Ternary Dye Systems Research Articles

Adsorption behavior of cationic dyes on starch nanocrystals: Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic insights from single to multi-component systems

The adsorptive potential of starch nanocrystals (SNCs) was evaluated for the elimination of methylene blue (MB), crystal violet (CV), and malachite green (MG) from aqueous media in single, binary, and ternary dye systems using batch mode experiments. SNCs were extracted using mild acid hydrolysis to remove the amorphous parts of native granular starch, and they were characterized using different physicochemical methods, such as FESEM, XRD, FTIR, BET, TGA, and pHZPC. The results revealed that the optimal pH for dye removal in both single and mixed dye systems was found to be 9.0. The equilibrium time increased from 5 to 20 min when the system was changed from single to binary, and then further increased to 30 min when the system was changed to ternary. The equilibrium data for single-dye systems exhibited a good fit with the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 > 0.98, SEE <3.52 mg g−1), whereas for binary and ternary dye mixtures, the extended Langmuir model provided an accurate representation of the experimental data (R2 > 0.99, SEE <1.33 mg g−1). Among the single, binary, and ternary systems, the highest adsorption capacities were observed for MB, MB in the (MB + MG) binary system, and MB in the (MB + CV + MG) ternary system. The respective adsorption capacities were recorded as 79.55 mg g−1, 61.91 mg g−1, and 43.59 mg g−1. The adsorption of dyes onto the SNCs was inherently spontaneous and endothermic, and adhered to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model in single dye systems as well as mixed dye systems. It can be concluded that the SNCs are capable of being utilized for five consecutive cycles in the adsorption-desorption process for single dye systems and three consecutive cycles for mixed dye systems. This suggests that the SNCs have potential as a sustainable and efficient option for dye removal in mixture systems.

Robust removal of cationic dyes by zinc ferrite composites in single and ternary dye systems

For the continuous economic growth and development of society, clean and safe water is the basic necessity. Therefore, it is necessary to treat contaminated water. Magnetic ferrite composites with bio-waste materials are less explored in the area of research, so these need to be focused. In present study, novel magnetic Zinc Ferrite Pine Cone composite was prepared and used for the efficient removal of Crystal Violet, Malachite Green and Methylene Blue (Dye) from aqueous solution in single and ternary dye system. Various characterization techniques such as FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy), TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller Analysis) are used for the structure elucidation of Zinc Ferrite and Zinc Ferrite Pine cone (Composite). Batch adsorption method was used for the removal of dyes in single and ternary dye system. Lagergren pseudo second order adsorption model fits best in the kinetic studies whereas, Langmuir adsorption isotherm showed better results with maximum adsorption capacity 76.33, 200 and 94.33 mg/g for single dye system and 9.46, 20.45 and 27.93 mg/g respectively in ternary dye system for dyes CV, MG and MB. Thermodynamic study confirmed about the spontaneous nature of adsorption process. The regeneration ability of the composite in both the systems was studied up to five cycles. So, it becomes clear that the composite (Zinc Ferrite Pine Cone) will work as best alternative for dyes removal in single and ternary dye system.

An experimental and theoretical investigation of cationic azine dye adsorption on natural sepiolite in single and multi-component systems

Adsorption kinetics and equilibria of the azine dyes onto natural sepiolite are investigated using Methylene Blue, Thionin and Safranin O. Experimental equilibrium results for three azine dyes are well predicted by the Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models. The model parameters obtained for single solute systems at 298 K are used for the calculation of adsorption isotherms in binary and ternary dye solutions using multi-component isotherm models. Modified extended Langmuir model is satisfactorily fit to the adsorption in binary and ternary solutions. The diffuse-reflectance-infrared-Fourier-transforms technique was used to characterize the bare and dye loaded sepiolite surface. The kinetic results for single, binary and ternary dye systems have been analyzed according to the pseudo-first-order and Elovich models. Vermeulen approximation was also applied to the data for prediction of the diffusion behavior of the dyes. The molecular chemical reactivity of the dye molecules estimated based on the Density Functional Theory was well correlated to the sorption results. The energy gap between the highest-occupied molecular-orbital and lowest-unoccupied-molecular-orbital energies, chemical potential, chemical hardness, softness, global electrophilicity and global nucleophilicity values prove that Methylene Blue is more reactive than Thionine and Safranine O cationic dyes.

Surface Modification of Spinel Ferrite with Biopolymer for Adsorption of Cationic and Anionic Dyes in Single and Ternary Dye System

In this work, nano cobalt ferrite was modified with biopolymer sodium alginate in alginic form and the prepared magnetic composite (CoFN-Alg) was examined by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope with energy dispersive spectra, X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation. The CoFN-Alg composite was used as adsorbent to remove Congo red (CR), brilliant green (BG), and methylene blue (MB) dyes from single and ternary dye systems. The adsorption of different dyes on CoFN-Alg composite was studied at varying parameters such as contact time, varying pH, adsorbent dose, and initial concentration at different temperatures through batch mode. Results of kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption data of different dyes in single system as well as ternary system was best fitted in Lagergren pseudo second order model. Similarly, the adsorption equilibrium data was well correlated by Langmuir isotherm model in both types of dye systems. In single system, the maximum adsorption capacities of CR, BG, and MB dyes for CoFN-Alg composite were 93.0, 92.1, 95.8 mg/g and for ternary system were 60.0, 64.4, and 76.9 mg/g, respectively. The calculated adsorption thermodynamic parameters confirmed that adsorption process was spontaneous in nature. The results of regeneration studies concluded that CoFN-Alg composite retained around 78% regeneration efficiency even after five successive cycles in single as well as ternary system. The present study revealed that CoFN-Alg composite might be suitable alternative for the removal of different dyes in single as well as multi-component system.

Magnetic Zinc Ferrite–Alginic Biopolymer Composite: As an Alternative Adsorbent for the Removal of Dyes in Single and Ternary Dye System

Recently, magnetic bio-composites as adsorbent are widely being explored in waste water treatment because of their exceptional properties like high adsorption capacity, selectivity and cost-effective nature. In the present study, a novel recyclable magnetic composite containing magnetic zinc ferrite and alginate in alginic form (ZnFN–Alg) was developed. Various techniques like Fourier Transform-Infra Red, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope with energy dispersive spectra, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, thermo gravimetric-differential thermal analysis and Point Zero Charge (pHzpc) were used to characterize the surface morphology of magnetic composite. The magnetic composite was used as adsorbent to remove congo red, crystal violet and brilliant green dyes in single and ternary systems. The kinetic studies data was best fitted to Lagergren pseudo second order whereas mechanism of adsorption was described by intra particle diffusion model in single as well as ternary systems. The adsorption equilibrium data was best fitted to Langmuir isotherm among various adsorption isotherm models. Thermodynamic studies confirmed that the adsorption process was spontaneous in nature. The regeneration ability of ZnFN–Alg composite was studied individually in single and ternary dye systems for seven cycles and showed significant results. It was concluded that magnetic ZnFN–Alg can serve as suitable alternative for the removal of dyes in single and ternary systems.

Adsorption behavior of modified Iron stick yam skin with Polyethyleneimine as a potential biosorbent for the removal of anionic dyes in single and ternary systems at low temperature

The skin of Iron stick yam (ISY) was modified with Polyethyleneimine (ISY@PEI) and evaluated for use as a potential biosorbent to remove the anionic dyes Sunset yellow (SY), Lemon yellow (LY), and Carmine (CM) from wastewater under low temperature conditions (5–15°C) in single and ternary dye systems. Both in the single and ternary systems, experimental data showed that adsorption capacity reached the highest value at 5°C, and adsorption capacity decreased when the temperature increased (10–50°C). The equilibrium data fitted very well to the Langmuir model and the extended Langmuir isotherm, for the single and ternary systems, respectively. The maximum adsorption capability was 138.92, 476.31, and 500.13mg/g for LY, SY, and CM, respectively, in a single system and 36.63, 303.31, and 294.12mg/g for LY, SY, and CM, respectively, in a ternary system. The adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that it was a spontaneous and exothermic process.

Simultaneous UV-Vis spectrophotometric quantification of ternary basic dye mixtures by partial least squares and artificial neural networks

One of the main difficulties in quantification of dyes in industrial wastewaters is the fact that dyes are usually in complex mixtures rather than being pure. Here we report the development of two rapid and powerful methods, partial least squares (PLS-1) and artificial neural network (ANN), for spectral resolution of a highly overlapping ternary dye system in the presence of interferences. To this end, Crystal Violet (CV), Malachite Green (MG) and Methylene Blue (MB) were selected as three model dyes whose UV-Vis absorption spectra highly overlap each other. After calibration, both prediction models were validated through testing with an independent spectra-concentration dataset, in which high correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.998, 0.999 and 0.999 were obtained by PLS-1 and 0.997, 0.999 and 0.999 were obtained by ANN for CV, MG and MB, respectively. Having shown a relative error of prediction of less than 3% for all the dyes tested, both PLS-1 and ANN models were found to be highly accurate in simultaneous determination of dyes in pure aqueous samples. Using net-analyte signal concept, the quantitative determination of dyes spiked in seawater samples was carried out successfully by PLS-1 with satisfactory recoveries (90-101%).

Biosorption of Acid Dye in Single and Multidye Systems onto Sawdust of Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Tree

Properties of raw sawdust ofParkia biglobosa, as a biosorbent for the removal of Acid Blue 161 dye in single, binary, and ternary dye systems with Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue dyes in aqueous solution, were investigated. The sawdust was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction, and pH point of zero charge. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out to determine the equilibrium characteristics, thermodynamics, and kinetics of the sorption processes. The data obtained were subjected to various isotherm and kinetics equations. The results showed that the adsorption processes were described by different isotherm models depending on the composition of the system; they were all spontaneous (ΔGranges from −0.72 to −5.36 kJ/mol) and endothermic (range ofΔHis 11.37–26.31 kJ/mol) and with increased randomness withΔSvalues of 55.55 and 98.78 J·mol/K for single and ternary systems, respectively. Pseudo-second-order kinetics model gave better fit for all the sorption systems studied irrespective of the differences in composition, with the initial and overall rate constants higher for the mixtures than for the single system (6.76 g·mg−1min−1). The presence of Rhodamine B and Methylene Blue had a synergetic effect on the maximum monolayer capacity of the adsorbent for Acid Blue 161 dye.

Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Ternary Dye System Adsorption on to Melon (Citrillus lanatus) Seed Husk

The adsorption characteristics of ternary dye system (TDS), comprising of a mixture of congo red, methyl orange and methylene blue, on formaldehyde-treated melon husk (FMH) were investigated with respect to the changes in initial pH of TDS, contact time, and initial TDS concentration. The surface of FMH was studied by investigation using Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The adsorption equilibrium of TDS was rapidly reached after 45 minutes of contact time and pH of 8.5. The equilibrium adsorption data were interpreted using the following isotherm models Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), HarkinJura and Halsey and the goodness of fittings were monitored using linear regression analysis (R 2 ), sum-ofsquare-error (SSE) and chi-square (χ). The results indicated that the isotherm could be interpreted by Freundlich model as it was the best fitted of all the models used, (R 2 = 0.998) suggesting multilayer adsorption. The kinetics of the adsorption process were analyzed using three kinetic models; pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion models and the Original Research Article Giwa et al.; ACSj, 7(1): 7-25, 2015; Article no.ACSj.2015.057 8 adsorption data followed the pseudo second-order model more closely (R = 0.998 – 1). The calculated values of thermodynamic parameters such as ΔGo and ΔSo were positive, indicating the presence of an energy barrier in the adsorption process. The positive values of ΔHo for biosorbent indicated that the adsorption mechanism was endothermic. The adsorption capacity of TDS was found to be 26.42 mg/g.

Rapid selective separation and recovery of a specific target dye from mixture consisted of different dyes by magnetic Ca-ferrites nanoparticles

A novel adsorbent of CaFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) which was synthesized by sol–gel process, showed an excellent high affinity to anionic congo red (CR), and could be employed to selectively adsorb CR from ternary dye system with a high separation factor. The mechanism of the selectivity was revealed in detail. The effects of various parameters such as pHs, ionic strengths and coexisting ions on the selective adsorption were investigated. The CR adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The sorption data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic parameters showed the spontaneous, exothermic and physical nature of the adsorption process. The selectively adsorbed CR dye could be recovered rapidly by ethanol/Na3PO4 (2 mM) (1/1, v/v) with the recovery percentage of 96.6%. The regenerated adsorbent still showed a highly selective adsorption capacity for CR after five regeneration-removal cycles and a strong anti-interference ability, confirming the potential of the CaFe2O4 MNPs as practical selective adsorbent for treatments of dye containing effluents.

Competitive adsorption of dye species from aqueous solution onto melon husk in single and ternary dye systems

Polluted water may contain more than one dye species. Consequently, the behavior of a particular dye in a water system may be affected by the presence of the others. In this study, the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) in single dye system (SDS) and in ternary dye system (TDS) comprising of MB, congo red and methyl orange onto formaldehyde-treated melon husk (FMH) was investigated as a function of pH, contact time and species concentra- tions. Surface studies of FMH were investigated by Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy. The dye species adsorption equilibria were rapidly attained after 60 (SDS) and 90 min (TDS) of contact times. The adsorption kinetics were analyzed using pseudo first-order, pseudo second-order and intraparticle diffusion models and the adsorption data were well described by the pseudo second-order model. The equilibrium adsorption data were interpreted in terms of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Harkin-Jura and Halsey isotherm models and the goodness of fittings were inspected using linear regression analysis (R 2 ). Our results indicated that the Langmuir model was best fitted, suggesting monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic study showed that the adsorptions in SDS and TDS on FMH are favourable. The change in entropy (DS) and heat of adsorption (DH )o f dye species on FMH in TDS were estimated as 82.2 J/ mol K and 17.95 kJ/mol. respectively while in SDS, they were respectively -43.76 J/mol K and -21.84 kJ/mol. The sorption process in both systems was thermodynami- cally feasible with negative DG values.

Textile Dye Removal from Single and Ternary Systems Using Date Stones: Kinetic, Isotherm, and Thermodynamic Studies

In this paper, the removal of the dyes acid green 25 (AG25), acid black 26 (AB26), and acid blue 7 (AB7) onto date stones (DS) from single and ternary systems was investigated. Surface studies of DS were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experiments were carried out as a function of adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, inorganic anion (salt), pH, and temperature in single and ternary systems. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and dye desorption were studied in single and ternary dye systems. The adsorption kinetics was modeled using the pseudofirst-order, pseudosecond-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetics equations. The equilibrium adsorption data of AG25, AB26, and AB7 dyes on DS were analyzed. Thermodynamic parameters of dye adsorption were obtained. In addition, the regeneration of DS was studied using dye desorption in single and ternary dye systems. The adsorption kinetics of the dyes followed pseudosecond-order k...

Adsorption kinetics and isotherm of anionic dyes onto organo-bentonite from single and multisolute systems

The performances of polydiallydimethylammonium modified bentonite (PDADMA–bentonite) as an adsorbent to remove anionic dyes, namely Acid Scarlet GR (AS-GR), Acid Turquoise Blue 2G (ATB-2G) and Indigo Carmine (IC), were investigated in single, binary and ternary dye systems. In adsorption from single dye solutions with initial concentration of 100 μmol/L, the dosage of PDADMA–bentonite needed to remove 95% dye was 0.42, 0.68 and 0.75 g/L for AS-GR, ATB-2G and IC, respectively. The adsorption isotherms of the three dyes obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model with the equilibrium constants of 0.372, 0.629 and 4.31 L/μmol, the saturation adsorption amount of 176.3, 149.2 and 228.7 μmol/g for ATB-2G, IC and AS-GR, respectively. In adsorption from mixed dye solutions, the isotherm of each individual dye followed an expanded Langmuir isotherm model and the relationship between the total amount of dyes adsorbed and the total equilibrium dye concentration was interpreted well by Langmuir isotherm model. In the region of insufficient dosage of PDADMA–bentonite, the dye with a larger affinity was preferentially removed by adsorption. Desorption was observed in the kinetic curve of the dye with lower affinity on PDADMA–bentonite surface by the competitive adsorption. The kinetics in single dye solution and the total adsorption of dyes in binary and ternary dye systems nicely followed pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Adsorption of anionic dyes on poly(epicholorohydrin dimethylamine) modified bentonite in single and mixed dye solutions

The performance of poly(epicholorohydrin dimethylamine) modified bentonite (EPIDMA/bentonite) as an adsorbent to remove anionic dyes, namely Direct Fast Scarlet, Eosin Y and Reactive Violet K-3R, was investigated in single, binary and ternary dye systems. In adsorption experiments in single dye solutions, the adsorption of the three dyes onto EPIDMA/bentonite was described by the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. At low dosage of EPIDMA/bentonite, preferential adsorption was observed for the dye with higher affinity to the adsorbent in mixed dye systems. The reduction in uptake of the dye with increasing equilibrium dye concentration in the isotherm and desorption in the kinetic curves were observed for the dye with lower affinity. The total amount of dyes adsorbed versus the total equilibrium dye concentrations were fitted well by the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics of the total adsorbed amount of dyes followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The effect of the dosage of adsorbent on color removal efficiency, residual color distribution and adsorption kinetics was investigated.