Territorial Expansion Research Articles

Expansion to new habitats and a new commercial host (Malus domestica) by Anastrepha ludens (Tephritidae) likely influenced by global warming.

Anastrepha ludens (Mexican fruit-fly) is a highly polyphagous fruit fly species (Tephritidae) attacking wild and commercial fruit from Mexico to Panama. Here we report on a recent habitat and host range expansion as A. ludens lately started to attack apples (Malus domestica) in Mexico, a phenomenon likely influenced by global warming. We document natural infestations in apple-growing regions in the States of Nuevo León and Hidalgo, Mexico where A. ludens has started to attack the cultivars 'Golden Delicious', 'Rayada' and 'Criolla'. No infestations were found in the apple-growing region of Zacatlán, Puebla. To determine apple cultivar susceptibility to the attack of this emerging pest, we ran forced infestation assays in enclosed fruit-bearing branches in all three apple-growing regions and studied the metabolome of all fruit. A clear pattern emerged indicating that the cultivar 'Golden Delicious' was the most susceptible, with 'Criolla' exhibiting complete resistance in one location (Puebla). Although A. ludens can develop in this new host, development rates (egg-adult) and adult emergence were affected when compared with the performance in the natural host 'Marsh' grapefruit. Warmer temperatures and specific secondary metabolites of some apple cultivars are likely contributing to the territorial and host expansion of A. ludens.

The rise and transformation of Bronze Age pastoralists in the Caucasus.

The Caucasus and surrounding areas, with their rich metal resources, became a crucible of the Bronze Age1 and the birthplace of the earliest steppe pastoralist societies2. Yet, despite this region having a large influence on the subsequent development of Europe and Asia, questions remain regarding its hunter-gatherer past and its formation of expansionist mobile steppe societies3-5. Here we present new genome-wide data for 131 individuals from 38 archaeological sites spanning 6,000 years. We find a strong genetic differentiation between populations north and south of the Caucasus mountains during the Mesolithic, with Eastern hunter-gatherer ancestry4,6 in the north, and a distinct Caucasus hunter-gatherer ancestry7 with increasing East Anatolian farmer admixture in the south. During the subsequent Eneolithic period, we observe the formation of the characteristic West Eurasian steppe ancestry and heightened interaction between the mountain and steppe regions, facilitated by technological developments of the Maykop cultural complex8. By contrast, the peak of pastoralist activities and territorial expansions during the Early and Middle Bronze Age is characterized by long-term genetic stability. The Late Bronze Age marks another period of gene flow from multiple distinct sources that coincides with a decline of steppe cultures, followed by a transformation and absorption of the steppe ancestry into highland populations.

Exploring variations in quality parameters of Theobroma cacao L.beans from Eastern Amazonia

The cocoa tree (Theobroma cacao L.) is a native crop of the tropical forests of Central America and the Amazon. It plays an important role in the economy of producing regions; however, the infrastructure remains incipient, leading to inadequate processing practices and affecting the quality of the cocoa beans. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the quality of 55 samples of Amazonian cocoa beans produced in five regions of state of Pará (Lower Tocantins River, Northeast, West, Southeast, and Trans-Amazon) through physical and physicochemical evaluations (proteins, lipids, moisture, ash, pH, acidity, and water activity), and a questionnaire with producers about fermentation and drying practices. This was followed by physical, physicochemical, antioxidant capacity, quantification of total polyphenols, and bioactive compound evaluations. According to the physical evaluation, the samples met the acceptable commercial standard, but the cut test results showed a lack of standardization in the pre-processing of cocoa beans according to the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). Among the physicochemical parameters, moisture was within the limit tolerated by legislation, and only lipids showed significant differences. Regarding antioxidant capacity, total polyphenols, and bioactive compounds, only the bioactive compounds showed significant differences, with the Lower Tocantins River region exhibiting higher values for all studied compounds. Inadequate processing practices, such as poor fermentation and drying, may lead to quality deficiencies in cocoa beans. Therefore, this study emphasizes the need for characterization of commercial cocoa beans, as well as standardization in the pre-processing of these beans. It also highlights potential variations in the quality of the beans among producing regions, owing to the vast territorial expanse of Pará, diverse cultivation conditions, variety of cocoa trees, and different methods of cocoa bean pre-processing.

Constraints on Interstellar Sovereignty

Human space exploration and settlement of other planets is becoming increasingly technologically feasible, while mission concepts for remote and crewed missions to nearby star systems continue to be developed. But the long-term success of space settlement also requires extensions and advances in models of governance. This paper provides a synthesis of the physical factors that will constrain the application of sovereignty in space as well as legal precedent on Earth that likely applies to any crewed or uncrewed missions to other stellar systems. The Outer Space Treaty limits the territorial expansion of states into space, but the requirements for oversight of nongovernmental agencies and retention of property ownership enable the extension of state jurisdiction into space. Pragmatic constraints from historical precedent on Earth suggest that new space treaties will be unlikely to succeed and new global space agencies may have limited jurisdiction over states, while hard constraints of the space environment require adherence to technical capabilities, political feasibility, and long-term sustainability. These factors form a three-prong test for assessing the viability of interstellar governance models. This discussion of interstellar governance is intended to further the conversation about sovereignty in space prior to the first intentional launch of any interstellar spacecraft. Keywords: Space Settlement, Space Colonization, Interstellar Travel, Governance, Outer Space Treaty

Spatial Analysis of Regional Planning Related to Moratorium Right to Cultivate (Plantation) in Indonesia

Indonesia is a country that is blessed by Allah Swt with a very large expanse of space and territory and is located on the equator surrounded by the sea. This is a natural resource that is very rarely owned by other countries, where the sun shines every year with high humidity. These resources are controlled by the state and used as much as possible for the welfare of the community. One of the related natural resources is plants that can grow well in the area. Oil palm is a plant originating from West Africa that is very suitable for growing in the equatorial area. Currently, Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world. The greatest utilization of this blessing are for the welfare of the community and based on sustainable Regional Spatial Planning. On its implementation the Regional Spatial Planning has been divided according to its function and sustainability. This condition is contrary to the current government policy, where the government has implemented a moratorium policy on new business use rights for the Plantation sector. The regulation was Presidential Instruction (Inpres) Number 8 of 2018. The purpose of the Moratorium is to control the deforestation of Primary Forests and also improve the Governance of Oil Palm Plantations. In its implementation, there are indeed successes and weaknesses. Successes are mainly in holding back the rate of deforestation or forest encroachment. The weakness is that in terms of Regional Spatial Planning, there should still be many areas that can be used for developing plantation land, especially unproductive and non-forest areas. So that the ideals of improving the welfare of the community can be truly realized.

Оценка привлекательности ресторанных рынков регионов Сибирского федерального округа

Many restaurant companies turn to territorial expansion to restore and develop the restaurant market after COVID-19 restrictions and disruptions in logistics. As a result, they need to select territories with the greatest business development prospects. As a rule, they choose geographical markets for expansion based on attractiveness assessments and market ratings provided by various research companies and institutes. However, these reports often lack rating attractiveness assessments for separate regions and the domestic restaurant market as a whole. Moreover, a review of scientific publications revealed no standard approach to market parameters in this sphere. The authors employed three different methods to assess the attractiveness of restaurant markets in the regions of the Siberian Federal District. Each method included single-factor or multi-factor parameters that determined the state of the restaurant market at a static moment in time. The methods were based on objective statistical data, which provided a fairly high degree of reliability. The comprehensive diagnosis yielded an attractiveness rating for various regions of the Siberian Federal District and their territorial expansion prospects for restaurant companies. The Krasnoyarsk Region demonstrated the best results byall methods. The republics of Khakassia, Tyva, and Altai appeared to be the least attractive areas for restaurant business expansion. The remaining six regions of Novosibirsk, Altai, Kemerovo, Irkutsk, Omsk, and Tomsk occupied the middle ranking.

The European Response to US Expansion in the Mid-Nineteenth Century

The territorial expansion of the USA in the 1840s represented an important phase on its way to becoming a world power. Historians have paid considerable attention to US foreign policy during this period but have largely neglected the significant impact of US expansion on Europe. Whereas they have written a great deal about European reflections on American democracy or slavery, they have largely overlooked the geopolitical response that US expansion provoked among Europeans during that decade. This omission is surprising given the fact that this reaction spread not only in governmental circles but also among the broad public: the policy of the USA and its position in the Americas became an important topic with serious consequences for both sides of the Atlantic. Europeans often criticized the USA for its aggressive policy, and they feared that with the rise of its power it would behave in the same way in all parts of the world. The article's principal aim is to reveal the European response to US territorial expansion and how the repercussions of this response on the USA contributed to the rise of pan-Europeanism, nationalism, imperialism, and colonialism from the mid-nineteenth century.

Revival of China and the United States Strategy to Contain at Indo-Pacific Region (From Rebalance to Offshore Balancing)

Chinese foreign policy initiative has turned out to be a negative reaction from the United States of America (USA) and its allies, as it is perceived to contain the agenda for territorial expansion in the sense of an expanding political influence covered by infra structures and trade investment activities. Along with the darkening of a OBOR (one belt, one road) map followed by the interests of China to secure the Silk Road through the presence of its military force. A number of countries in Southeast Asia, such as the Philippines, Vietnam, Malaysia, including Indonesia have expressed their complaints regarding China's claims to the South China Sea. China has already positioned as regional power that "challenges" a vis-a-vis the United States as a superpower that maintains a status-quo continuity in the Indo-Pacific hemisphere. This research used qualitative research method, data collected through interviews with informants to be able to dig up information so that accurate information can be obtained in accordance with the theme of this study. The selection of informants was determined using a purposive technique. While secondary data collected from various relevant documents. This research analyzes that The United States' foreign policy to stem the rise and expansion of China's impact in the Asia-Pacific region, harmonizes with concerns from several countries in the region for the rise of China with its foreign policy judged assertive. Setting out from the policy to stem the China influence, it can be said, the United States of America refers to its experience in the cold war as it stemming the expanding influence of the Soviet Union through the Containment Policy. Only this time has the United States been confronted with such vastly different conditions. These conditions that the United States is unable to "brace" for, so containment policy repetition through some of its implementation such as rebalance, free and open indo-pacific to offshore balancing still test its effectiveness.

Preclinical Development of a Novel Zika Virus-like Particle Vaccine in Combination with Tetravalent Dengue Virus-like Particle Vaccines.

Declared as a Public Health Emergency in 2016 by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Zika virus (ZIKV) continues to cause outbreaks that are linked to increased neurological complications. Transmitted mainly by Aedes mosquitoes, the virus is spread mostly amongst several tropical regions with the potential of territorial expansion due to environmental and ecological changes. The ZIKV envelope protein's domain III, crucial for vaccine development due to its role in receptor binding and neutralizing antibody targeting, was integrated into sterically optimized AP205 VLPs to create an EDIII-based VLP vaccine. To increase the potential size of domains that can be accommodated by AP205, two AP205 monomers were fused into a dimer, resulting in 90 rather than 180 N-/C- termini amenable for fusion. EDIII displayed on AP205 VLPs has several immunological advantages, like a repetitive surface, a size of 20-200 nm (another PASP), and packaged bacterial RNA as adjuvants (a natural toll-like receptor 7/8 ligand). In this study, we evaluated a novel vaccine candidate for safety and immunogenicity in mice, demonstrating its ability to induce high-affinity, ZIKV-neutralizing antibodies without significant disease-enhancing properties. Due to the close genetical and structural characteristics, the same mosquito vectors, and the same ecological niche of the dengue virus and Zika virus, a vaccine covering all four Dengue viruses (DENV) serotypes as well as ZIKV would be of significant interest. We co-formulated the ZIKV vaccine with recently developed DENV vaccines based on the same AP205 VLP platform and tested the vaccine mix in a murine model. This combinatory vaccine effectively induced a strong humoral immune response and neutralized all five targeted viruses after two doses, with no significant antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) observed. Overall, these findings highlight the potential of the AP205 VLP-based combinatory vaccine as a promising approach for providing broad protection against DENV and ZIKV infections. Further investigations and preclinical studies are required to advance this vaccine candidate toward potential use in human populations.

To Africa

Abstract This article examines how one of modern Japanese literature's inaugural texts envisions Japan's geographical self-image. The focus here is on Ukishiro monogatari (Floating Castle) by Meiji statesman Yano Ryūkei (1851–1931). Ukishiro monogatari tells the story of an adventure undertaken by Japanese men with a shared political objective who are diversely skilled in areas such as military expertise, medicine, geography, and technology. They are so dissatisfied with the delay in Japan's territorial expansion that in 1878 they travel to Southeast Asia as the first step in an ambitious attempt to establish Japanese territory in central Africa. By exploring why and how the crew of the Ukishiro heads to Africa, this article argues that the Ukishiro crew's plans take shape in relation to their drive to eschew Japan's status as an island nation (deislandization) and establish Japan as a continent (pseudocontinent).

Sectoral electricity micro-spatial load forecasting based on partitional clustering technique

<p>Load demand forecasting is crucial in energy supply planning due to economic progress and territorial expansion, where land utilization transforms dynamically. An accurate sectoral load prediction can preclude the loss of beneficial opportunities arising from excessive load demand or excessive investment at a low-growth juncture. However, the particular area in this sectoral approach is still relatively large, rendering it incapable of precisely projecting load at minor points (micro-spatial). This study has proposed a micro-spatial load prediction strategy that categorizes identified areas into smaller grids or districts. This procedure includes clustering similar sites together for improved accuracy. K-Means is one of the partitional clustering approaches, a clustering algorithm utilizing object-based centroid-based partitioning approaches. The algorithm determines a cluster's centroid or centre as the average point for the cluster. This technique is advantageous as it can process extensive data efficiently and is appropriate for circular data. This technique can divide the data into multiple partitions, ensuring that each object belongs to precisely one cluster. Subsequently, mathematical modelling is used to predict the load of each cluster, which can then be utilized to more accurately evaluate the positions and sizes of prospective substations, transmission, and distribution facilities.</p>

Impactos das Atividades Agrícolas em Área de Amazônia Legal: Análise Espaço-Temporal das Mudanças de Cobertura do Solo entre 1985 e 2022

The Brazilian Forest Code stipulates the conservation of 80% of forested areas on rural properties as legal reserves. However, in recent decades, the expansion of agricultural areas has resulted in significant alterations to land use and cover. The objective of this investigation is to analyze the changes and transformations that have occurred in land use and coverage in the city of Sinop-MT, which is derived from the occupation of the Brazilian Legal Amazon. The spatio-temporal change between the years 1985 and 2022 was investigated. The methodology employed to obtain the maps was through the MapBiomas Platform. Socioeconomic reports were collected from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) database. The results indicated that agriculture in the region advanced significantly between 1995 and 2005, corresponding to the economic boom under the Real Plan. This period saw a surge in territorial expansion in the northern region of Mato Grosso, which was encouraged by the federal government. This expansion led to high rates of deforestation. Nevertheless, in 2004, monitoring programs were initiated with the objective of containing deforestation in the Legal Amazon. This resulted in the cessation of agricultural expansion between the years 2005 and 2022.

PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK IN SUNGAI PINYUH

The increasing water demand due to population growth and territorial expansion has significantly outpaced the natural water supply in Sungai Pinyuh, Kalimantan Barat. This sub-district, part of the Mempawah Regency, faces challenges such as insufficient access to clean water, deteriorating pipe infrastructure, and environmental pollution affecting water quality. To address these issues, a study has been undertaken to plan a comprehensive development of the drinking water distribution system in Sungai Pinyuh, guided by the Regional Regulation of Mempawah Regency No. 3 of 2014. The planning utilizes EPANET software, a tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which allows for the simulation of dynamic conditions in the water distribution system. EPANET helps create detailed maps of the pipe network, determine pump and reservoir locations, and specify pipe characteristics. The software’s ability to simulate various scenarios, such as changes in demand or disruptions, is crucial for ensuring a reliable water supply. The analysis incorporates primary data from field observations and secondary data from population statistics and existing water supply documents. The proposed distribution system will employ HDPE pipes of various diameters and a pump with a capacity of 200 L/s and a head of 5 meters. Simulation results indicate that the system's velocity, ranging from 0.3 to 0.72 m/s, and other parameters, such as head loss and pressure, are within acceptable limits. Additionally, reservoir capacity planning is based on the maximum daily water demand, with a calculated capacity of approximately 3,347.839 m³ to ensure adequate supply. This study provides a strategic framework for improving the drinking water distribution system, addressing current deficiencies, and preparing for future needs.

Women and Power in Early Islamic History: Jawari of the Abbasid Court (786-861 AD)

<em>The significant presence of jawari owned by the caliphs of Islam became a phenomenon during the early period (170 AH/ 786 AD-247 AH/861 AD) of Abbasid rule. This article aims to examine why the early Abbasid rulers (786-861 AD) "kept" many jawari in their palaces and whether they had relations with all of them. Through a historical and sociological approach, the findings of this study indicate that the large number of jawari owned by the Abbasid caliphs during the early period was closely related to the advancements (economic, social, and political) achieved by the Abbasids at that time; the acceptance of slavery in Islam, territorial expansion (futuhat), the growth of economic trade sectors, the flourishing of entertainment in society, and the influence of Ctesiphon. Furthermore, the ownership of a large number of jawari did not necessarily indicate strong sexual desires of the caliphs; rather, it primarily served as a symbol of power, as evidenced by the fact that only individuals with significant authority typically possessed numerous jawari. This was also supported by a strong tradition of rewarding enslaved individuals as gifts, and the fact that not all Jariyah were intimate with their masters.</em>

Historisasi Kerajaan Turki Utsmani dan Simbol Kebangkitan Umat Islam

This research aims to reveal aspects of the historicization of the Ottoman Empire as an Islamic empire that once estabilished its glory in the 13century to the 20 century.Trough the historical method, this research uses a historical approach through heuristics (source collection), verification (source criticism), and interpretation (interpretation). The fingdins of this research show that the formation of the Ottoman Empire was rooted in the collapse of Abbasid power due to attacks by the Mongol army. The collapse of Abbasid power than had implications for the political power of Baghdad, wich was the epicenter of Islamic civilization at that time. Baghdad which wa the center of sciense, also collapsed caused (source) Muslims to fall into a deep sleep during yhat time. To awaken Muslims from their slumber, the Turkish nation through the Ottoman Empire began to emerge as a new Islamic power. The Ottoman Empire became the base of Muslim power in Eastern Europa. It can be said that the Ottoman Empire as a historical milestone in the revival of Muslims after the fall of Baghdad. The succes of the kindom was the territorial expansion carried out by the kindoms leaders and their successors. There were several advances in Ottoman Turkey, namely progress in the fields of culture, progress in the military and political fields, and progress achieved in the fields of Islam economic sector.

Spatial Data Handling System in The Nasai Village Area, South Papua

Merauke Regency is one of the districts in the South Papua Province, geographically located between 1370 - 1410 East Longitude and 50 - 90 South Latitude. With an area of ​​up to 45,013.35 km2 or 38.2 percent of the total area of ​​South Papua Province, making Merauke Regency the largest district not only in South Papua Province but also among other districts in Indonesia. Administratively, Merauke Regency has 22 districts. With the expansion of new provincial territories, Merauke Regency became part of South Papua Province along with Boven Digoel, Asmat and Mappi Regencies. This expansion is based on Law No. 14 of 2022. Merauke has 22 districts/sub-districts and 190 villages. The existence of 190 villages means that spatial data collection is still considered a normal thing, even though spatial data collection in an area is very important, especially with current technological advances. Accurate and integrated management of spatial data is important in planning and decision making in a region, especially in the Nasai Village area, South Papua. This research aims to examine a comprehensive spatial data handling system in this area, using Geographic Information System (GIS) technology as a tool. The methods used in this research include identifying needs and problems related to spatial data, collecting spatial and non-spatial data, as well as designing an integrated geographic information system. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide an overview of the current condition of spatial data management in Nasai Village and provide system recommendations that can increase the efficiency and effectiveness of geographic information management in the area.

Towards the pluriversal museum: from epistemic violence to ecologies of knowledges

ABSTRACT Climate change, species extinction and accelerating inequalities are manifestations of a more fundamental crisis facing humanity: the global dominance of a capitalist/colonialist world order based on logics of extraction and exploitation. The modern, “universal” museum is implicated in this history. It is not only that the accumulation of exotic things was made possible through mercantile and colonial territorial expansion, but the transformation of such things into “objects of knowledge” and their incorporation into universalizing knowledge systems, given architectural expression in the museum, involved forms of epistemic violence that rendered other ways of knowing, understanding and being in the world non-existent. As part of the project of decolonizing the museum, this article questions whether this process of “epistemicide” was indeed so complete, considers whether marginalized forms of knowledge may be reactivated in historical collections, and imagines the role of the “pluriversal museum” in contributing to the shaping of more just and sustainable planetary futures.

The Bibliometric Study of Flood Discharge by Unit Hydrograph Method Nakayasu Synthetic (HSS) and Soil Conservation Service (SCS)

Urban territorial expansion and forest disclosure are two examples of large-scale modifications necessary because of population growth and the rising demand for land. The paper analyzes the various facets of urban development and the essential role that hydrology plays in planning construction projects and water infrastructure. Hydrology study becomes essential for engineers designing and developing structures involving water resources, especially when flood conditions arise. The paper explores two commonly used flood hydrograph approaches, the Nakayasu Synthetic and the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) Unit Synthetic, concentrating on the design of flood discharge and its significance in flood management. The study provides insight into the feasibility of existing hydrograph techniques for determining flood discharge and is based on bibliometric data from earlier studies.

Silk Roads, Trade and Territorial Expansion: Kingdom of Georgia in 11th-14th Centuries

Regional or international trade has always played a central role in the history of Georgia. Trade routes made it possible to establish close political, cultural and economic relations with neighboring as well as distant countries. The kingdom of Georgia’s territorial expansion towards Arran, Shirvan, and Armenia in the 11th-13th centuries was largely driven by economic and trade reasons, name-ly the desire to control the regional trade routes which criss-crossed Dvin, Barda, Ganja, Tbilisi, Ani, Trebizond, Ahlat, Tabriz and many other major cities along Georgia’s southern borders. The present article will also pay attention to the changes to the trade routes in the Caucasus region caused by the Mongols and how their invasions changed the kingdom of Georgia’s position in the regional commerce. By mid-13th century new major trade corridors connecting Asia with the Middle East and the Black Sea were geographically distanced from Georgia harming the latter’s geopolitical position in the region.

Science and imperialism: Setting the maritime sovereignty at the periphery of the French Empire through the survey of the Adriatic Sea (1806–1809)

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Adriatic was still insufficiently explored sea. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815), which in 1806 resulted in a territorial expansion of the French Empire to the eastern Adriatic (formerly part of the Austrian Empire), highlighted the issues of territorial sovereignty both on land and at sea, triggering the first hydrographic survey of the Adriatic. Napoleon Bonaparte, whose military operations were conducted precisely at sea, hired Charles François Beautemps-Beaupré, his best hydrographer, to conduct a hydrographic survey of the eastern coasts of the Adriatic. Conducted in the period 1806–1809, the survey resulted in the first modern hydrographic charts of the Adriatic that were accompanied by a hydrographic report, containing an analysis of its currents, winds, tides, and geomagnetism. Beautemps-Beaupré’s campaign was the first scientifically based survey of the Adriatic whose charts and the attached report represented a shift towards an all-encompassing convention of maritime cartography. It enhanced both the sovereignty over the newly acquired sea and the insight into the maritime theatre of the Napoleonic Wars, thus confirming a strong union between political power and science. The aim of the article is to show why the French survey was a turning-point in geographical knowledge on Adriatic and how French imperialism affected the knowledge on martime geography of the Adriatic Sea.