Territorial Commitment Research Articles

Basis of International Human Rights Commitment in US unilateral sanctions against Iran

Unilateral US sanctions against Iran aimed at changing the behavior or change of the political system of the Islamic Republic of Iran have directly and indirectly led to the violation of Iranian human rights, and in particular to the challenge of economic rights. It does. The present descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer the question of on what grounds the US government can be committed to respecting the human rights of Iranians in the face of unilateral sanctions. It is necessary to prove this commitment because the international responsibility of the state depends on conditions such as proving the existence of the obligation and then violating it. The findings show that in the case of Iranians living in Iran, these commitments are extraterrestrial in nature and in particular involve a breach of commitment to respect and international cooperation. In the case of Iranians residing in the United States, the US government is committed to respecting and respecting these rights in its territory, and in relation to Iranians residing in third countries, there is a mix of US extraterritorial commitments and territorial commitments.

Líneas de acción y principios para la incorporación del aprendizaje-servicio en el ámbito local. Trabajo en red en el territorio

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo aportar algunas reflexiones acerca de la potencialidad del aprendizaje-servicio desde un punto de vista territorial. La construcción de apuestas educativas en el ámbito local a través del aprendizaje-servicio permite superar el desarrollo de experiencias concretas y aisladas y avanzar hacia la construcción de redes educativas que tienen un horizonte de bien común. Los aportes en este sentido parten de una investigación experiencial de corte cualitativo que ha combinado el análisis documental de diferentes experiencias anteriores y el proceso de investigación-acción realizado en tres territorios catalanes (Barcelona, Sant Cugat y Puig-Reig). En este texto se exponen las principales líneas de acción a desarrollar desde la perspectiva de facilitación y/o coordinación en el proceso de implementar el aprendizaje-servicio a nivel territorial: aproximación al territorio, diagnóstico compartido; generación de proyectos; y comunicación de la apuesta territorial. La reflexión acerca de este proceso subraya que todas ellas se sustentan en base a principios como la apertura, el reconocimiento, la coherencia y la sostenibilidad, entre otros. Asimismo, el trabajo también apunta algunas reflexiones acerca de la agencia educativa por parte de otros agentes del territorio, más allá de los centros educativos, y el fortalecimiento del trabajo en red para generar territorios más educadores.

Contaminating and collapsing Indigenous space: judicial narratives of Canadian territoriality

This paper examines the intricate connection between settler colonialism and judicial narratives of ‘Canadian’ territoriality, paying particular attention to the case of Delgamuukw v. British Columbia. The paper shows that the territorial commitments of judicial actors are often manifested through the representation of different spatial organizations. Where lower court narratives have often involved the judicial emptying and collapsing of space to deny Indigenous territorial claims, judicial narratives at the Supreme Court level, on the other hand, have served to fill those spaces with the lingering presence of non-Aboriginal populations and present territorial interests. Ultimately, the paper argues that the representations of space provided by members of the judiciary not only demonstrate that the settlement of ‘Canadian’ territory is an ongoing colonial project, but also that ‘Crown sovereignty’ itself is an entity continually being reshaped and produced by judicial actors to discount the claims presented by Indigenous people.

4 Mobility, Territorial Commitments, and Political Organization among Late Bronze Age Polities in Southern Caucasia

ABSTRACTIn this case study of territoriality in Armenia's Late Bronze Age Tsaghkahovit Plain we examine land claims and political relations among fortified communities with highly varied subsistence and economic practices, including mobile pastoralism. Integral to political relations between fortress‐based institutions and mobile subjects was the need to create highly legible places for political subjection, authorization, and action. However, the same social, political, economic, and religious institutions that help elucidate the spatial dimensions of politics in the LBA—shrines, workshops, storage spaces, cemeteries—also demonstrate that political claims and commitments to land did not likely resemble the neat borders of absolutist cartographies essential to modern nation‐states. We detail potential models of territorial organization that incorporate the strategies of rule and socioeconomic dynamics derived from a decade of archaeological survey and excavation on the plain by Project ArAGATS. [mobility, complex polities, land, landscape, political economy]

Rooted Cosmopolitanism: Spaces of Multiplicity in Cusco, Peru

AbstractCosmopolitanism has recently been revived as a concept through which to explore increasing global interactions. While many theoretical advances have been made, these conversations focus on urban centers in the global North and remain caught up in binary concepts such as the global/local. In our article, we start with an empirical set of social processes and spatial practices in Cusco, a global South city with extensive international connections. To this we add theoretical concepts of rooted cosmopolitanism and multiplicity of space to move beyond the global/local dichotomy. We then formulate our theorization of the production of cosmopolitan places and propose a revised conceptualization of rooted cosmopolitanism. The multiple stories of Cusco allowed us to recognize the production of rooted cosmopolitan places through three interrelated processes: openness to diversity and difference, valuing of own aesthetics based on personal preferences and local traditions, and territorial commitment to shared space and its people. We provide examples of these processes, and posit the need for them to occur simultaneously, to show the potential for a rooted cosmopolitanism. Our intention is not to establish a set of criteria for development but to contribute to conversations on understanding, evaluating and negotiating diverse flows in place.RésuméDernièrement, le cosmopolitisme a réapparu en tant que concept permettant d'explorer les interactions mondiales croissantes. De nombreux progrès théoriques ont été réalisés, mais les débats se focalisent sur les centres urbains des pays du Nord, restant prisonniers de notions binaires tels que mondial/local. Cet article présente d'abord un ensemble empirique de processus sociaux et de pratiques spatiales propres à Cuzco, ville mondiale du Sud dotée de vastes connexions internationales. Viennent s'ajouter les concepts théoriques de cosmopolitisme enraciné et de multiplicité de l'espace pour échapper à la dichotomie du mondial/local. Ce travail aboutit à une théorisation de la production de lieux cosmopolites et reformule la conceptualisation du cosmopolitisme enraciné. En partant des multiples récits sur Cuzco, il est possible de reconnaître la production de lieux cosmopolites enracinés grâce à trois processus liés: l'ouverture à la diversité et à la différence; la valorisation d'une esthétique propre basée sur des préférences personnelles et des traditions locales; un engagement territorial à l'égard de l'espace partagé et de sa population. Le potentiel du cosmopolitisme enraciné est montréà l'aide d'exemples de ces processus, ceux‐ci devant, par principe, se produire simultanément. Il ne s'agit pas ici de définir une liste de critères de développement, mais de contribuer aux échanges sur la compréhension, l'évaluation et la négociation des divers flux existants.

Being Here: Ethical Territoriality and the Rights of Immigrants

In this Article, I examine a normative idea of territoriality which I call ethical territoriality. By ethical territoriality, I mean the conviction that rights and recognition should extend to all persons who are territorially present within the geographical space of a national state simply by virtue of that presence. I start by briefly reprising a claim I have developed elsewhere — that territorialism is preferable, on liberal democratic grounds, to status-based approaches to immigrants’ rights. Here, though, I set out to interrogate the logic of ethical territoriality itself. I ask why the mere fact of a person’s territorial presence should serve as the basis for rights and recognition. Further, even conceding that it should, I ask how this commitment is to be operationalized. What is the scope of the territory in which presence figures so significantly in normative terms, and who, precisely, gets access to presence in that territory? My purpose in this Article is to get beyond the status vs. territorial presence-as-basis-for-membership dispute in the immigration debates and to begin a (self-) critical discussion of the ethical territorial commitment itself.

THE HOME AND IDENTITY DISPLAY: INTERPRETING RESIDENT TERRITORIALITY FROM HOME EXTERIORS

Although theory and research suggest that resident territorial commitment relates to home personalization and maintenance, it is uncertain whether naive observers can ordinarily perceive this commitment when looking at the home. In three experiments, judges were shown photographs of the front exteriors of homes owned by residents reporting strong or weak territorial commitments to their home and to their block. Across all three experiments judges were able to identify residents reporting territorial commitments, but were unable to discern whether this commitment was directed solely at the home, solely at the block, or at both the home and block. In experiment 2 a content analysis was conducted on the cues judges reported using in making their decisions about resident commitment. These data suggest that judges are unable to distinguish between home and block commitments because they often use the same set of cues to judge both types of commitment. Experiment 3 ruled out the possibility that block judgments echo home judgments simply because judges have no information about the block; even after judges are given a view of adjacent homes, block judgments do not increase in distinctiveness. The present study strengthens the claim that homes can accurately communicate resident territoriality, which can be important for those interested in interpreting or encouraging commitments to home and blocks.

World Power and the Strategic Trap of Territorial Commitments

Long cycle theorizing argues that systemic leadership depends upon the creation and maintenance of a global network of bases to support sea, and later aerospace, based capabilities of global reach. Control over, and responsibility for, extensive amounts of territory tends to be counterproductive to the extent that territorial commitments drain attention and resources from the global network. After briefly illustrating the existence of this strategic dilemma in the 16th and 17th centuries, we concentrate on the empirical relationship between onsets of British imperial warfare and the ratio of navy to army budgets between 1671 and 1913. As anticipated, the longitudinal relationship between imperial warfare, an indirect indicator of expanding territorial commitments, and the budgetary primacy of sea-power concerns is found to be negative and statistically significant. We interpret this finding to be supportive of the view that expanding territorial commitments can constitute a strategic trap for system leaders, and as such, a partial explanation for the decline of their ability to function as leaders. We conclude with some suggestions about how this historical problem may relate to the contemporary foreign policy problems of the current system leader, the United States.