Terra Roxa Research Articles

A retomada dos territórios ancestrais: os Guarani e a Cidade Real do Guairá

No ano de 2009 um grupo de indígenas Guarani reocupou uma área onde se encontram as ruínas da Cidade Real do Guairá, no atual município de Terra Roxa no Oeste paranaense. Este aldeamento faz parte de um conjunto que totaliza treze comunidades indígenas Guarani na região, que no geral sobrevivem em situação de conflito e sem o mínimo de qualidade de vida. Segundo pesquisas arqueológicas já realizadas, as ruínas estão sobre antigo território indígena, e esta reocupação contemporânea é um processo de tentativa de retomada desse território que ao longo de séculos foi retirado dos nativos por grupos detentores do poder. Compreender a relação existente entre os Guarani e este local, assim como contribuir para a melhoria das condições básicas de saneamento e qualidade de vida desse grupo é objetivo deste trabalho.

Pollen analysis of honey samples produced in the counties of Santa Helena and Terra Roxa, western Region of Paraná, Southern Brazil

A melissopalinologia foi utilizada para determinar a origem botânica do mel, importante para sua rastreabilidade. Quarenta amostras de mel dos municípios de Santa Helena (20) e Terra Roxa (20), região oeste do Paraná, foram analisadas de acordo com os tipos de pólen e comparações com os catálogos de pólen e literatura especializada. Em relação à qualidade analítica, foram identificados 300 grãos de pólen por amostra. Nas amostras de Santa Helena, foram encontrados 71 tipos de pólen de 24 famílias, classificados como mel monofloral de Hovenia dulcis (8) e o restante como multifloral (12). Nas amostras da Terra Roxa, 64 tipos de pólen pertencentes a 29 famílias foram classificadas como Glycine max L. Merrill (7), Mimosa scabrella Benth (2),Mimosa caesalpiniifolia Benth (1), Mimosa verrucosa Benth (1), Mikania sp. (1) e Senecio sp. (1) e como multifloral (7). Os dois locais têm um alto índice de similaridade, no entanto, a predominância de alguns tipos de pólen indica a especificidade botânica da localidade. Para Santa Helena, maior significância foi observada para o pólen de H. dulcis , Eucalyptus sp. , Parapiptadenia rigida , e leucena ; em Terra Roxa, os tipos de pólen G. max , M. scabrella e Eucalyptussp. teve mais incidentes. Apesar do índice de similaridade, os indicadores mostram diferenças entre as áreas produtoras. As amostras de mel de Santa Helena apresentaram maior diversidade de pólen em relação às amostras de Terra Roxa, refletindo a cobertura vegetativa predominante de matas ciliares e culturas agrícolas, respectivamente, em cada município.

Análise espaço-temporal de atributos químicos do solo influenciados pela aplicação de calcário de cloreto de potássio em taxa variável

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal variability of chemical attributes of a Red Oxisoil due to the application of lime and potassium chloride in variable rate through the use of thematic maps. The study was conducted in the municipality of Terra Roxa, Parana State, Brazil, in farm of 41.68 hectares, in which two samples were taken, the first held in 2010, prior to the application of the products, and the second in 2013. In each sampling chemical attributes were measured: pH in CaCl2 0.01 mol L-1, potassium (K), base saturation (V%) and the participation of K in the exchange complex (%K). For realization of geo-referenced mapping, the property was divided into grids of three acres, by collecting soil samples in the depth 0-20 cm. From these results, the amounts of lime and potassium was calculated, thereafter the products were applied at a variable rate. With the data were calculated the position measurements (minimum, mean, median, maximum) and dispersion (variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness and kurtosis). The results indicate that with measures of position, dispersion and analysis of thematic maps was possible to determine the variability of the chemical attributes studied. The application of lime and the floating rate potassium chloride, provided increases in pH, K, V and %K. Under these conditions, the variable rate can be used as soil correction tool when aiming a greater homogeneity plot.

English

Weeds can reduce yield, which justify the need for their efficient management. The stage that precedes the management consists of identifying the species present in the area, and then making the decision of the best method of control. Thus, this study aimed to perform a phytosociological survey, and to analyze the composition and floristic similarity of weeds between the end of the corn crop cycle and in the off-season period. The authors analyzed nine areas representing the second crop corn and six in the off-season period, distributed in four municipalities: Francisco Alves, Marechal Cândido Rondon, Palotina and Terra Roxa. For estimation of weed species, the square inventory technique of 1 m2 was used. The sampling design consisted of three collection ranges, the first starting at 5 m from the edge, followed by 25 and 50 m inside the crop. In the second crop corn, 29 species grouped into 17 families, in the off-season period, and 35 species grouped into 18 families were recorded. Parietaria spp. and Conyza spp. stood out as main species in areas occupied by second crop corn and Parietaria spp. and Gnaphalium spicatum Lam. in areas of the off-season period and inside sampling range of this period. The similarity index evidenced a high similarity between the periods sampled.     Key words: Weeds, identification, importance value, density. &nbsp

Caracterização físico-química de amostras de mel de abelha africanizada dos municípios de Santa Helena e Terra Roxa (PR)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a caracterização físico-química de amostras de mel de Apis mellifera coletadas nos municípios de Santa Helena e Terra Roxa, localizados na região oeste do Estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram coletadas 40 amostras de mel, sendo 20 do município de Santa Helena e 20 de Terra Roxa (PR), coletadas diretamente com os apicultores, as quais foram submetidas a análises físico-químicas de umidade, acidez, pH, cinzas, condutividade elétrica e cor, a fim de verificar se as mesmas apresentavam-se em conformidade com a legislação nacional vigente (Instrução Normativa nº 11), além de conhecer o perfil físico-químico do mel das diferentes localidades, na safra 2008/2009. Os dados encontrados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste F a 5% de significância. Os resultados apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,05) apenas entre os valores de acidez, tendo o mel oriundo de Terra Roxa apresentado valor mais alto (33,45±7,7meq.kg-1) que o de Santa Helena (24,53±6,3meq.kg-1). Em sua maioria, as amostras analisadas encontraram-se dentro das especificações determinadas pela legislação para as características físico-químicas, com exceção do parâmetro de umidade, que, apesar de não ter apresentado diferença significativa entre os valores encontrados para os dois municípios, estavam acima do limite estabelecido pela legislação (20%) em 8 amostras do município de Santa Helena e em 7 de Terra Roxa, totalizando 37,5% das amostras. Essa característica pode ter deixado o produto mais susceptível à fermentação e pode ter sido ocasionada pela colheita imatura do mel.

Aplicação de água residuária de processamento de mandioca em sistema de irrigação por gotejamento

The wastewater discarded from the cassava processing causes a serious environmental problem when dumped into water bodies. On the other hand, this residue can be used as a source of nutrients for crops. However, it is necessary to control the quality of this effluent because of the negative effects that it may cause to the irrigation system. This study aimed to evaluate a drip irrigation system with the application of cassava wastewater by determining the coefficients of variation of emitter discharge (CVq), distribution uniformity (DUC) and Christiansen’s uniformity (CUC). The experiment was conducted at C. Vale cassava processing factory in the city of Terra Roxa (Parana, Brazil). Four systems of 66 m² were installed, with 7 lateral lines of 11 m, spaced in 1 m, with one dripper at each 0.30 m. The systems were fed by two tanks of 1000 L, situated at 1.5 m and 2.0 m above the ground and containing water for irrigation and the cassava wastewater for fertigation. A plastic mesh filter was installed in the tank and two digital manometers controlled the pressure. Thirty trials were performed for each treatment, using the methodologies of Keller and Karmeli (1975) and Deniculi (1980). Excellent averages, above 90%, were obtained for both DUC and CUC. The results showed no expressive differences between the use of water and the use of effluent, demonstrating that cassava wastewater can be applied efficiently on a drip irrigation system.

Aplicação de água residuária de processamento de mandioca em sistema de irrigação por gotejamento

The wastewater discarded from the cassava processing causes a serious environmental problem when dumped into water bodies. On the other hand, this residue can be used as a source of nutrients for crops. However, it is necessary to control the quality of this effluent because of the negative effects that it may cause to the irrigation system. This study aimed to evaluate a drip irrigation system with the application of cassava wastewater by determining the coefficients of variation of emitter discharge (CVq), distribution uniformity (DUC) and Christiansen’s uniformity (CUC). The experiment was conducted at C. Vale cassava processing factory in the city of Terra Roxa (Parana, Brazil). Four systems of 66 m² were installed, with 7 lateral lines of 11 m, spaced in 1 m, with one dripper at each 0.30 m. The systems were fed by two tanks of 1000 L, situated at 1.5 m and 2.0 m above the ground and containing water for irrigation and the cassava wastewater for fertigation. A plastic mesh filter was installed in the tank and two digital manometers controlled the pressure. Thirty trials were performed for each treatment, using the methodologies of Keller and Karmeli (1975) and Deniculi (1980). Excellent averages, above 90%, were obtained for both DUC and CUC. The results showed no expressive differences between the use of water and the use of effluent, demonstrating that cassava wastewater can be applied efficiently on a drip irrigation system.

Dinâmicas territoriais no município de Terra Roxa-PR (1970-2007)

This paper analyses the deterritorialization phenomenon in the city of Terra Roxa, state of Parana, from the 1970's decade up to the present. During the 70's, the number of inhabitants in the city was of 38,237 and it has now reduced to 16,291 inhabitants. The expressive population exodus provoked an impact on the city's economy, taking it into the 21st century without much growing expectations. However, it can nowadays be visualized a new economic reality of growth and reterritorialization of the population, due to the implementation of the embroidery textile industries.

Levantamento de doenças na cultura da soja, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, em municípios da região Oeste do Estado do Paraná

A survey was carried out in the western region of Parana, Brazil, to assess the occurrence and to identify diseases afflicting soybean, Glycine max (Leguminosae-Faboideae), particularly those of economic importance. Plant samples were collected from 126 commercial soybean crops growing in nine administrative areas: Marechal Cândido Rondon, Quatro Pontes, Toledo, Pato Bragado, Santa Helena, Nova Santa Rosa, Mercedes, Palotina and Terra Roxa. Samples were taken from plants showing symptoms of diseases proper to the crop. Disease symptomatology was recorded, and standard laboratory procedures, including preparation of permanent microscope slides with fungi, nematodes and fungus culture, on media culture PDA, were done to determine the causal agent of the diseases recorded. Perinneal pattern and analysis of esterase phenotype were compared for the identification of Meloidogyne spp. nematodes recovered during the survey. Twenty-one causal agents of diseases in soybean were identified during this survey. They consisted of fifteen fungi, one bacterium, one virus and four nematode species. The most widespread were Downy Mildew, Powdery Mildew, Bacterial Blight and the root-knot nematodes M. javanica and M. incognita nematosis. In a complementary study samples were collected from commercial seed lots of 16 soybean cultivars. Some lots were found to be contaminated by Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum dematium var. truncate and Phomopsis sp

Limewashing paintings in Alentejo urban heritage: pigment characterization and differentiation by WDXRF and XRD

Pigments used in traditional limewashing paintings in Alentejo urban Heritage are inorganic materials and can be grouped into four categories: a) reds – red ochre (from terras rossas, red schists and iron ore deposits weathering), almagres, terra roxa (natural processed red ochres) and synthetic red iron oxides; b) yellows – yellow ochre (from schists and iron ore deposits), processed natural ochres, yellow iron synthetic oxides, c) blacks – black earths and black iron synthetic oxides and d) blues – artificial ultramarine. The present work proposes to characterize natural, natural processed and synthetic pigments by comparing phase and elemental compositions. The results reveal differences in Fe, Si, K and Al total content according to their origin and fabrication process and reveal intentional addition of white charges like carbonates. Elements like Zr, Ti, Cr, Mn, Ca and Zn are present in all categories. Under optical microscopy, some samples of processed natural pigments do not exhibit optical activity, thus revealing mixtures with synthetic pigments, while natural pigments present a strong birefringence colorless due to optically active minerals.

Efeito da aplicação foliar de biofertilizantes, bioestimulantes e micronutrientes na cultura do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill.)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of foliar biofertilizer application and biostimulants, besides their combination in the growth and in the number of fruits and racemo of tomato culture, cv. Jumbo (Lycopersicon esculetum Mill.). The experiment was carried out in the county of Marialva, north of Paraná, in area of Terra Roxa Estruturada Eutrófica. The experimental design used was randomized completed with four replicates, as each plot was composed by two lines of plants driven by vertical tutor. Fourteen days after the transplant 10 pulverizations were accomplished with weekly intervals. The treatments were: Aminon- 25, Microfol, Biofertilizers without micronutritious, Biofertilizers plus micronutritious, Aminon-25 +microfol, as the treatment without any product to check. The treatments that contained micronutritious, increased the number of fruits for plant, not differing statistically from each other, however. Regarding to the racemo number, the treatments that contained biostimulants were the best ones.

Water balance of a sugarcane crop: quantitative and qualitative aspects of its measurement

The quantification of soil water balance components was conducted in a sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) field differently managed, as well as a qualitative analysis of the methodologies used for their estimation. The study was conducted in randomized block experiment with four replicates and three treatments: bare soil, mulched soil using trash left on the soil surface after harvest, and soil with burnt trash. The soil was classified as a Rhodic Kandiudalf, locally called 'Terra Roxa Estruturada', the experimental area having a slope of 7.4%. Run-off, soil water fluxes at the lower soil volume limit, and soil water storage changes were not affected by the different soil management practices. Furthermore, it was found that the evaluation of run-off and soil water fluxes is strongly affected by the spatial variability of physical properties

Quantification of the contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to tropical green manure crops and the residual benefit to a subsequent maize crop using 15N-isotope techniques

In this study the contribution of biological N 2 fixation (BNF) to leguminous green manures was quantified in the field at different sites with different 15N methodologies. In the first experiment, conducted on a Terra Roxa soil in Cuba, the BNF contribution to three legumes ( Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna aterrima and Canavalia ensiformis) was quantified by applying 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate to the soil. The second experiment was planted in a very low fertility sandy soil near Rio de Janeiro, and the 15N natural abundance technique was applied to quantify BNF in C. juncea, M. niveum and soybean. In both studies the advantages of using several non-N 2-fixing reference plants was apparent and despite the much greater accumulation of the C. juncea in the experiment performed on the fertile soil of Cuba, the above ground contributions of BNF at both sites were similar (40–80 kg N ha −1) and greater than for the other legumes. In a further experiment the possible contribution of root-derived N to the soil/plant system of two of the legumes was quantified using a 15N-leaf-labelling technique performed in pots. The results of this study suggested that total below-ground N could constitute as much as 39 to 49% of the total N accumulated by the legume crops.

Variations in Reflectance of Tropical Soils: Spectral-Chemical Composition Relationships from AVIRIS data

The relationships between Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) surface reflectance values and constituents (total iron, organic matter, TiO 2, Al 2O 3, and SiO 2) of samples representative of three important soil types from central Brazil [Terra Roxa Estruturada (S TE), Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro (S LE), and Areia Quartzosa (S AQ)] were analyzed. End member spectra for green vegetation (GV), nonphotosynthetic vegetation (NPV), water (W), and the three soil types were selected by inspecting scatter plots derived from the principal components analysis (PCA) of 140 AVIRIS bands. They were then used to compose a six end member unmixing model to characterize the spectral reflectance variations associated with the different scene components, the spatial distribution of the soil types, and the effects of spectral mixing on the spectral-chemical composition relationships. Finally, regression equations fitted to soil constituents and their highly correlated spectral bands were used to produce maps showing the chemical variability in the scene for areas dominated by the presence of exposed soils, as indicated by the results from the unmixing model. The results showed a very good agreement between the spatial variability of the soil types and of the soil constituents. The largest squared correlation results were obtained for Fe 2O 3, TiO 2, and Al 2O 3, but the relationships were affected in the transition from the red to the near-infrared interval by the presence of nonsoil residues (e.g., senescent vegetation or litter) over the soil surfaces. In comparison with the light and loamy sand S AQ, the dark-red clay S TE and S LE presented higher contents of Fe 2O 3, Al 2O 3, and TiO 2, and consequently lower overall reflectance in the scene, because of the presence of greater amounts of opaque minerals. The prediction of these constituents from remote sensing data and their close association with the spatial distribution of the different soil types demonstrate the importance of the present investigation for soil mapping and soil erosion studies. All Rights Reserved.

Soil temperature in a sugar-cane crop as a function of the management system

Air and soil temperatures are, by far, the most important state variables of agroecosystems. In the case of sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum L.) they affect plant development, maturation and a series of biological and physical-chemical soil processes. This paper presents a comparative study of three management practices, applied to the first ratoon of a sugar-cane crop established on a Rhodic Kandiudox (Terra Roxa Estruturada) of Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. The management practices are: (i) interrow with bare soil; (ii) trash mulching, maintaining harvest residues (straw+tips) on the soil; (iii) soil with residues from burning the prior crop. Soil temperature was measured with digital stick thermometers driven into the soil down to the depths of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 m, meter by meter, close to the crop row, along an 84-point transect that covered all treatments and borders. The measurements were performed from November 1998 (right after the first harvest of the planted cane) to June 1999. The effects of the treatments on soil temperature were, evidently, more prominent in the period November/February when the plants had a smaller height, not closing interrows. Data that were collected on typical days, chosen along the development cycle of the crop, always from 11:00 to 12:00 a.m., show significant differences, mainly between mulched and non mulched treatments, reaching values as high as 7 °C for the average of the three depths. A comparative analysis is made between treatments and their effects are discussed in relation to the sugar-cane crop.

Influência da cobertura vegetal de inverno e da adubação orgânica e, ou, mineral sobre as propriedades físicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada

O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência da cobertura vegetal de inverno, constituída de uma associação de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) com nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), da adubação orgânica com esterco de aves, da adubação orgânica e mineral e da adubação mineral sobre propriedades físicas do solo, numa Terra Roxa Estruturada do estado de Santa Catarina. As análises foram realizadas em amostras de solo coletadas em agosto de 1994 e janeiro de 1995, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, em um experimento iniciado em 1990. Verificou-se uma redução na estabilidade de agregados maiores que 4,76 mm, quando se fez uso de adubação orgânica, bem como aumento na estabilidade de agregados das classes de diâmetro 4,76 a 2,00 e 2,00 a 1,00 mm. Na camada de solo de 0-10 cm, observou-se que o adubo orgânico aumentou a macroporosidade e diminuiu a densidade do solo, enquanto a adubação orgânica e mineral reduziu a macroporosidade e aumentou a microporosidade e a densidade do solo.

Propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada influenciadas pela cobertura vegetal de inverno e pela adubação orgânica e mineral

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência da cobertura vegetal de inverno, constituída de uma associação de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) com nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus L.), da adubação orgânica com esterco de aves e da adubação mineral sobre propriedades químicas de uma Terra Roxa Estruturada do estado de Santa Catarina. As análises foram realizadas em amostras de solo coletadas em agosto de 1994 e janeiro de 1995, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20 e 20-30 cm, em um experimento iniciado em 1990. Observou-se que a cobertura vegetal de inverno mostrou-se eficiente na manutenção de nutrientes, especialmente o potássio, e dos níveis de carbono orgânico, dentro dos limites da camada arável. O uso de adubo orgânico proporcionou acúmulo de nutrientes no solo, enquanto os adubos organomineral e mineral mostraram tendência de redução, principalmente dos níveis de potássio do solo.

Caracterização micropedológica de alguns solos da Zona da Mata Mineira

Realizou-se o estudo micromorfológico de oito solos da Zona da Mata Mineira, incluindo um Latossolo Una, dois Podzólicos Vermelho-Escuros, dois Brunizéns Avermelhados, uma Terra Roxa Estruturada, um Vertissolo e um Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo câmbico. Após coleta, impregnação, polimerização e preparo de seções finas, estas foram analisadas por microscopia óptica para estudo micropedológico, caracterizando a microestrutura, porosidade, esqueleto, organização do plasma e estruturas associadas, com destaque para a argila iluviada. Em adição, análises em microscópio eletrônico de varredura da superfície de agregados foram realizadas em agregados individualizados. O horizonte B do Latossolo estudado apresenta forte microestrutura com influência de atividade biológica, que tende a coalescer intensamente em profundidade e torna-se apédico no saprolito, separado por cascalheiro de quartzo. Nódulos de hematita em processo de degradação foram observados, indicando o processo atual de goethização dos solos, notadamente no Vertissolo e no Latossolo Una. O estudo micromorfológico evidenciou solos com Bt que apresentaram cerosidade forte em observação macroscópica e não a evidenciaram claramente em microscópio, sendo esse fato mais marcante nos solos mais vermelhos. Solos com Bt mais amarelados mostraram cerosidade fraca no campo, com correspondente detecção de cutãs iluviais em microscopia óptica. O Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo câmbico, com cerosidade fraca e comum no campo, não teve sua presença confirmada em nível microscópico, evidenciando seu caráter câmbico. Esse solo evidencia nódulos de hematita circundados por gibbsita, o que poderia contribuir para explicar a manutenção dos altos teores de óxidos de ferro desses solos. A não-confirmação, ao microscópio, da cerosidade descrita em campo nos solos com Bt indica a necessidade da intensificação de estudos (descrição x micropedologia) na tentativa de melhor aferição e consistência de resultados.

Preferência de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) para oviposição em diferentes tipos e umidade de solos

Foi estudada a preferência de oviposição de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar, 1824), em relação a diferentes tipos de solo e diferentes umidades, em teste de livre escolha. Os experimentos foram realizados em laboratório à temperatura de 25 ± 2ºC, UR de 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 14h. Os resultados evidenciaram uma acentuada preferência de oviposição por solo tipo Terra Roxa Estruturada Distrófica de cor escura, com umidade variando entre 26 a 63%.

Effects of the application of sewage sludge and fowl manure on soils of Paraná state in maize plants (Zea mays L.) as a macro-nutrients source

The potential of two organic residues as sources of macro-nutrients in three types of soils of the third plateau of Paraná state was studied. Treatment consisted of a dose (38 t.ha-1) of fowl manure and sewage sludge neutralized by a 3:1 (CaO+MgO) mixture. Fowl manure was kept in natura. Maize (Zea mays L.)was reference plant. After 30 days of seeding, the aerial parts of the plants were cut. They were dried at 70 0C till constant weight was obtained, then weighted and ground. Analyses were undertaken after nitric-perchloric digestion of the samples. Macro-nutrient levels in soils and in plants were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame technique. Results showed that production of dry matter was higher when fowl manure was used. Levels of macro-nutrients in Terra Roxa - TR were higher than those of Latossolo Vermelho Escuro - LE (Deep Red Latisol) and Podzólico Vermelho - PV (Red Podzolic), soils respectively. In aerial parts of maize plants collected in the soils treated with organic residues the concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, S and P were higher than those without treatment. The sewage sludge caused highest relation in Ca:Mg.