUTSK CITY SPACE EVOLUTION UNDER MODERNIZATION CONDITIONS (END OF THE XIXTH – BEGINNING OF THE XXTH CENTURY)

purpose of the article is to analyze Lutsk city space evolution at the turn of the XIXth and XXth centuries by analyzing the network of educational institutionsʼ development in the city and the city territory arrangement. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientificity, the authorʼs objectivity and the use of the general scientific (analysis, synthesis, generalization) and special-historical (historical-typological, historical-systemic) methods. The criticism and classification methods were applied at the archival materials processing stage. The scientific novelty is that for the first time on the basis of the archival materials Lutsk povit development has been illustrated, its territory expansion, the urbanization improvement and the urban population increase have been depicted at the turn of the century, which was the result of urbanization as a manifestation of modernization processes. These processes spheres of life has been determined. The Conclusions. One of the modernization manifestations of the second half of the XIXth century was the urbanization processes, which resulted in the increase in the number of cities and towns, territorially increasing existing urban settlements. The modernization also affected Lutsk povit, having a decisive influence on the development of its cultural, educational and territorial space. We have considered the evolution of the educational institutionsʼ network in the city, the cemeteries and squares organization, the urban improvements are some of the most striking examples of the urban space evolution, but not the last. There is a need for a comprehensive study of the city infrastructure development – the city streets construction and improvement, their electrification, the telephone communications emergence, the water supply and more. Due to the ethno-confessional diversity of the city, a separate and thorough study dedicated to the Lutsk City Society should be carried out. Therefore, both special and general works on Lutsk development history in terms of modernization conditions are not only possible but also necessary in the future.

De la jerarquización funcional continua de los asentamientos a la discreta: el caso de Aragón

Se plantean primero las dificultades que entraña pasar de un modelo jerarquizado continuo a otro discreto y la necesidad de jerarquias discretas para la ordenación del territorio. Para la jerarquización funcional de Aragón se parte del modelo de Davies utilizando 117 variables (licencias fiscales). De la jerarquía continua de centralidades reales se llega a una jerarquía discretade tipo christalleriano dando una serie de pasos: mediante medidas tipificadas, eliminacidn de los municipios del área metropolitana, supresidn en el nivel elemental de índices de atracción negativa con excepciones justificadas (vía ernpírica y estadlstica), consideración de los incrementos medios de centralidad para aceptar las rupturas del "continuum", agrupamientos de niveles jerárquicos en función de una optimación del índice del vecino más próximo.

On clusters and industrial districts: A literature review using bibliometrics methods, 2000–2015

AbstractThe present research work shows the results obtained in an analysis of the existing literature about one of the ‘topics’ which arouses more interest among economists, geographers, theorists of business organization and strategic management or the actual officials in charge of territory arrangement and planning: that of clusters or industrial firm or groupings. More precisely, a total of 1,344 research papers published in different journals in the areas of economy, management, business, planning and development, urban studies and geography during the period 2000 and 2015 were analysed for the purpose of trying to identify and visualize the intellectual structure or knowledge base of the research developed about the aforementioned phenomena. As for the methodology utilized, of a quantitative nature, it is based on the use of bibliometric techniques – in particular, of document co‐citation analysis (DCA) – and of social networks analysis.

Analysis and demonstration of investment implementation model and paths for China's cultivated land consolidation

Cultivated land consolidation (CLC) is essential for ensuring rural development and for optimizing national territory arrangement in China. The investment and implementation for CLC have been basically led by governments in China. And the introduction of social organization into CLC investment implementation is a significant experiment in CLC investment implementation models under new conditions of China, it is also an important supplement to traditional land consolidation models and is conducive to innovating land consolidation investment model and improving capital efficiency. Taking Suixi County in Guangdong province as a study area, this paper explores the investment implementation models and paths for China's CLC projects. An evaluation index system is established from three perspectives of cultivated land quality, consolidation potential and investment implementation condition based on the analysis of the executors and influencing factors of CLC investment implementation. Then, China's CLC investment implementation models are divided into three types, named new-type agricultural operation organization leading model, government leading model and farmer leading model, and a systematic analysis of implementation paths for varied models is conducted. Results show that it can instruct regional CLC investment implementation and enhance implementation efficiency of cultivated land investment.

Condensin-mediated chromosome organization in fission yeast.

Genome/chromosome structures are formed by a hierarchy of organizing processes ranging from gene interactions to chromosome territory formation. The SMC complex, cohesin, mediates interactions among enhancers and promoters, thereby regulating transcription. Another SMC complex, condensin, also plays critical roles in genome organization, although the detailed mechanisms remain much less well understood. Here, we discuss our recent findings on how fission yeast condensin mediates interactions among genes and how condensin-dependent interactions play dual roles in the chromosome territory arrangement during interphase and in mitotic chromosome organization, which supports the fidelity of chromosome segregation. Our studies suggest that condensin serves as a functional ligature connecting gene interactions, chromosome territory arrangement, transcriptional regulation, and chromosome segregation.

Involvement of condensin-directed gene associations in the organization and regulation of chromosome territories during the cell cycle.

Chromosomes are not randomly disposed in the nucleus but instead occupy discrete sub-nuclear domains, referred to as chromosome territories. The molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of chromosome territories and how they are regulated during the cell cycle remain largely unknown. Here, we have developed two different chromosome-painting approaches to address how chromosome territories are organized in the fission yeast model organism. We show that condensin frequently associates RNA polymerase III-transcribed genes (tRNA and 5S rRNA) that are present on the same chromosomes, and that the disruption of these associations by condensin mutations significantly compromises the chromosome territory arrangement. We also find that condensin-dependent intra-chromosomal gene associations and chromosome territories are co-regulated during the cell cycle. For example, condensin-directed gene associations occur to the least degree during S phase, with the chromosomal overlap becoming largest. In clear contrast, condensin-directed gene associations become tighter in other cell-cycle phases, especially during mitosis, with the overlap between the different chromosomes being smaller. This study suggests that condensin-driven intra-chromosomal gene associations contribute to the organization and regulation of chromosome territories during the cell cycle.

A new system will lead to an optimal path of land consolidation spatial management in China

Land consolidation spatial management (LCSM) has a significant influence on optimizing national territory arrangement in China. Constrained by the absence of proper administration and evaluation mechanisms, the current LCSM system is entirely based on the principle of “Spatial Recognition of Reserved Arable Land Resources”, which eventually causes the loss of distinct management hierarchy and coordination between land consolidation functions and territorial functions. Aiming at providing an optimal path for LCSM in China, this paper proposes a new principle of “Spatial Coordination Guided by Land Consolidation Function” and establishes a new system consisting of national, provincial, municipal and county-level land consolidation zonings, which comprehensively cover the four key spatial elements of land consolidation (territorial function, land consolidation function, land consolidation potential and land consolidation engineering) by using a factor-combination method. Advantages of this new system are described as follows: (1) it recognizes a top-bottom dependent relationship and control mechanism inside LCSM; (2) it coordinates land consolidation functions with territorial functions to effectively promote regional development; (3) it actualizes multiple land consolidation functions with the support of various land consolidation potentials and engineering means; and (4) it provides specific and explicit guidance on single land consolidation project arrangement and coordinates the spatial arrangements of different regional land consolidation activities. To promote the realization of this new system, some important suggestions are also provided, such as establishing diversified and differentiated land consolidation evaluation systems; granting regions autonomy and flexibility over land consolidation project approval, investment and implement standards; and performing land consolidation with the entire region as a complete consolidation object.

4D Chromatin dynamics in cycling cells

This live cell study of chromatin dynamics in four dimensions (space and time) in cycling human cells provides direct evidence for three hypotheses first proposed by Theodor Boveri in seminal studies of fixed blastomeres from Parascaris equorum embryos: (I) Chromosome territory (CT) arrangements are stably maintained during interphase. (II) Chromosome proximity patterns change profoundly during prometaphase. (III) Similar CT proximity patterns in pairs of daughter nuclei reflect symmetrical chromosomal movements during anaphase and telophase, but differ substantially from the arrangement in mother cell nucleus. Hypothesis I could be confirmed for the majority of interphase cells. A minority, however, showed complex, rotational movements of CT assemblies with large-scale changes of CT proximity patterns, while radial nuclear arrangements were maintained. A new model of chromatin dynamics is proposed. It suggests that long-range DNA-DNA interactions in cell nuclei may depend on a combination of rotational CT movements and locally constrained chromatin movements.

4D Chromatin dynamics in cycling cells: Theodor Boveri's hypotheses revisited

This live cell study of chromatin dynamics in four dimensions (space and time) in cycling human cells provides direct evidence for three hypotheses first proposed by Theodor Boveri in seminal studies of fixed blastomeres from Parascaris equorum embryos: (I) Chromosome territory (CT) arrangements are stably maintained during interphase. (II) Chromosome proximity patterns change profoundly during prometaphase. (III) Similar CT proximity patterns in pairs of daughter nuclei reflect symmetrical chromosomal movements during anaphase and telophase, but differ substantially from the arrangement in mother cell nucleus. Hypothesis I could be confirmed for the majority of interphase cells. A minority, however, showed complex, rotational movements of CT assemblies with large-scale changes of CT proximity patterns, while radial nuclear arrangements were maintained. A new model of chromatin dynamics is proposed. It suggests that long-range DNA-DNA interactions in cell nuclei may depend on a combination of rotational CT movements and locally constrained chromatin movements.

A GIS approach to identifying territorial resource competition

Computer simulations using a geographical information system were developed to investigate the relationships between the habitat composition of red grouse territories and the alignment of territory boundaries in relation to vegetation patterns. Field data were from a fifteen year study on Kerloch Moor, north-east Scotland, between 1963 and 1977. In order to determine whether observed territories were arranged randomly with respect to a number of habitat characteristics, they were compared with many simulated sets of possible territory arrangements by translation of the territory boundaries to a number of different positions relative to the vegetation mosaic. A suite of summary statistics was calculated for the simulated configurations, against which the observed configurations were tested. There was little evidence for territorial resource competition by red grouse. The positions of territories were not strongly influenced by their composition in terms of vegetation types or heather edge. Neither was there any obvious preference for territory boundaries to lie within particular vegetation types. However, there was clear evidence that physical features of the habitat (fences, walls, tracks, etc.) had a strong influence on the position of territory boundaries. Temporal and spatial habitat heterogeneity led to a number of technical and analytical problems, and the implications of these are discussed.

Interphase chromosome arrangement in Arabidopsis thaliana is similar in differentiated and meristematic tissues and shows a transient mirror symmetry after nuclear division.

Whole-mount fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to determine the three-dimensional (3D) interphase chromosome territory (CT) arrangement and heterochromatin location within the positional context of entire tissues or in particular cell types of morphologically well-preserved seedlings. The interphase chromosome arrangement was found to be similar between all inspected meristematic and differentiated root and shoot cells, indicating a lack of a gross reorganization during differentiation. The predominantly random CT arrangement (except for a more frequent association of the homologous chromosomes bearing a nucleolus organizer) and the peripheric location of centromeric heterochromatin were as previously observed for flow-sorted nuclei, but centromeres tend to fuse more often in nonendoreduplicating cells and NORs in differentiated cells. After mitosis, sister nuclei revealed a symmetric arrangement of homologous CTs waning with the progress of the cell cycle or in the course of differentiation. Thus, the interphase chromosome arrangement in A. thaliana nuclei seems to be constrained mainly by morphological features such as nuclear shape, presence or absence of a nucleolus organizer on chromosomes, nucleolar volume, and/or endopolyploidy level.

Conservation and Alteration of Chromosome Territory Arrangements in Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Nuclei

Chromosome territories (CTs) are intranuclear subregions occupied by individual chromosomes in an interphase cell. In this study, we investigated intranuclear CT positionings of chromosomes 10 (CS10), 18 (CS18), and 19 (CS19) in epithelial cells from four normal thyroid tissue (NT), four adenomatous goiters (AGs), six papillary carcinomas (PCs), and two undifferentiated carcinomas (UCs) using the multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization method. In the NT and AGs, the radial positionings of CS10 and CS18 were detected at the periphery of nuclei in more than 60% and 80% of cells, respectively, whereas the radial positioning of CS19 was in the central region of the nuclei in more than 80% of cells. In the PCs, radial positioning pattern of CS10 and CS18 were similar to that in the NT. The nuclei with centrally located CS19 in PCs were less frequent than those in NT cells (p < 0.01). On the other hand, UCs with cells having DNA amplification demonstrated the locational abnormalities of the CS10, CS18, and CS19 radial positions. These findings indicate that alteration of CT positioning could be related to DNA amplification and, morphologically, may explain the nuclear atypia that accompanies the abnormal chromatin feature.

Chromosome arrangement and nuclear architecture but not centromeric sequences are conserved between Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabidopsis lyrata

In contrast to the situation described for mammals and Drosophila, chromosome territory (CT) arrangement and somatic homologous pairing in interphase nuclei of Arabidopsis thaliana (n = 5) are predominantly random except for a more frequent association of the chromosomes bearing a homologous nucleolus organizer region. To find out whether this chromosome arrangement is also characteristic for other species of the genus Arabidopsis, we investigated Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. lyrata (n = 8), one of the closest relatives of A. thaliana. First, we determined the size of each chromosome and chromosome arm, the sequence type of centromeric repeats and their distribution between individual centromeres and the position of the 5S/45S rDNA arrays in A. lyrata. Then we demonstrated that CT arrangement, homologous pairing and sister chromatid alignment of distinct euchromatic and/or heterochromatic regions within A. lyrata interphase nuclei are similar to that in A. thaliana nuclei. Thus, the arrangement of interphase chromosomes appears to be conserved between both taxa that diverged about 5 million years ago. Since the chromosomes of A. lyrata resemble those of the presumed ancestral karyotype, a similar arrangement of interphase chromosomes is also to be expected for other closely related diploid species of the Brassicaceae family.

Chromosome territory positioning of conserved homologous chromosomes in different primate species

Interphase chromosomes form distinct spatial domains called chromosome territories (CTs). The position of CTs is known not to be at random and is related to chromosome size and gene density. To elucidate how CTs are arranged in primate proliferating fibroblasts and whether the radial position of CTs has been conserved during primate evolution, several specific CTs corresponding to conserved chromosomes since the Simiiformes (human 6, 12, 13, and 17 homologous CTs) have been studied in 3D preserved interphase nuclei from proliferant cells of two New World monkey species (Lagothrix lagothricha, Saimiri sciureus) and in human by three-dimensional fluorescent in situ hybridization (3D-FISH). Our results indicate that both gene-density and chromosome size influence chromosome territory arrangement in the nucleus. This influence is greater for chromosome-size than for gene-density in the three species studied. A comparison of the radial position of a given CT and its homolog in the species analyzed suggests similar CT distributions for homologous chromosomes. Our statistical analysis using the logit model shows that such homologous positionings cannot, however, be considered identical.

Common themes and cell type specific variations of higher order chromatin arrangements in the mouse

BackgroundSimilarities as well as differences in higher order chromatin arrangements of human cell types were previously reported. For an evolutionary comparison, we now studied the arrangements of chromosome territories and centromere regions in six mouse cell types (lymphocytes, embryonic stem cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, myoblasts and myotubes) with fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Both species evolved pronounced differences in karyotypes after their last common ancestors lived about 87 million years ago and thus seem particularly suited to elucidate common and cell type specific themes of higher order chromatin arrangements in mammals.ResultsAll mouse cell types showed non-random correlations of radial chromosome territory positions with gene density as well as with chromosome size. The distribution of chromosome territories and pericentromeric heterochromatin changed during differentiation, leading to distinct cell type specific distribution patterns. We exclude a strict dependence of these differences on nuclear shape. Positional differences in mouse cell nuclei were less pronounced compared to human cell nuclei in agreement with smaller differences in chromosome size and gene density. Notably, the position of chromosome territories relative to each other was very variable.ConclusionChromosome territory arrangements according to chromosome size and gene density provide common, evolutionary conserved themes in both, human and mouse cell types. Our findings are incompatible with a previously reported model of parental genome separation.

Inter- and intra-specific gene-density-correlated radial chromosome territory arrangements are conserved in Old World monkeys

Recently it has been shown that the gene-density correlated radial distribution of human 18 and 19 homologous chromosome territories (CTs) is conserved in higher primates in spite of chromosomal rearrangements that occurred during evolution. However, these observations were limited to apes and New World monkey species. In order to provide further evidence for the evolutionary conservation of gene-density-correlated CT arrangements, we extended our previous study to Old World monkeys. They comprise the remaining species group to be analyzed in order to obtain a comprehensive overview of the nuclear topology of human 18 and 19 homologous CTs in higher primates. In the present study we investigated four lymphoblastoid cell lines from three species of Old World monkeys by three-dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization (3D-FISH): two individuals of Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis), and an interspecies hybrid individual between African green monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops) and Patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas). Our data demonstrate that gene-poor human 18 homologous CTs are located preferentially close to the nuclear periphery, whereas gene-dense human 19 homologous CTs are oriented towards the nuclear center in all cell lines analyzed. The gene-density-correlated positioning of human 18 and 19 homologous CTs is evolutionarily conserved throughout all major higher primate lineages, despite chromosomal inversions, fusions, fissions or reciprocal translocations that occurred in the course of evolution in these species. This remarkable preservation of a gene-density-correlated chromatin arrangement gives further support for a functionally relevant higher-order chromatin architecture.

Chromosomes in space and time

The genetic material that makes up each chromosome of a higher organism is not haphazardly distributed throughout the cell nucleus but is neatly packed into spatially distinct ‘chromosome territories’. Whether chromosome territories are arranged in particular patterns within the nucleus, and, if so, whether such patterns are functionally relevant, has been controversial. An evolutionary study on the nuclear arrangement of chromosome territories now provides strong support for nonrandom chromosome localization and its functional importance in mammals [ 1. Tanabe H. et al. Evolutionary conservation of chromosome territory arrangements in cell nuclei from higher primates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2002; 99: 4424-4429 Crossref PubMed Scopus (317) Google Scholar ].