Ternary Binder Research Articles

Porosity of the Ternary Gypsum-Based Binders with Different Types of Pozzolan

Ternary gypsum-binders with different types of pozzolan were stored in the water and in the air. Brick powder, microsilica and blast slag were used as a pozzolan admixture. The quantity of the pozzolan in the mixture was determined from the amount of the amorphous phase in the pozzolan. Mixtures with pozzolans do not lose strength when stored in the water. Porosimetry shows that the product of the pozzolanic reaction started to develop.

Performance of Ternary Binder Blend Containing Cement, Waste Gypsum Wall Boards and Blast Furnace Slag in CLSM

Controlled low strength materials (CLSM), is a self-flowing cementitious backfill material, most suitable for sustainability objectives since it makes use of wastes in large quantities. Wasted gypsum wall boards (drywalls), a construction & demolition waste, are known to pollute atmosphere by releasing harmful H2S gas when dumped at landfills. Use of waste drywalls with flyash, as cement replacement in concrete and CLSM, have resulted in low strength mixes at initial & later ages, respectively. In this paper powdered drywalls with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), was used as secondary cementitious material along with stone dust as fine aggregates, to produce sustainable CLSM mixtures with varying binder ratios and water contents. Reduction in compressive strength at later ages was not observed for mixes with low water contents, hence use of GGBS instead of flyash with lesser water contents, is effective in resisting detrimental effects of sulfates present in drywalls.

Thermal and flexural properties of bagasse/cement composites

Enhancing the sustainability, circular economy and use of by-products and renewable resources concerns a great number of researchers. Adding value to tropical vegetable resources and proposing a replacement for asbestos are challenges for chemists. Sugar cane bagasse is evaluated both as a mineral replacement and as a reinforcement in cementitious paste. In this matrix, ordinary Portland cement is partly replaced by natural pozzolan and bagasse ashes; a ternary binder is obtained. The pastes reinforced with vegetable fibers are prepared by the incorporation of untreated and pyrolyzed bagasse fibers (2–6 wt%) in this modified matrix. The thermal conductivity and the bending strength of the composite pastes, placed in various environments (curing chamber and water), are evaluated and compared to those of composite pastes made with commercial cement and bagasse fibers, exposed to identical aging conditions. The more relevant results are obtained in the curing chamber: the composite pastes prepared with the ternary matrix conduct less heat than the commercial binder composites at 28 d, and better bending strengths are obtained with the ternary binder composites at 28 and 90 d, particularly with the untreated bagasse fibers.

Effect of ternary binder on the mechanical and microstructural properties of sand concrete

The present work focuses on the study of effect of the cement content (C), lime (L) and pozzolan (P) as well as the effect of their combinations C*L, C*P and L*P on the mechanical and microstructural properties of sand concrete based on a ternary binder using the ‘mixture design’ method. C, L and P were taken as independent variables, while the flexural strengths (Rf) and the compressive strengths (Rc) at 7 and 28 days were taken as responses. Mathematical models were determined. The obtained results showed that the most significant variable that affects all the studied responses is the cement content. The SC09 (100% C) presented the highest values. However, the SC08 (80% C + 20% L) ranks second and the SC13 (80% C + 20% P) ranks third in terms of mechanical strength. But SC08 and SC13 provided 20% of cement economy, while the minimum values of mechanical strength were recorded in the case of SC17 (100% L), which means that a high rate of lime has relatively a negative influence on the mechanical strength. On the other hand, the X-ray diffraction study showed that the type of the resulting hydration products and their quantities depend on the proportions of C, L and P, which justifies the changes recorded in the properties studied. Finally, the microscope visualization showed also that the material appears relatively homogeneous and dense with a good adhesion paste-aggregate, either in the case of cement or pozzolan or lime.

Influence of Re-Dispersible Powders on Very Early Shrinkage in Functional Mortars

Functional, high performance mortars such as Self-Leveling Underlayments (SLU), Tile Adhesives (TA) or Grouting Mortars (GM) are composed, besides complex binders, of mineral and organic fillers, and most importantly admixtures. Amongst the organic fillers, re-dispersible powders produced by spray drying from emulsions, are added to improve flexibility, adhesion and water resistance. These powders, however, also influence fresh properties such as workability and plastic shrinkage or sedimentation. Additionally they are prone to interfere with the hydration kinetics thus playing a role in the very early structuring process of a cement-based mortar.In this study, the influence of re-dispersible powders on sedimentation, plastic as well as chemical shrinkage in ternary binder composites has been investigated for the first 24 hours. The structuring process has been additionally characterized by the hydrate phase development. Ternary binders are defined in this study as compositions of Calcium Aluminate Cement (CAC), Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Calcium Sulfate (CS̅).The addition of re-dispersible powders showed not only the well-known retardation in hydration kinetics, longer setting times and increased gel times but also changed dimensional stability. Dimensional changes occurring during the first 24 hours were monitored by different test devices in order to separate different shrinkage/expansion mechanisms. The measurements are compared to the in-situ measurement of phase development by XRD.

Influence of Silica Fume Inclusion on the Compressive Strength Development of High Strength Concrete Containing High Volume of Palm Oil Fuel Ash

The influence of silica fume (SF) inclusion on the compressive strength development of high strength concrete (HSC) containing high volume of palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has been investigated. A HSC containing 100% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and another HSC mix with 50% POFA as part of the binder were prepared. Due to the reduction in early strength of the HSC with the inclusion of high volume of POFA in the binary blended binder HSC, attempt was made to partially replace the OPC with SF at 5, 10, 15 and 20%, thus creating a ternary blended binder HSC. The results show that the compressive strength development of the HSC containing high volume of POFA was significantly improved with the inclusion of SF. The ternary blended binder HSC with 15% SF exhibited the highest increase in early age strength, even though it did not surpass the OPC-HSC, and it provided the highest strength at 7 and 28 days in comparison to other HSC mixes. Thus, ternary blended binder containing more than 60% supplementary cementitious material (POFA and SF) could be utilized to produce HSC.

Ternary Blended Cementitious Matrix for Vegetable Fiber Reinforced Composites

The present work analyses the behaviour of different binder matrices in order to implement the addition of paper pulp as reinforcement for cementitious composites and assesses the composites flexural properties with time. To prevent microfibers degradation in high-alkaline environments, lower alkaline matrices may be developed. In the present study ternary binder matrices containing ordinary Portland cement (OPC), gypsum (G) and fluid catalytic cracking catalyst residue (FC3R) are presented for that purpose. To assess the performance of the alternatives matrices, pH and conductivity evolution with time were monitored. Also flexural tests were carried out with the intention of evaluate the efficiency of the matrix to preserve fibres within the composite. According to pH and conductivity results is proved that this ternary system offers lower values at early stages (at 3 days) when compared to OPC systems. This inferior alkalinity might be associated to the better mechanical performance with time of the composites when the ternary matrix is used. After 10 months ageing, all the mechanical properties were higher when compared to composites using OPC. Particularly remarkable is the preservation after ageing of the specific energy and deflection at the modulus of rupture when the low-alkalinity matrices were employed, on the contrary what occurred with samples containing OPC where specific energy and deflection were nearly disappeared.

Effect of quaternary cementitious systems containing limestone, blast furnace slag and natural pozzolan on mechanical behavior of limestone mortars

This paper describes an experimental research on the study of mechanical behavior of crushed limestone mortars of the Algerian Central Saharan Atlas made from a mixture of three mineral additions. Namely; Portland cement, limestone filler, blast furnace slag and natural pozzolan which were simultaneously used to obtain blended cements that contain 50% mineral additions. Mortars have been the subject of a series of normative tests, in order to achieve a characterization, more or less detailed, which allows assessing the quality of these mortars in terms of standards. Three methods for activation of pozzolanic reactivity of BFS and NP were used, namely; mechanical, thermal and chemical methods to activate the pozzolanic reaction of slag and pozzolan at an early age.Three activation methods of pozzolanic reactivity of mineral admixtures were used. Mineral additions were activated mechanically by grinding to 3800cm2/g, and 6000cm2/g Blaine surface area (mechanical method), elevated temperature by curing mortar specimens at 8°C, 20°C and 40°C (thermal method), and chemically by mixing the mixture with 1% of alkaline activator (NaOH) based on the mass of binder (chemical method).Tests were carried out to characterize the mechanical behavior of binary, ternary and quaternary binders of hardened limestone mortars at 2, 7, 28, 90, 180 and 365days. Test results showed that the simultaneous incorporation of LF, BFS and NP in partial replacement to the OPC where the role of the mechanical, thermal and chemical activation of these mineral additions slightly affected the mechanical properties of hardened mortars based on crushed limestone sand at short and long terms (from 2days to 90days).

Moisture Resistance and Durability of the Ternary Gypsum-Based Binders

The moisture resistance of the ternary gypsum-based materials with metakaolin was investigated. Materials with metakaolin have lower porosity and higher strength than gypsum-lime binder without metakaolin. While material without metakaolin lost compressive strength in the wet environment, the strength of the ternary binders increased. Therefore it can be concluded that the gypsum – lime mixtures with the metakaolin can be used in the environment with higher humidity, e.g. in the exterior.

Kinetics and Equilibrium Isotherms of Water Vapor Adsorption/Desorption in Cement-Based Porous Materials

The kinetics and equilibrium of water vapor adsorption/desorption isotherm (WVSI) are fundamental information for solid–moisture interaction in the microstructure of cement-based porous materials (CBPM). This paper presents firstly the experimental data for WVSI of CBPM with a ternary binder. Mass changes in specimen are recorded in sorption tests for materials with different aggregate contents and water-to-binder (w/b) ratios under controlled ambient relative humidity. Both the sorption equilibrium and sorption kinetics are investigated through some established physical models, and the corresponding intrinsic parameters of moisture sorption are determined. For sorption kinetics, the mass change during sorption is interpreted through Elovich model, power model and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The mass change in sorption occurs mainly in the first 40 days, and the pseudo-second-order model shows the best adaption to all adsorption/desorption processes. For sorption equilibrium, Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer (GAB), modified Halsey and Oswin models are used to interpret the moisture sorption capacity. The hysteresis between adsorption and desorption processes is attributed, respectively, to the mechanisms of snap-through, energy instability and pore constrictivity for low, middle and high relative humidity ranges. From the analysis, it is found that (1) through the interpretation of pseudo-second-order model the moisture sorption kinetics can be controlled by the sorption between the water molecules and the pore wall in addition to vapor diffusion; (2) the sorption capacity is sensitive to aggregate content and w/b ratio; incorporating aggregates, decreasing w/b ratio and increasing humidity gradient tend to decrease the sorption capacity of CBPMs; (3) the sorption isotherm hysteresis is well described by GAB-H model, both the extent of hysteresis and the energy constant related to pore surface tension showing clear correlation with the aggregate content and w/b ratio of CBPMs.

Implementing ternary supplementary cementing binder for reduction of the heat of hydration of concrete

The purpose of the present study was to examine the high-volume use of by-products as supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in order to control the hydration heat of concrete and enhance its sustainability. The prepared ternary binders were composed of varying combinations of fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, and ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Isothermal hydration tests were conducted on the pastes produced using the prepared ternary binders and OPC under constant temperatures (T) of 13, 23, and 33 °C. Adiabatic hydration tests were also conducted on the concrete mixes at T of 23 °C. The heat production rate curve clearly showed that the induction and acceleratory periods increased with increasing SCM amount, whereas the maximum value of the curve and the decelerator period decreased; as a result, the activation energy of the cementitious pastes tended to increase with increasing SCM amount. The maximum values of total heat production determined from the adiabatic hydration tests also increased with increasing water–to–binder ratio. The relationship between the degree of reaction and the compressive strength development of the concrete was very similar in both the isothermal and the adiabatic hydration tests. The environmental impact assessment demonstrated that the very-high-volume SCM concrete had a reduction in global warming potential of 75–86% and in abiotic depletion of 73–82% as compared with OPC concrete.

Comparison of Chloride Binding Capacity of Binary and Ternary Binders

Reinforced concrete structures work in the marine environment are easily erroded by the environment, the most dangerous intrusion by chloride ions. Chloride ions from the environment penetrate into concrete layer and cause reinforcement corrosion. The high chloride binding capacity in concrete helps reducing the reinforcement corrosion. The chloride binding capacity in concrete is largely dependent on the cement type. This paper investigated the chloride binding capacity of various binary and ternary binders. Chloride contents in mortars prepared with various binary and tinery binders were determined by chemical titration methods combining with microstructure analysis SEM. The experimental results showed that the chloride binding capacity of tinery binders which contains Ordinary Portland cement (OPC), blast furnace slag mixed with silica fume is highest.

Influence of Thermally Activated Alum Sludge Ash on the near Surface Characteristics of Multiple-Blended Binders Concretes

This research presents the results of an investigation on the influence of thermally activated alum sludge ash (AASA) as a partial cement replacement on the near-surface characteristics of binary and ternary blended binder (TBB) concretes incorporating silica fume (SF), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA). All of the mixtures were prepared with a water/binder ratio and total binder content of 0.30 and 493 kg/m3, respectively. Initial surface absorption (ISAT) and sorptivity tests were conducted at the age of 28 days. Results indicate decrease in the ISAT and sorptivity values of binary blended binders with 15% AASA cement replacement compared with the control and 20% AASA concretes. A higher replacement level of 20% AASA did not help improve inner core durability but improved surface durability characteristics. All TBB concretes performed better than the binary blends with AASA at the same replacement levels.

Impact of carboxylated styrene–butadiene copolymer on the hydration kinetics of OPC and OPC/CAC/AH: The effect of Ca2 + sequestration from pore solution

It was found that carboxylated styrene–butadiene latex copolymer retards OPC and accelerates a ternary binder system based on OPC/CAC/anhydrite. The reason behind both effects is the sequestration of Ca2+ ions from the pore solution. In the case of OPC, the depletion of Ca2+ hinders the formation of cement hydrates and thus retards hydration of OPC, whereas for the ternary binder system, the depletion of Ca2+ shifts the solubility equilibrium of CaSO4 in favor of sulfate. As a result, the dissolution of anhydrite is accelerated and ettringite formation is enhanced. The consequence of these processes is earlier strength development, which is highly desirable in drymix mortar applications. The results explain why anionic SB latex performs particularly well in ternary binder systems.

The mix design for self-compacting high performance concrete containing various mineral admixtures

Abstract This paper is an effort towards presenting a new mix design method for self-compacting high performance concrete (SCHPC) containing various mineral admixtures (MA). In the proposed method, the constituent materials were calculated by using the absolute volume method. The packing theory of Funk and Dinger with the exponent q = 0.25 was adopted to determine the grading of aggregate. The primary paste volume for filling capacity was computed from the void content of compacted aggregate. The superplasticizer dosage for the concrete was set on the basis of the superplasticizer saturation dosage of the corresponding mortar. Efficiency factors were used to express the effect of MAs on compressive strength of concrete. The results show that the method was adequate to proportion SCHPC mixtures containing ternary binders, i.e. cement and two different MAs (rice husk ash (RHA), silica fume, fly ash, and lime stone powder), satisfying the self-compactability requirements and compressive strength class in the range of C60/75–C90/105. With 5–20 wt.% cement replacement, RHA was very effective in improving compressive strength of SCHPC. The efficiency factor for RHA, i.e., 2.7–1.8, which is the first time applied, is only marginally lower as compared to that of silica fume.

Two-stage concrete made with single, binary and ternary binders

The mechanical properties of two-stage concrete (TSC) made with various grout mixtures and incorporating single, binary, and ternary binders were investigated in the present study. Different supplementary cementitious materials, including class F fly ash, silica fume and metakaolin were added as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement. Mechanical properties of TSC including compressive and tensile strength and modulus of elasticity at 7, 28, and 56 days were evaluated. Results show that the binder composition has a great influence on the fresh and hardened properties of the grout used in TSC and consequently on TSC’s mechanical properties. Moreover, empirical relationships between the properties of the grout and those of the corresponding TSC were proposed, offering a potential tool for estimating TSC properties based on primary grout properties.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Industrial Waste Modified Mortar

This paper presents and discusses the results of the study on physical and mechanical properties of Industrial Waste Modified Mortar (IWMM) in comparison to Unmodified Mortar (UM). Industrial wastes used as ternary cement replacement were Micro Silica (MS) and Finely Ground Waste Vase (FGWV). Porosity and compressive strength of cement based products are the crucial properties that reflect the durability. Results of this study showed incorporation of 15%MS and 20%FGWV as ternary binders reduced 32.8% porosity and increased 4.3% compressive strength of mortar.

Workability of Self-Compacting Concrete Using Blended Waste Materials

This paper presents the workability properties of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) containing a ternary mix binder using Ordinary Portland Cement and agro-industrial wastes i.e; palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and low calcium based fly ash (FA). The mixtures were prepared with 0 to 40% cement replacement using agro-industrial wastes at 10% intervals. Water to binder ratio and cement content is kept constant at 0.38 and 540 kg/m3 respectively. Self-compact-ability parameters investigated were Slump flow, J-Ring, V-Funnel, Sieve Stability and Visual Stability Index Tests. It is found that agro-industrial wastes provide a positive effect on the workability properties of self-compacting concrete.

Evolution from High Strength Concrete to High Performance Concrete

High strength concrete for the production of concrete railway sleepers was designed more than 20 years ago. The compressive strength of the concrete was very high from the start, but flexure strengths showed some irregular development - a decrease in time. Later, also a significant decrease of fracture properties was recorded. Microcracking was found to be the reason for this; therefore some modifications were performed to avoid this happening (especially the reduction of the maximum size of aggregates from 22 mm to 16 mm or 11 mm). Some problems concerning frost resistance of the concrete with a slag addition were reduced by applying ternary binders. All of the results are discussed from the point of view of a long-term observation of the strengths and fracture properties ́ development during the time period of 5 years or even more.

Laboratory Preparation of a Ternary Binder System

Currently, the binders of self-levelling mixtures are most commonly implemented as one-component or two-component (binary) systems. One-component systems are usually Portland cement or alumina cement alone, both further modified especially by plasticizers and dispersive additives. In addition to their indisputable advantages, one-component as well as binary systems have some drawbacks including worse technological properties in the case of one-component systems based on Portland cement and higher financial costs in the case of binary systems which are usually mixtures of anhydrite II and α-gypsum. These deficiencies should be addressed by a ternary system which represents a compromise between the quality and affordability of existing systems. The basis of this ternary system is Portland cement to which an expansion agent composed of alumina cement and gypsum or dry hydrate is added. In this system, it is expected that the required strength and volume stability will be provided by Portland cement and the expander, respectively. The aim of this work is to study the ternary binder system based on Portland cement, alumina cement and gypsum or supplementary non-traditional connective components for use in the industrial production of self-levelling mixtures.