Ternary Field Research Articles

Low-temperature phase equilibria of the ternary Cu-In-Sn system at In-rich corner

Cu2In3Sn is one of the IMCs frequently observed in the joint between In-Sn solder and Cu. However, the ternary phase equilibria related to Cu2In3Sn and the crystal structure have been insufficiently investigated. In the present research, Cu-In-Sn phase equilibria and crystallographic structures were studied by means of synchrotron powder XRD, single-crystal XRD, SEM, EPMA, and DSC. Two isothermal sections at 100°C and 140°C were constructed. It is discovered that binary CuIn2 continuously extends to Cu(In0.76,Sn0.24)2 in the ternary field at 100°C, forming a Cu(In,Sn)2 single-phase region, and that the homogeneity range of Cu(In,Sn)2 shrinks from both the Sn-rich end and the Sn-lean end when the temperature increases. The labeling of Cu2In3Sn is discouraged since no separate Cu(In1-x,Snx)2 phase field was found.

Five errors correcting (73, 61, 12) quadratic residue code over ternary field

Five errors correcting (73, 61, 12) quadratic residue code over ternary field

Genetic link between saline and carbonatitic mantle fluids: The system NaCl-CaCO3-MgCO3 ± H2O ± Fe0 at 6 GPa

Melt inclusions in kimberlitic minerals and diamonds indicate that chlorides are important constituents of mantle carbonatite melts. Besides, alkaline chlorides are important constituents of saline high-density fluids (HDFs) found in diamonds from kimberlites and placers around the world. Continuous compositional variations suggest that saline and carbonatitic HDFs could be genetically linked. However, the essence of this link remains unclear owing to the lack of data on phase relations in the chloride-carbonate systems under pressure. Here we studied subsolidus and melting phase relations in the system NaCl–CaCO3–MgCO3 at 6 GPa and 1000–1600 °C using a Kawai-type multianvil press. We found that at 1000 °C, subsolidus assemblage consists of halite, magnesite, and aragonite. At higher temperatures, the stabilization of dolomite splits the subsolidus area into two partial ternary fields: halite + magnesite + dolomite and halite + dolomite + aragonite. The minimum on the liquidus surface corresponds to the halite-dolomite-aragonite ternary eutectic, situated at 1100 °C. The eutectic melt has Ca# 89 and contains 30 wt.% NaCl (26 mol% 2NaCl). The system has two ternary peritectics: halite + dolomite = magnesite + liquid located near the ternary eutectic and magnesite + dolomite = Mg-dolomite + liquid situated between 1300 and 1400 °C. Although under dry conditions incipient melting yields carbonate-dominated melt, the addition of water facilitates the fusion of NaCl and expands the liquid field to NaCl-rich compositions with up to 70 wt.% NaCl. The obtained results favor the idea that hydrous saline melts/fluids (brines) found as inclusions in diamonds could be a lower temperature derivative of mantle carbonatite melts and disagree with the hypothesis on chloride melt generation owing to the chloride-carbonate liquid immiscibility since no such immiscibility was established. We also studied the interaction of the NaCl–CaCO3–MgCO3 system with iron metal and found that carbonate reduction produces C-bearing species (Fe0, Fe-C melt, Fe3C, Fe7C3, C0) and wüstite containing Na2O, CaO, and MgO. Besides, a carbonate chloride compound, Ca2Cl2CO3, was established among the reaction products. The interaction between NaCl-bearing carbonate melt shifts its composition toward Mg-poor and NaCl-rich. Given the above, an alternative hypothesis can be proposed, according to which the interaction of alkaline chloride-bearing carbonate melts formed in the subduction zones with the reduced mantle should be accompanied by diamond crystallization and shift the composition of the melt from carbonatitic to alkali-rich saline.

Performance Evaluation of Scaled ZnO Stacked Nanosheet Channel Ternary Field Effect Transistor

Ternary logic device technologies have been actively researched due to the potential benefits such as lower power consumption, smaller device count, smaller area, and higher data processing density, compared to their binary counterparts. In this work, scaling prospect of ZnO stacked nanosheet channel ternary field effect transistor has been investigated. The benefits of scaling geometric parameters such as gate dielectric thickness, channel length, and source/drain charge injection area are examined. 90 % lower power consumption in the intermediate state is achieved at Vdd = 1 V with a noise margin of 130 mV, compared to other emerging ternary logic devices. The feasibility for stable ternary circuit operation is confirmed as well.

Structure of unital 3-fields

We investigate fields in which addition requires three summands. These ternary fields are shown to be isomorphic to the set of invertible elements in a local ring mathcal{R} having mathbb{Z}diagup 2mathbb{Z} as a residual field. One of the important technical ingredients is to intrinsically characterize the maximal ideal of mathcal{R}. We include a number of illustrative examples and prove that the structure of a finite 3‑field is not connected to any binary field.

A Privacy-sensitive Service Selection Method Based on Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm in the Internet of Things

Compared with the traditional Internet services, the services under the Internet of Things (IoT) expand the binary field of “user and information space” to the ternary field of “user, information space, and physical space”. How to aggregate all kinds of information, contents and applications, and how to filter services according to users’ demands, especially the privacy requirements, have become a key issue in IoT applications. Most of the existing service selection algorithms do not consider privacy factors and just adopt simple methods such as Heuristic Search Algorithm (HSA) and Genetic Algorithm (GA etc). HSA relies too much on heuristic strategies which may cause unstable performance, while GA cannot well meet the needs of service selection with multi-path characteristics due to the one-dimensional chromosome coding. To overcome the disadvantages above, this paper propose a privacy-sensitive service selection algorithm based on the Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (ASFA). It aims to choose the service with the best Quality of Experience (QoE) which includes privacy preferences as one of its primary factors so as to reduce the risk of privacy exposure and to pick up the service that satisfies all the requirements of users. Specifically, QoE model with privacy preferences is established and relevant constraints as well as quantitative methods are given firstly. Secondly, the proposed algorithm is constructed to select specific services based on the above model. Finally, the proposed method is verified through simulations. The results show that, compared with the GA-based algorithm, the proposed algorithm has improved both the precision rate and recall rate by more than 10% on average, which means it can solve the privacy-sensitive service selection problems in IoT with a feasible and effective way.

2D Triangular von Neumann Cellular Automata with Periodic Boundary

Cellular automata (CA) theory is a very rich and useful model of a discrete dynamical system that focuses on their local information relying on the neighboring cells to produce CA global behaviors. Although the main structure of CA is a discrete special model, the global behaviors at many iterative times and on big scales can be close to nearly a continuous system. The mathematical points of the basic model imply the computable values of the mathematical structure of CA. After modeling the CA structure, an important problem is to be able to move forwards and backwards on CA to understand their behaviors in more elegant ways. This happens in the possible case if CA is a reversible one. In this paper, we investigate the structure and the reversibility cases of two-dimensional (2D) finite, linear, and triangular von Neumann CA with periodic boundary case. It is considered on ternary field [Formula: see text] (i.e. 3-state). We obtain the transition rule matrices for each special case. It is known that the reversibility cases of 2D CA is generally a very challenging problem. For given special triangular information (transition) rule matrices, we prove which triangular linear 2D von Neumann CA is reversible or not. In other words, the reversibility problem of 2D triangular, linear von Neumann CA with periodic boundary is resolved completely over ternary field. However, the general transition rule matrices are also presented to establish the reversibility cases of these special 3-states CA. Since the main CA structures are sufficiently simple to investigate in mathematical ways and also very complex for obtaining chaotic models, we believe that these new types of CA can be found in many different real life applications in special cases e.g. mathematical modeling, theoretical biology and chemistry, DNA research, image science, textile design, etc. in the near future.

Chemically doped graphene based ternary field effect transistors

Chemically doped graphene was used to fabricate a ternary graphene field effect transistor. A graphene p−n junction was formed by polymer doping, which was sustained after dielectric passivation and thermal annealing processes used to stabilize the interface. Multiple peaks in the I–V curve which are the evidence of two different doping states in a channel could be achieved and modulated by varying the polymer concentration and the ratio of the doped portion in the channel.

New Binary and Ternary LCD Codes

LCD codes are linear codes with important cryptographic applications. Recently, a method has been presented to transform any linear code into an LCD code with the same parameters when it is supported on a finite field with cardinality larger than 3. Hence, the study of LCD codes is mainly open for binary and ternary fields. Subfield-subcodes of $J$-affine variety codes are a generalization of BCH codes which have been successfully used for constructing good quantum codes. We describe binary and ternary LCD codes constructed as subfield-subcodes of $J$-affine variety codes and provide some new and good LCD codes coming from this construction.

Experimental Study of the Phase Equilibria in the R-Al-Si Ternary Systems (R: Rare Earth Element) the Ho-Al-Si Isothermal Section at 500?C

The effect of holmium addition to the Al-Si system has been experimentally studied, as the isothermal section at 500?C. The constitution of the alloys has been determined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron microprobe analysis (EDXS) and X-ray powder diffraction. The knowledge of the phase relationships in the R-Al-Si ternary systems (R: rare earths element) is essential to deeply understand the technological properties of the Al-Si based alloys, that are useful in different industrial fields. In the system investigated have been identify nineteen ternary fields and twelve two phase fields. Three ternary compounds have been found in this ternary section: τ2-Ho2Al3Si2 (mS14-Y2Al3Si2), τ4-Ho2AlSi2 (oI10-W2CoB2) and τ5-Ho6Al3Si (tI80-Tb6Al3Si). The results obtained can be useful compared with the other known R-Al-Si systems also for predictive purposes.

A class of Gaussian normal bases and their dual bases

Optimal normal bases of 𝔽3n are desirable in pairing based cryptography for the fast implementation of arithmetic in the ternary finite fields. But for the finite fields 𝔽3n optimal normal bases are not possible for every n. Therefore the low complexity normal bases are desirable in such cases. There are low complexity Gaussian normal bases which are obtained from Gauss periods. We discuss the existence of Gaussian normal bases and their dual bases for a specific class of the finite fields with characteristic 3.

Phase characterization and thermal study of SrF2 and NdF3 doped fluoride salt containing 78 mol% LiF–20 mol% ThF4–2 mol% UF4

In this report we communicate the behavior of NdF3 and SrF2 doped in MSBR fluoride salt (78 mol% LiF–20 mol% ThF4 –2 mol% UF4) up to 750 °C as observed from DTA and XRD. The eutectic composition of the fuel salt exists as Li3ThF7 and LiF. Formation of phases on addition of SrF2 and NdF3 in the eutectic mixture resulted in marginal shift in the melting point and the system shifted to ternary phase field of Li3ThF7–LiF–NdF3/SrF2. Additionally, incorporation of SrF2 in fuel salt resulted in precipitation of compounds like SrThF6 and a phase in the quaternary Li–Sr–Th–F system.

Structure and Reversibility of 2D von Neumann Cellular Automata Over Triangular Lattice

Even though the fundamental main structure of cellular automata (CA) is a discrete special model, the global behaviors at many iterative times and on big scales could be a close, nearly a continuous, model system. CA theory is a very rich and useful phenomena of dynamical model that focuses on the local information being relayed to the neighboring cells to produce CA global behaviors. The mathematical points of the basic model imply the computable values of the mathematical structure of CA. After modeling the CA structure, an important problem is to be able to move forwards and backwards on CA to understand their behaviors in more elegant ways. A possible case is when CA is to be a reversible one. In this paper, we investigate the structure and the reversibility of two-dimensional (2D) finite, linear, triangular von Neumann CA with null boundary case. It is considered on ternary field [Formula: see text] (i.e. 3-state). We obtain their transition rule matrices for each special case. For given special triangular information (transition) rule matrices, we prove which triangular linear 2D von Neumann CAs are reversible or not. It is known that the reversibility cases of 2D CA are generally a much challenged problem. In the present study, the reversibility problem of 2D triangular, linear von Neumann CA with null boundary is resolved completely over ternary field. As far as we know, there is no structure and reversibility study of von Neumann 2D linear CA on triangular lattice in the literature. Due to the main CA structures being sufficiently simple to investigate in mathematical ways, and also very complex to obtain in chaotic systems, it is believed that the present construction can be applied to many areas related to these CA using any other transition rules.

Isothermal section at 600 °C of the Yb−Pd−Sn system (Pd ≤ 75 at.%)

Phase equilibria in the Yb−Pd−Sn ternary system at 600 °C were established in the Pd ≤ 75 at.% concentration range employing X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA). Besides the known intermetallic compounds, three new ternary intermetallics were revealed in the system, together with homogeneity ranges into the ternary field for some binary phases. Magnetic properties for the new compounds were investigated revealing stable Yb states Yb3+ for Yb3Pd4Sn13 and Yb2+ for Yb5Pd39Sn56, whereas for Yb13Pd40Sn31 an unstable valency of Yb is suggested.

Improved quantum ternary arithmetic

Qutrit (or ternary) structures arise naturally in many quantum systems, notably in certain non-abelian anyon systems. We present efficient circuits for ternary reversible and quantum arithmetics. Our main result is the derivation of circuits for two families of ternary quantum adders. The main distinction from the binary adders is a richer ternary carry which leads potentially to higher resource counts in universal ternary bases. Our ternary ripple adder circuit has a circuit depth of O(n) and uses only 1 ancilla, making it more efficient in both, circuit depth and width, when compared with previous constructions. Our ternary carry lookahead circuit has a circuit depth of only O(log n), while using O(n) ancillas. Our approach works on two levels of abstraction: at the first level, descriptions of arithmetic circuits are given in terms of gates sequences that use various types of non-Clifford reflections. At the second level, we break down these reflections further by deriving them either from the two-qutrit Clifford gates and the non-Clifford gate C(X) : |i, ji 7→ |i, j + δi,2 mod 3i or from the two-qutrit Clifford gates and the non-Clifford gate P9 = diag(e −2π i/9 , 1, e 2π i/9 ). The two choices of elementary gate sets correspond to two possible mappings onto two different prospective quantum computing architectures which we call the metaplectic and the supermetaplectic basis, respectively. Finally, we develop a method to factor diagonal unitaries using multi-variate polynomials over the ternary finite field which allows to characterize classes of gates that can be implemented exactly over the supermetaplectic basis.

On the irreversibility of Moore cellular automata over the ternary field and image application

Cellular automata have rich computational properties and provide many models in mathematical and physical processes. In this paper, one of the most commonly used neighborhood types of two dimensional (2D) cellular automata which is called the Moore neighborhood in two dimensional integer lattice is considered. We study the characterization of 2D linear cellular automata defined by the Moore neighborhood with periodic and null boundary conditions over ternary fields. Furthermore, we analyze some results of 2D cellular automata defined by the rule number 9840NB and finally also present applications to error correcting codes and image processing field.

KRASNER TERNARY HYPER FIELDS AND MORE CHARACTERIZATION OF PRIME AND MAXIMAL HYPER IDEALS IN KRASNER TERNARY HYPER RINGS

In 2010, Davvaz and Mirvakili introduced a new class of hyper structure called an (m,n)-Krasner hyperring, constructed its quotient class where the hyper ideal considered in the said construction is normal, and proved the isomorphism theorems. Recently, Castillo and Vilela investigated the (2,3)-Krasner hyperring called a Krasner ternary hyperring, and constructed its quotient class via another relation where the hyper ideal considered in the construction is not necessarily normal. In this article, a Krasner ternary hyper field is defined and characterized. Moreover, more structure results on prime and maximal hyper ideals not found in (1) are established.

Mechanical percolation in nanocomposites: Microstructure and micromechanics

Polymer nanocomposites can enable innovative designs of multifunctional materials. Metallic fillers in polymer matrices exhibit improved electrical properties at low volume fractions, often maintaining the low density, transparency and easy processing of polymers. Surprisingly, enhanced mechanical properties have also been observed at uncharacteristically low volume fractions in these nanocomposites. The majority of mathematical models used to describe this novel mechanical behavior are based on percolation models of microstructural connectivity. Changes in mechanical properties, however, are likely to be affected by complex microstructures, beyond simply connected, as well as by the micromechanical mechanisms associated with a composite material. Both microstructural and micromechanical mechanisms are thought to be significantly influenced by the presence and properties of an interface region, between particles and matrix, which functions as a third composite phase. In this work, the relative influence of the competing and compounding effects of the spatial position/distribution of the particles (microstructure) and of the composite constitution (micromechanics) are examined. The results show that models based solely on the inclusion of a third composite phase do not predict the experimentally observed mechanical response. This work continues with a study of the micromechanical effects of microstructure using a probabilistic and statistical characterization of the local strain fields associated with random microstructures. These continuous fields are not only more amenable to statistical characterization than the spatial ternary (matrix, particle and interface) fields that describe the microstructure, but offer a more direct, and potentially more visual, link between microstructure and mechanics. An apparent percolation threshold for a 2D material model is identified based on statistical characterization of the elastic moduli, distributions of local strains and spatial autocorrelation of local strain fields. The statistics of strain fields associated with microstructures producing minimum and maximum moduli are also compared.

New infinite series of 2-designs over the binary and ternary field

Based on a general construction approach of designs over finite fields by Itoh and some computer results we list five new infinite series of 2-designs over the binary and the ternary field.

Access Control List Provides Security in Network

A significant component representing network security is access control list inspects values of every packet’s field and come to a decision how to implement the network policy. Real-life access control list are naturally four dimensional over fields of four packets such as: IP address of source, destination, port number of destination and type of protocol. In several access control list, the source and destination port number fields make use of a range field constraint while the internet protocol address of source and destination and protocol type fields make use of a prefix or else ternary field constraint. Compression of access control lists is functional for system management of network and optimization for the reason that diminishing large access control lists rule sets to a great extent reduces the difficulty of supervising and optimizing configurations of network. Due to an augment in Internet applications besides enhancement in identified vulnerabilities and attacks, compression lists of access control may perhaps sanction users with outsized access control lists to make use of such devices and moreover this may develop into an increasingly critical concern intended for several users. An algorithm of polynomial time optimal was proposed for the weighted one-dimensional prefix compression problem of Access control lists by means of dynamic programming.