Territorial Borders Research Articles

Externally Driven Border Control in West Africa: Local Impact and Broader Ramifications

Over the last two decades and with notable increase since 2015, millions of euros have been invested in territorial border governance in West Africa. Targeting migration policy frameworks, capacity building, and the provision of material, the EU and individual European states have sought to improve control mechanisms along these vast and porous borders. This article explores the local impact and broader ramifications of primarily externally funded policy efforts as they are implemented along Ghana's three international borders with Burkina Faso, Côte D’Ivoire, and Togo. Drawing on observations at official checkpoints and interviews with border control officers and border crossers, the article finds that recent initiatives have facilitated the modernization, expansion, and professionalization of border control. Yet, these enhancements have concurrently led to increased reliance on external support, altered local social relations in border checkpoint areas, and triggered the criminalization of legal emigration. The article situates these developments within its geopolitical landscape, illustrating how externally driven migration governance, when detached from local realities, yields both immediate and far-reaching ramifications. Drawing on and extending critical migration governance analysis and border theory, this study underscores the importance of scrutinizing not only explicit, but also the more subtle and rippling effects of European externalization policies in Africa, as they extend beyond local contexts to influence wider societal structures.

Belarusization in Russian Regions in the 1920s in Modern Russian Historiography

The article presents a historiographical review of publications on the policy of Belarusization carried out in the Russian regions in the 1920s. This work does not address the publications of Belarusian and foreign researchers on the practice of implementing the new Soviet national policy within the territorial borders of the Belarusian Republic. The main attention is paid to the three Russian provinces bordering Belarus – Pskov, Smolensk and Bryansk. At the same time, the eastern territories of the RSFSR – the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East, where Belarusians found themselves as a result of the resettlement policy, especially at the beginning of the 20th century during the Stolypin agrarian reform, were not ignored. Belarusization, as part of the general policy of Korenization, proclaimed in 1923 at the XII Congress of the Russian Communist Party (b), in modern research is closely linked to the need to show new principles and directions of Soviet national policy for the development of Belarusian statehood and culture in contrast to the all-out polonization carried out by the Pilsudski government in Western Ukrainian and Belarusian lands ceded to Poland by the Riga Peace Treaty of 1921. A significant role in this process was assigned to the expansion of the state borders of the BSSR at the expense of Russian territories, especially in 1924 and 1926. However, Belarusization did not find any real support from the local authorities, who considered Belarusians to be part of the Russian population until the end of the 1920s, as well as due to the significant self-Russification of the Belarusian population in the Russian regions that had already taken place by the middle of the decade. Formally, these tasks were constantly on the agenda of the party and Soviet authorities in the second half of the 1920s. But they have not received any significant practical implementation.

Akberdino-3 – the Great Migration Period Manor in the Forest-Steppe Zone of Southern Pre-Urals

The present study is based on materials obtained during archaeological excavations at the Akberdino-3 site in 2009. The site is located on the right bank of the Belaya River in the forest-steppe zone of Southern Pre-Urals (modern Iglinsky District of the Republic of Bashkortostan, 15 km southeast from the Ufa-city). It is shown that a single thin cultural layer of this small settlement site contains Imendyashevo, Turbasly ceramics, and ceramics with a mixture of both these traditions, and can be dated to the 4th century AD (most likely from the middle to the end of this period), but this manor existed for a very short time. The studied osteological sample was compared with data on 18 zooarchaeological samples from Southern Ural and bordering territories. Multivariate analysis of this dataset has shown that at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD there was a significant transformation in the composition of herd, held by local population.

Ancient civilizations’ territorial borders analyzed through their cosmogonies

This paper compares the ancient Mediterranean and Mesopotamian civilizations’ concept of borders and their relation with the spaces they transformed through a comparative approach of selected ancient civilizations, putting these cosmogonies into a chronological evolutionary line. The distinct motifs, symbols, and theological frameworks are examined through secondary sources. While each of these civilizations counts with individual studies, few serious attempts have been made to address these four civilizations together. The discussion aims to set the premises of the importance of borders in contemporary urban and territorial studies when religion often has a secondary role. While they were critical elements in the definition of territorial limits in the past, their inheritance is still present in our contemporary concept of borders as producers of fears.

The Politics of Emotions, Bio-Political Border Practices and the Question of (In)security on the Turkish Political Territorial Borders

ABSTRACT This paper conceptually and analytically delineates the operation and employment of discourses and the political emotions of fear and anxiety in the making, conception, and cartographic imagination of the contours of modern Turkey’s political territorial boundaries. This study posits that the emergence and formation of the Turkish political territorial borders after the traumatic and violent experience of the cataclysmic shrinking, collapse and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire continue to influence discourses, emotions, practices and policies of border security and policing. Borders and borderlands are not only sites where the state performs, exercises and displays its sovereign will and power in protecting national security, dignity, pride and honor, but also sources and harbingers of fears, anxieties and ontological (in)securities. In the context of the highly publicized immigration influx of Syrians, Iraqis, Afghanis and others into Turkey, this paper argues that discourses and emotions of fear, anxiety and hate regained new currency and have become consequential in the state’s eliciting of consent from the masses in instituting border walls, fences and harsh border policing practices and policies on the borderlands and in cities across the country.

Muslims of Central Asia in Siberia in the Context of State‑Confessional Policy in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries

The Muslim population of Siberia represented an ethnically heterogeneous community, which included Tatars, as well as immigrants from Central and Central Asia, the Caucasus and other regions. Such polyethnicity and proximity to the Asian region, as one of the centers of Muslim culture, contributed to building contacts between Muslims of Siberia and Central Asia. Expansion of the territorial borders of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th century. and the government’s special interest in Central Asia has influenced the development of relations between the Muslim population of the two neighboring regions. The purpose of this study was to identify the main areas of interaction between the Muslim population of Siberia and Central Asia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, as well as to estimate the role of the state in regulating this process. Based on archival material, the author found that one of the areas of interaction of the Muslim population was organizing spiritual life. Despite the fact that the government, in an effort to extend its influence to the Asian region, provided support to the Muslim population in the second half of the 19th century, the same building codes were applied to the construction of religious buildings for Bukharans, as for all other Muslims. The closest contacts between the Muslims of Siberia and the Bukharians were built within the framework of pilgrimage trips, since often the way to Mecca for them lay through the territories of Central Asia. In addition, there were holy places in the region, which the Muslims of Siberia aspired to. This fact was of particular concern to the Government. The reforms initiated in the country aimed at limitation of the rights of the Muslim population have reduced the migration flow from the Asian region to Siberia. The government paid special attention to the missionary activities of the Russian Orthodox Church as a tool for involving Muslims of Siberia and Central Asia in the socio-cultural space of the empire.

Conflict, Borderlands and Displacement: The Persistent and Escalating Crisis in Northwest India

Borderlands are the geographical spaces or zones around a territorial border between nations. Defined by the borders that create and maintain the nation–state, the borderlands are the sites in the making, continually moulded, transformed or reconstructed by the social actors inhabiting them. Going beyond the boundary lines, borderlands encapsulate a much broader area where the impact of happenings at the border is felt and reverberated. Borderlands are of different types. They are classified as ‘alienated’ when dominated by conflict, hostility, insecurity and instability, as in parts of northwest India, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) since 1947–1948. The border between India and Pakistan in J&K called the ‘Line of Control’ (LoC), is a de facto and not an international boundary and remains contested, disturbed, militarised and controlled. The borderlands surrounding it have witnessed many wars, war-like situations and displacement of people with several socio-economic ramifications. The post-colonial state tried to settle these conundrums of border-making but got entangled in the persistent and escalating crisis of intractable border disputes. The state and the media reconstructed and reproduced the rhetoric of nationalism and national security, sustaining the conflict and border entanglements. This paper argues for an alternative discourse to understand the crises of conflict based on people’s lived experiences, border formation and displacement in the wake of the partition of India and thereafter.

Reading Paasi and Living through Bounded Spaces

AbstractThis brief article dedicates a few subjective considerations to the versatility and afterlives of Paasi's conceptual thinking, enriching the way we perceive spaces and borders in highly differentiated environments and times. I will confess my uneasiness with bounded spaces and explore the origins of that unease. I draw inspiration from feminist geography, which embraces subjectivity, dispelling the myth of objectivity. Although not explicitly referenced by Paasi himself, Paasi's article implicitly poses similar feminist questions: Who gains? Who is overlooked and who loses within bounded spaces and ‘borderless’ orders? For whom are spatial and territorial borders beneficial, and whom do they oppress? I will further examine how the ideas of spaces, borders and boundaries have evolved in my specific interpretation of Paasi's writing. The text will be interspersed with insights into lived experiences of regions, products, brands and people's consciousness, or, as in my case, awkward embodied experiences.

Бежецкий живописец Михаил Васильевич Тыранов и его ученики: к атрибуции церковных стенописей северо-востока Тверского края

The article introduces for the first time archival documents into scientific circulation, revealing the names of masters and customers, the exact time and circumstances of the creation of the most significant monuments of monumental church art in the North-East of the Tver region. Analysis of sources shows that church wall-painting flourished in the region in the second quarter of the 19th century is largely associated with the name of Mikhail Tyranov, an art teacher and guild master painter from the district town of Bezhetsk, Tver province. The name of this master was known far beyond the borders of his hometown, and his works were highly valued by his contemporaries. During the period from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s. The artel of M. Tyranov painted dozens of churches, not only in the Tver province, but also in the territories bordering it in the Yaroslavl province. The paintings made in the style of classicism by the artel of M. Tyranov have been preserved in the churches of the Bezhetsky district of the Tver region: church of the Tikhvin Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Sukromny, church of the Epiphany in the village of Yes’ky, church of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Alabuzino; church of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Shablykino, Krasnokholmsky district, Tver region; church of the Smolensk Icon of the Mother of God in the village of Knyazhevo, Uglich district, Yaroslavl region. The traditions of church wall-painting during the period of transition from classicism to eclecticism (1850–1860s) were continued by the students of M. Tyranov. The most successful among them were masters from the city of Vesyegonsk, Ivan and Andrey Smirnov. Among the outstanding monuments of monumental art, the work of the Smirnov artel: church of the Transfiguration in the village of Nikola-Vysoka (Vesyegonsky district of the Tver region) and church of the Ascension in the village of Novokotovo (Molokovsky district, Tver region). The article attempts to reconstruct the creative biographies of previously unknown masters. Analysis of the continuity of art schools within the Tver province, as well as the establishment of connections between masters and Moscow and St. Petersburg, helps to deepen the understanding of the development of provincial art in the 19th century.

On territorial border markers of the settlement of Russians of the Middle Tom River region in the beginning of the 18th — mid 20th centuries

The concept of studying of ethnographic and archaeological complexes (EAC) involves the analysis of their individual components: population, villages, communication routes and others, including borders — both external and internal. The analysis of archaeological, historical, and ethnographic literature has shown that borders or borderlands can be traced in almost all populations at any stage of their development. However, while the borders between large associations, like states or ethnic groups with different cultures, have been addressed by experts, almost no attention is being given to local boundaries between smaller collectives, although there are written, cartographic and oral sources that can be used as a basis for such research. After considering the materials of various origins concerning the native villages of the Middle Tom region, it became possible to discuss the bounda-ries between them, and the boundaries of the administrative entities which encompassed them in the 18th century. At this time, residents of villages located 15–30 km north of the Kuznetsk fortress were moving to new unoccupied lands in the upper reaches of the river Inia and its upper tributaries, as well as to the left bank of Tom below the mouth of the Mungat River. According to the drawings of S.U. Remezov, there was a boundary between the Tomsk and Kuznetsk districts. The borderline rivers could be Unga-Promyshlennaya in the north and Osipovo-Mungat in the south. Possibly, there were small settlements of Tulbers. After the middle of the 19th century, an-other process of settlement of the Tom riverbank territories of its both sides began. By the 1930s, all its banks were inhabited, and the reserve of free lands came to end. Indigenous people began developing islands on the river or starting settlements within 15–20 km from the village. In the second third of the 20th century, new villages were developing in the remote territories away from Tom. Almost all of them were abandoned in the second half of the 20th century. The available information suggests that there were borderlands between the villages within single districts. Most often these were represented by watercourses — small rivers and streams, ridges — elon-gated hills located perpendicular to terraces, and sometimes lakes. These borders were well known to locals. It cannot be ruled out that river rapids and shoals could also have been used as borders. The analysis of the corre-lation of locations of the villages, river rifts and stretches suggests that, in the studied area of Tom, villages were located on the river stretches between the shoals. There is also information about the existence of boundaries between minor objects, though they require further research.

Like Drifting Sand Dunes: Noisy Lessons in a Porous Field

AbstractThis paper argues that the teaching of art in Higher Educational Institutions is inherently paradoxical. Informed by the transgressive and interdisciplinary qualities of contemporary artistic practices, education nevertheless is often made to fit into a reductionist, outcome‐oriented and individualistic discourse. Taking a weeklong workshop at the Nida Art Colony in Lithuania as a practical axis for its reflections on the fluid nature of art education, the paper discusses possibilities of extending beyond pedagogical, political, human/nonhuman and other borders and treating ‘noise’ and other ‘interferences’ as opportunities for transgression and dialogue. This workshop with students from the Vilnius Academy of Arts took place in September 2022, at a time characterised by the Russia–Ukraine war. Nida's proximity to Russia's exclave Kaliningrad, its location on the narrow Curonian Spit, and its immediate environment characterised by woods and sand dunes provide this paper with a setting for a discussion about a variety of borders: territorial borders, border pedagogies, perceived borders between human and nonhuman entities, between land and sea, and so on. Borders are described as dominant indicators of power and distinction, while educational standards and instruments of measurement often replicate similar distinctions between the known and the unfamiliar. Yet, borders can also be shifted while new connections and dialogues across real and conceptual borders can be forged in a porous process that is predisposed towards flexible scenarios characterised by the ‘not‐yet’. The surrounding forest and wetlands and huge drifting sand dunes in Nida become analogies for the changing structure of the workshop, silently yet overpoweringly advocating for a mutable pedagogy. Analysed through the work of various contemporary artists, this nonhuman intrusion into a pedagogical and creative experience is both undefined and vulnerable, unlike the preordained structures of attainment targets often associated with contemporary schooling.

Chernobyl/Chornobyl Imagery in Popular Music: Voices From Ukraine

The Chornobyl disaster took on planetary significance, but Ukrainian voices were marginalized for many years by more powerful, dominant discourses. This paper explores how Chornobyl trauma has been re-presented by Ukrainian popular music artivists between 2000 and 2020. The case study focuses on narrating, visualizing, and vocalizing strategies by Andriy Kuzmenko, Nata Zhyzhchenko, and Valeriy Korshunov. The author aims to show how these projects were inspired by the Anthropocene ideas. The paper demonstrates how the Ukrainian artists crossed territorial and cultural borders while concurrently transforming the image of the Chornobyl Zone from being a bordered alienated land into a boderscape of interaction between diverse agents.

Influence of atmospheric rivers on extreme precipitation in western Ukraine

Formulation of the problem. In recent years, interest in the atmospheric river (AR) phenomenon is growing, as more and more researchers associate it with extreme precipitation. Relatively few works are devoted to the assessment of the influence of atmospheric rivers on precipitation in Eastern Europe. The purpose of the article is to assess the occurrence of atmospheric river events during extreme precipitation in the western regions of Ukraine (Lviv and Volyn regions) and to analyze the geographical features of the spatial distribution of atmospheric river bends during extreme precipitation. Methods. We used the catalog of atmospheric rivers identified according to the methodology of D. Walliser and B. Guan to analyze the occurrence of atmospheric river events on the territory of the western part of Ukraine. Also, we used the sample of days with extreme precipitation (greater than 95th percentile for each meteorological station and each month) in the Lviv and Volyn oblasts of Ukraine to match it with AR episodes. It is shown that in most cases extreme precipitation events were accompanied by the atmospheric river phenomenon detected on the territory of Ukraine or the bordering territories. Results. The typical shape of atmospheric river bends during extreme precipitation most often is arc-shaped while the typical spatial coverage stretched from North Africa through the Mediterranean Sea and Turkey to the territory of Ukraine. Less often, the form of detected AR area had the form of a meridional bend extending from the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea towards Ukraine. However, the analysis showed that the presence of atmospheric river phenomenon is not the exceptional reason for extreme precipitation. Part of the extreme precipitation events is associated with specific synoptic situations (precipitation caused by cold fronts or occluded fronts) whereas conditions for atmospheric river detection are not fulfilled (bend size, meridional flow component, flow intensity). Atmospheric river episodes were not observed at most of the days of general sample (on average 72.36%) within the study area based on the period of 1991-2020. At the same time, precipitation events in the absence of AR were recorded on average in 32.2% of days (relative to the total number of days). In the presence of AR, precipitation was not recorded in about a third of cases. In the sample of days in the absence of AR and in the presence of AR, the proportion of precipitation of different gradations is as follows: for 10-20 mm is 2.73% and 2.64% respectively; for 20-50 mm is 1.37% and 1.63%; more than 50 mm is 0 .19% against 0.16%. In the spring, there is a certain consistency with the negative daily value of the NAO index and the AR axis orientation from the southwest to the territory of Ukraine. Thus, within 5 days before the localization of AR on the territory of Ukraine, values of the NAO index <-0.5 are noted, but the index changes in the process of the pressure field change. Based on a limited sample of extreme precipitation (94 cases), we assessed the correspondence of the precipitation rate to the area of atmospheric rivers and their features of the spatial orientation. ARs extending from the southwest (north of Africa) and the south (western part of the Mediterranean Sea) are characterized by the greatest recurrence. No regularities were found either concerning the dependence of the precipitation rate on the orientation of the AR, or concerning the dependence of the number of stations with extreme precipitation on the orientation of the AR. No linear dependence was found for the area of atmospheric rivers within both the study region and the territory of Eastern and Southeastern Europe with daily precipitation in the western regions of Ukraine.

A new species of Olearia (Asteraceae: Astereae) from the Australian Capital Territory and adjacent New South Wales

Olearia heloderma Albr. & I. Telford , sp. nov., a distinctive species from the mountainous region near the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales border is described and illustrated, with notes on distribution, habitat, conservation status, relationships and features distinguishing it from other species of Olearia.

The landlord state goes abroad: The remaking of the Norwegian ‘Energy Nation’ as a global rentier

This paper explores the global political economy of the relationship between energy, ground rent, and the state. In its role as the ‘nation’s landlord’, the state is widely acknowledged to have a central role in the political economy of energy, either as the enabler and guarantor for private rent extraction or by itself controlling the extraction and redistribution of rents engendered by national energy resources. This paper broadens the geographical purview of research on the landlord state by aiming attention at the rise in recent decades of the state as a major rentier in the world market. More than asserting ownership over land and its appurtenances within territorial borders, landlord states have become significant owners and profiteers of extraterritorial energy resources. Taking the historical geography of the Norwegian energy industry as an empirical point of departure, the paper explores how the landlord state that was built in the 20th century by taking public control over national energy resources since the turn of the millennium has become a considerable owner of energy resources abroad, effectively positioning itself as a major global rentier.

Review of archaic nymphomyiids (Diptera, Nymphomyiidae) of the Russian Far East and bordering territories, with describing of new taxa and DNA barcoding of known species

Nymphomyiidae from the Russian Far East and bordering territories are revised, including data on taxonomy, redescriptions, and results of DNA barcoding. Nymphomyia orientalis sp. nov. with two subspecies N orientalis orientalis subsp. nov. and N. orientalis makcha subsp. nov. are described and information on biology, ecology and distribution are presented. Key of Nymphomyia species for adult males and females of the world is provided. Three species delimitation approaches (ASAP, mPTP, GMYC) using the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) confirm validity of described taxa as well as available nymphomyiids in GenBank. Morphologically indistinguishable specimens of N. orientalis sp. nov. from Makcha and Polovinka rivers belongs to separate mOTUs with the lowest distances in the genus 1.99% that is the lower interspecific threshold.

Assessment Future Evolution of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs): SWOT Analysis (Global and Regional Measuring)

Introduction. Digital technologies contribute to the rapid development of communications in various spheres of society. However, MOOCs, despite being a young and exciting phenomenon, have both positive and negative aspects. The purpose of the article is to study and analyze the phenomenon of MOOCs in its global and regional dimensions, and assessment their future evolution, identifying the strengths and weaknesses in their development, especially for the development of regional education systems. Materials and Methods. Theoretical research is carried out in the context of a systematic approach to maximize the study of all the features and patterns of the phenomenon under study, which is a system. The research methodology used is SWOT analysis, which helps to identify the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats for the future of higher education. The method helped to identify, on the one hand, the positive and negative aspects of the development of massive open online courses of the MOOC, on the other, to identify the opportunities and threats of online learning systems for the future development of higher education (global and regional levels). Results. The authors show that open online courses are an important addition to traditional university education, built on the basis of common forms, but working within the framework of a regional dimension. They allow you to increase the level of knowledge and competencies in various industries and beyond territorial borders by building specific online communities). However, the authors also show that this open communication system is considered by many of its participants not as a specific addition to the traditional one, but as its real alternative. The main results of the study is the identification of hidden and unexpressed weaknesses in the MOOC system. Instead of the expected democratization of education and enlightenment, if the existing threats are underestimated, it may lead to degradation and a new phase of the global educational crisis. The scientific novelty of this research lies in the fact that the phenomenon of MOOCs is still young and has been poorly studied in scientific literature. Discussion and Conclusion. In conclusion, the authors summarize the specifics of the manifestations of an open system of knowledge communication (its global and regional dimensions). The practical significance of this study of the authors lies in the analysis and generalization of the problems of the development of online education. This article will be useful for anyone interested in research issues of theoretical and practical aspects of the modern education system development (both regional and global levels of its formation).

About the origin of the Ayrums


 
 
 In more recent times, political problems faced by all-Turkic toponymy did not leave the toponymic system of Azerbaijan out of the grip of these challenges. In scientific journals, symposiums, and conferences, the opinions of our linguists, historians, and geographers regarding the linguistic and etymological analyses of any toponymic unit, turning from scientific debates into personal conflicts and outpourings of dissatisfaction, diverted attention from the correct and fair steps taken by honest researchers in the direction of solving the problem. Regretfully, it can be noted that sometimes, without any reason, the search for the explanation of our onomastic units in the Persian and Armenian languages has been connected with the fact that our territory borders Iran and Armenia. But we should not forget the fact that throughout history, Azerbaijan has bordered the Iravan Khanate, South Azerbaijan, and Türkiye. We must not forget that the population here consists entirely of Turkic tribes. Armenians who occupied our historical homeland not only tried to adopt our native names in those areas but in general, the representatives of this nation have always taken a biased position with the desire to appropriate toponyms of Turkish origin. Their main goal was to falsify the fact that our people live in our homeland, which they have owned for thousands of years, by changing these names. One of the ancient Oghuz tribes, the Ayrums contributed to the origin of the Azerbaijani people. The lack of substantial research on this tribe has led to the creation of fictional ideas about the origin of the Ayrums that have no scientific basis in certain periods. Surely, all this indicates the negative intentions of the Armenians and their allies, who from time to time steal the names of ancient Turkic tribes from our history and create a so-called history for themselves. G. Garagashli, a scientist who conducted serious research on the Ayrums for the first time, clarified many points in his work based on quite valid and logical arguments. G. Garagashli advises his colleagues, who do not agree with his views, to prioritize not only archaeological but also paleontological (linguistic) research in the region inhabited by Ayrums when re-investigating this topic. It is possible to draw confident theoretical conclusions based on thorough research. To preserve its national memory, every nation must first of all have its place names. From this point of view, toponyms are of exceptional importance as an invaluable source for the study of the language, history, geography and ethnography of our people. Our old tribal names, beliefs, and language units live probably better live on oeconym. «Ayrums» is one of the ethno-toponyms that keep our ancestry alive.
 
 

Policing the Enforcers: The Governmentality of Immigration Controls

Abstract As border controls have spanned from the territorial border to the interior, outsourcing controls to non-state actors has become the integral technology in everyday bordering. Whilst the racialized consequences of deputizing controls have been illuminated, the governmentality and biopolitical implications of these outsourcing processes have been overlooked. This paper argues that as the architecture of migration controls has evolved, the targets of control have widened; that migration controls have transcended migrants and are also used as a way to control sovereign subjects. Taking the genealogy of UK immigration control policy as a case study, the paper shows how the processes of outsourcing immigration controls to corporations, public institutions, and the private sphere have inverted the target of control through a governmentality of coercive measures and incentive structures. I argue that in outsourcing controls to non-state actors, the taken-for-granted boundaries between who is subject to immigration control and who is not are blurred because as sovereign subjects become complicit in borderwork, they also become subject to state violence. The implication is that all subjects become subject to immigration control, provoking the question of who immigration controls serve and to what end.

Ermənistanın Azərbaycana qarşı ərazi iddiaları və Qarabağ məsələsi regional siyasi proseslərdə (1918-ci il iyun-oktyabr)

This article deals with the territorial claims of Armenia against Azerbaijan and the diplomatic struggle among related parties after the establishment of independent states in the South Caucasus. Azerbaijani and Armenian delegations at the Istanbul conference on Armenia's territorial claims, and at the same time, details of the negotiations between the diplomatic representatives of the two countries in Tbilisi have been illustrated according to the documents of the archives of Azerbaijan and Turkey and materials from the Istanbul press in 1918. The scale of the territorial claims of Armenia and the arguments referenced by Armenians have been identified. Also, contrary arguments made by the Azerbaijani side against these allegations have been interpreted. Archival documents, notes, and statements of the parties presented on the problem were brought into scientific circulation for the first time. It was concluded that the total territory of Armenia, whose independence was declared on May 30, 1918, was only 9000 km2. This territory was also given to Armenia under a number of conditions. After the declaration of independence, Armenia made territorial claims against all states with which it has a territorial border. The total volume of Armenia's territorial claims is 43500 km2, of which 17600 km2 is directed against Turkey, 16500 km2 against Azerbaijan, and 9400 km2 against Georgia. Armenia referred to racial-national principles, Azerbaijan to ethnic-religious and geographical principles, and Georgia to historical principles to resolve disputed territorial-border issues between South Caucasus republics. The position and behavior of Armenia did not allow to resolve the disputed territorial and border issues between the South Caucasus republics.