Standard Terms Research Articles

TIRADS-based artificial intelligence systems for ultrasound images of thyroid nodules: protocol for a systematic review.

The thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) was developed as a standard global term to describe thyroid nodule risk features, aiming to address issues such as variability and low reproducibility in nodule feature detection and interpretation by different physicians. The objective of this study is to comprehensively study articles that utilize AI techniques to design and develop decision support systems for classifying thyroid nodule risk on the basis of various TIRADS guidelines from ultrasound images. This protocol includes five steps: identification of key research questions of the review, descriptions of the systematic literature search strategies, criteria for study inclusion and exclusion, study quality measures, and the data extraction process. We designed a complete search string using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Sciences to retrieve all relevant English language studies up to January 2024. A PRISMA diagram was constructed, inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined, and after a quality assessment of the included papers, relevant data were extracted. The protocol of this systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42024551311). We anticipate that our findings will assist researchers in creating higher-quality systems with increased efficiency, reducing unnecessary biopsies, improving the reproducibility and reliability of thyroid nodule diagnostics, and providing good educational opportunities for less experienced physicians. In this study, a protocol was used for performing a systematic review to evaluate the diagnostic performance and other various aspects used in the design and development of artificial intelligence CAD systems based on various thyroid imaging reporting and data systems (TI-RADSs).

Biosimilars vs. originators

Abstract: Biosimilars can potentially increase patient treatment options, allowing access to expensive biologic medications. As frontline caregivers, nurses are uniquely positioned to educate patients on their safety and effectiveness. This article discusses biosimilars and standard terms, their development process, and strategies for nurses to provide effective patient education about these medications.

High Temperature Effects on Global Heritage Stone Resources: A Systematic Review

Throughout history, natural stone has been a crucial building material due to its strength, durability, and aesthetic qualities. Today, it continues to be a valuable resource, representing both a cultural heritage asset and a significant economic material. However, the increasing frequency of heat waves and fires driven by climate change poses a growing threat to stone building materials. This paper reviews the scientific attention given to the effects of high temperatures on Global Heritage Stone Resources (GHSRs), an international classification designed to enhance the recognition and status of building stones. Through a systematic SCOPUS search with refined filtering criteria, the study aims to quantify the existing research on these heritage stones. The search applied the standardized lithotype terms from GHSR publications to ensure consistency, followed by the exclusion of irrelevant terms when identified. Additionally, a relevance filter was applied to restrict the number of articles per lithotype and ensure that only the most pertinent studies were considered. Key findings from the literature reveal that exposure to high temperatures (ranging from 200 °C to 900 °C) significantly affected the studied GHSRs, leading to thermal micro-fissuring, increased porosity, and changes in water absorption, which compromise the mechanical properties of the stones. Moreover, these conditions can result in irreversible chemical transformations, exacerbating the deterioration of cultural heritage assets. The study emphasizes the critical need for research to better understand how these stone materials behave when exposed to high temperatures. It also provides a relevant framework for future investigations aimed at predicting and mitigating the effects of external threats such as fires.

Ossetic Boar

Abstract The article deals with the Ossetic word for ‘boar’ against the backgrounds of modern Ossetic porcine terminology. The Common Iranian name of the beast has survived in Ossetic anthroponymy only. Due to taboos many descriptive names for ‘boar’ are in use, such as ‘forest pig’, etc. The standard term (Digorian) tusk’a ‘boar’ was discussed by V. Abaev on a number of occasions, and the doyen of Ossetic studies considered it among Ossetic-European isoglosses in view of Eng. tusk, etc. The paper adds Iron evidence never mentioned before in its discussion and reassesses several questions regarding its alleged borrowing from Gothic. It is shown that the currently accepted approach to the pre-history of the Ossetic word as a linguistic loan at least requires adjustments, and that the term may well be of indigenous origin.

Natural Hazards and Climate Change Impacts on Food Security and Rural–Urban Livelihoods in Mozambique—A Bibliometric Analysis and Framework

Mozambique is confronted with numerous risks related to food security and natural disasters. The study conducted a literature review on natural hazards and food security. This can help to identify gaps and further areas of research. A bibliometric analysis was conducted using standardized text search terms, and the VOSviewer tool was used to analyze over 7000 scientific articles and cluster over 60,000 keyword co-occurrences. The results show that research on natural hazards for food security needs to be integrated. The priority topic of disasters focuses on specific hazards such as climate change, floods, and hurricanes, which are also linked to demographic and other social variables. More studies on food security, such as droughts, sustainable development, and other human and social conditions, are being conducted. Resilience as an emerging research paradigm needs to be addressed in comparison. One result is an analytical framework on impacts on food security in the context of disaster risk, based on the empirical findings of the literature review. It shows how everyday risks such as disease or food security can be conceptually better linked to natural hazards and resilience. It shows that further research is needed on the interlinkages of multiple risks, of which Mozambique is an outstanding example. The methodology presented is also applied to provide a framework for linking multiple risks to food security and natural hazards. The innovative dimension of the research is that this inquiry constitutes one of the pioneering attempts to conduct a bibliometric analysis of the linkages between natural hazards, food security, and resilience in Mozambique. Another noteworthy contribution is introducing a novel analytical framework that integrates food security and disaster risks.

Meningioma En Plaque Associated with Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Systematic Review of the Literature with Case Presentation

BackgroundMeningiomas are the most frequently diagnosed benign intracranial tumors. However, meningioma en plaque (MEP) is a rare subset accounting for 2.5% of all meningiomas and is characterized by flat, carpet-like proliferation along the dura, typically arising in the spheno-orbital region; therefore, causes proptosis, decreased visual acuity, and orbital pain. We present a unique case of MEP presenting with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea and conduct a systematic review of literature. MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Embase databases. Keywords and standardized index terms related to MEP were used. The search was performed without restriction on the publication date. Screening, data extraction, and quality assessment were carried out. Data on demographics, clinical presentations, management modalities, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. ResultsThe search yielded 487 titles, with 36 studies eligible for inclusion. A total of 530 patients with MEP were reported, with a mean age of 50.1±11.62 years. Proptosis was the most common symptom (95%), followed by visual impairment (57.3%), orbital pain (38.3%), ophthalmoplegia (28.6%), and headache (23%). Our patient represented the only case with a spontaneous CSF leak. Surgical resection was performed in 85%, adjuvant radiotherapy in 15.7%, and one patient received primary radiotherapy, while 8 patients were closely followed up with no intervention. ConclusionMEP associated with spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea is extremely rare and poses diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Conservative management for select cases of MEP can be a good choice, refraining the patient from surgical complications, especially for difficult-access skull base areas.

The introduction of the concept of anxiety into China: a thematic historical study.

This article presents a thematic historical study on the introduction of "anxiety" to modern China. Based on seminal research conducted previously by European scholars on histories of psychological and psychiatric concepts, this article reviews the itinerary of "anxiety" to China by using multiple types of textual evidence. Alongside a detailed description of how "anxiety" was translated and introduced, a comparison between the notions of "anxiety" in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western psychoanalytic approaches was made. The processes of how "depression" and "anxiety" were introduced to China were also compared. Three types of textual evidence were meticulously analyzed. First, lexicographical works published since the 19th century were examined to trace the initial introduction and observe the standardized translation of "anxiety" in Chinese. Second, newspaper and periodical articles were analyzed to understand how knowledge of "anxiety" was communicated to the general public. Third, the evolution of psychological and psychiatric terminologies was observed through medical books. It was found that "anxiety" was initially translated into various Chinese terms, with "jiaolyu" eventually emerging as the standardized term after 1949. The textual evidence showed that "anxiety" began to be acknowledged as a disease concept in the early 20th century, though it was not formally recognized as a diagnostic category until the late 20th century. This article also highlights the differences between the Western psychoanalytic view on anxiety and the Chinese folk conception of it. It was observed that the introduction processes of depression and anxiety to China were similar, though their conceptual histories in the West showed much difference. The fading of neurasthenia marked a new era of psychiatric development in China, characterized by an enhanced specificity in the classification of mental disorders, which was never observed in the discourse about "xin feng," a corresponding TCM notion of "anxiety." The article also underscores the need for further exploration of corresponding TCM concepts of "anxiety" and the assimilation of Western psychiatric concepts in China.

Considerations on inflation, economic growth, and the 2 per cent inflation target

This paper considers two basic questions with respect to inflation control, inflation targeting, and overall macroeconomic performance. The initial question is: what has been the justification in research for establishing an inflation target, and specifically a low inflation rate target of 2–3 per cent, as the organizing principle and overarching goal of macroeconomic policy? The second question is: do we actually observe stronger macroeconomic performances – as measured in standard terms of gross domestic product (GDP) growth – when macro policy operates within the framework of such low inflation targets? Our answers to these questions are straightforward. First, no serious body of research has been produced that provides a clear justification for a 2–3 per cent inflation target as the central goal of macroeconomic policy. Further, there is no body of evidence showing that economies at any level of development consistently experience stronger economic growth outcomes when inflation is maintained at less than 3 per cent as opposed to higher inflation rates, certainly within a 4–5 per cent inflation range and, in some circumstances, somewhat higher rates still. These findings are significant insofar as they open space for considering the set of measures other than contractionary monetary policies as viable inflation control tools. It is possible that these other measures do not operate as forcefully as contractionary monetary policy in bringing inflation down to a 2–3 per cent target range. However, our findings suggest that it is not typically necessary to force down inflation to such low levels, especially given that contractionary monetary policies succeed in controlling inflation primarily through the channel of raising mass unemployment and weakening workers’ bargaining power.

Müqavilənin standart şərtləri

The article examines the institution of "standard terms of contract", which is an important parameter of today's civil law sphere. The place of the concept in question in the modern legal system is discussed. In relation to this issue, the legislator's position, court practice and approaches available in the doctrine are analyzed. Important nuances such as the understanding of the standard terms of the contract, their place in the legal system of the Republic of Azerbaijan, their elements, verification, reliability, and defense mechanisms formed by the legislator against abuses that may arise from it are touched upon. In particular, the imperative requirements regulating this institution are considered in the legislation. It is clarified whether this type of condition is necessary and desirable from the perspective of civil law. Key words: contract, standard, condition, element, validity, check, mechanism, court, legislator, imperative, interpretation, content

Implikasi Hukum Klausula Baku Dalam Terms Of Service Tiktok Terhadap Upaya Perlindungan Hak Cipta

The presence of Tiktok leads to the growth of a new Content Creator that tries to create on the platform. To use the platform, a novice user is required to approve the Term of Service from the Tiktoks service provider. The term of service is a form of standard agreement that often contains standard clauses commonly used by application providers in the digital world. The purpose of this study is to find out the legal impact on the standard term of service clause of Tiktok on copyright protection efforts. The method used in this investigation is the method of normative law research. In principle, the use of standard clauses in terms of service is not prohibited by applicable laws in Indonesia. In Indonesian positive law, the use of a raw clause in a contract must meet the four valid conditions of the agreement under article 1320 BW and the default clause must not include an exemption from the liability of the entrepreneur as contained in article 18, paragraph 1 UUPK. The attempt to protect the copyright law is based on the fulfilment of the creator's exclusive right to the creation owned. The default term of service clause of Tiktok which lists the acquisition of copyrights without royalties, without exclusive rights, has been contrary to the prohibition of Article 82 Paragraph 2 UUHC. As a result of the law, the default Term of service Clause of the Tiktoke causes the agreement that has been agreed by the user of Tktok with the service provider to be annulled and cancelled by law because one of the clauses is contrary.

Research on Gold Price Prediction Based on LSTM Modeling

Gold plays a pivotal role in asset allocation, and the construction of gold price prediction models represents a complex yet rewarding task within the field of finance. The problem of international gold price is addressed in this paper forecasting by proposing a standard Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) model and introducing bi-directional LSTM (Bi-LSTM) networks and multivariate analysis to compare the forecasting accuracy of the relevant models. This comparison is based on the daily gold price of the London Bullion Market Association (LBMA) for 2013-2022. This methodology takes into account various factors that influence the gold market and incorporates them as input sources into the Multi-factor LSTM model, thereby enhancing the interpretability of the LSTM model. Correlation analysis and the Granger test are employed to analyze these influencing factors. However, the results of this study suggest that while the Multi-factor LSTM model may be more accurate in predicting outliers, it tends to increase the number of small errors. On the other hand, the inclusion of Bi-LSTM networks can improve the overall accuracy of gold price prediction.

Evaluating Nutritional Selection and Outcomes in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Retrospective Review.

The rising incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) has amplified the importance of nonpharmacological interventions in its management, which include the selection of feedings. With the goal of obtaining an accurate assessment of the effects of current feeding practices in NAS infants in our neonatal intensive care unit, we conducted a retrospective review of NAS infants at our hospital over a 3-year period to determine their nutritional selections and evaluate their length of stay (LOS), length of treatment (LOT), and growth outcomes. Retrospective chart review of term infants (≥37 weeks of gestation) with NAS. Maternal and infant demographics and characteristics were recorded. Infants were grouped based on majority (>50% of total feeding) nutritional selections and LOS, LOT, and growth parameters were evaluated. Linear regression was used to compare group outcomes. Significance was set at a p-value <0.05. A total of 70 infants were included and grouped based on majority feeds into maternal breast milk (MBM), standard term formula (STF), low lactose formula (LLF), and extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) groups. Feeding selections were provider-dependent and infants were placed on MBM or STF as an initial selection. In all infants included in our review, LLF was selected as the first choice following MBM or STF for increased gastrointestinal (GI) disturbance-related Finnegan Neonatal Abstinence Scoring scores and changed to EHF if LLF failed to improve the GI-related symptoms. The STF-fed infants had the shortest LOS, and none of these infants required pharmacological treatment. The LOT and LOS were similar in the MBM- and LLF-fed groups. Infants who were EHF fed had the longest LOT and LOS. All feeding groups demonstrated appropriate growth. Nutritional selections in our NAS infants were modified for the severity of their withdrawal symptoms. All nutritional modifications driven by severity of withdrawal symptoms supported favorable growth outcomes in the infants. · Our NAS infants were fed with multiple types of nutrition.. · Infants with severe NAS required more elemental feeds.. · All formula selections supported favorable growth..

Mapping interpretations of the law in online content moderation in Germany

Content moderation is a vital condition that online platforms must facilitate, according to the law, to create suitable online environments for their users. By the law, we mean national or European laws that require the removal of content by online platforms, such as EU Regulation 2021/784, which addresses the dissemination of terrorist content online. Content moderation required by these national or European laws, summarised here as ‘the law’, is different from the moderation of pieces of content that is not directly required by law but instead is conducted voluntarily by the platforms. New regulatory requests create an additional layer of complexity of legal grounds for the moderation of content and are relevant to platforms’ daily decisions. The decisions made are either grounded in reasons stemming from different sources of law, such as international or national provisions, or can be based on contractual grounds, such as the platform's Terms of Service and Community Standards. However, how to empirically measure these essential aspects of content moderation remains unclear. Therefore, we ask the following research question: How do online platforms interpret the law when they moderate online content?To understand this complex interplay and empirically test the quality of a platform's content moderation claims, this article develops a methodology that facilitates empirical evidence of the individual decisions taken per piece of content while highlighting the subjective element of content classification by human moderators. We then apply this methodology to a single empirical case, an anonymous medium-sized German platform that provided us access to their content moderation decisions. With more knowledge of how platforms interpret the law, we can better understand the complex nature of content moderation, its regulation and compliance practices, and to what degree legal moderation might differ from moderation due to contractual reasons in dimensions such as the need for context, information, and time.Our results show considerable divergence between the platform's interpretation of the law and ours. We believe that a significant number of platform legal interpretations are incorrect due to divergent interpretations of the law and that platforms are removing legal content that they falsely believe to be illegal (‘overblocking’) while simultaneously not moderating illegal content (‘underblocking’). In conclusion, we provide recommendations for content moderation system design that takes (legal) human content moderation into account and creates new methodological ways to test its quality and effect on speech in online platforms.

Analyzing Common Trade Risks Faced by Tanzanian Traders in International Transactions: A Case Study of Dar es Salaam Importers and Exporters

International trade is fraught with inherent risks that can significantly impact the efficiency and success of cross-border transactions. Tanzanian importers and exporters, particularly those navigating the complexities of the Dar es Salaam port, face challenges such as shipment delays, vague contract terms, and financial disputes. This study delves into how the strategic application of International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) serves as a powerful risk management tool, offering clarity and structure to international trade agreements. Utilizing a descriptive research design, we surveyed 96 traders and conducted in-depth interviews to capture their experiences with trade risks and their understanding of Incoterms. The findings reveal a widespread gap in formal training on Incoterms, leading to frequent logistical issues and contractual ambiguities that could otherwise be mitigated. This research highlights the urgent need for targeted educational programs to enhance traders’ knowledge of Incoterms and improve the overall efficiency of Tanzania’s trade environment. By embracing these standardized terms, Tanzanian traders can transform risks into opportunities, positioning themselves as key players in the global trade ecosystem. The study concludes with actionable strategies for improving Incoterm adoption and presents a roadmap for strengthening Tanzania’s competitive edge in international commerce.

Central limit theorem of overlap for the mean field Ghatak–Sherrington model

The Ghatak–Sherrington spin glass model is a random probability measure defined on the configuration space {0,±1,±2,…,±S}N with system size N and S⩾1 finite. This generalizes the classical Sherrington–Kirkpatrick (SK) model on the boolean cube {−1, +1}N to capture more complex behaviors, including the spontaneous inverse freezing phenomenon. We give a quantitative joint central limit theorem for the overlap and self-overlap array at sufficiently high temperature under arbitrary crystal and external fields. Our proof uses the moment method combined with the cavity approach. Compared to the SK model, the main challenge comes from the non-trivial self-overlap terms that correlate with the standard overlap terms.

The Significance of the Morphological Appearance of Peritoneal Lesions on Imaging in Patients With Peritoneal Malignancies-A Report From Phase 1 of the PRECINCT Study.

This is a report from Phase 1 of the prospective, observational, PRECINCT (Pattern of peritoneal dissemination and REsponse to systemic Chemotherapy IN Common and uncommon peritoneal Tumours) study, in which we studied the incidence of disease at pathological evaluation in different morphological appearances of peritoneal malignancies (PM) on imaging. Radiological findings were captured in a specific format that included a description of the morphological appearance of PM and a correlation performed with pathological findings. In 630 patients enroled at seven centres (September 2022-December 2023), 24 morphological terms were used. Among prespecified terms (N = 8 used in 6350 [92.2%] regions), scalloping was pathologically positive in 93.5%, confluent disease in 78.8%, tumour nodules in 69.6%, thickening in 66.1%, infiltration in 56.3%. Among unspecified appearances (N = 16) for 540 (7.8%) regions, 'enhancement' was positive in 41.5%, micronodules in 65.3% and nodularity in 60.2%. Hierarchal clustering placed gastric cancer and rare tumours together and colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer and peritoneal mesothelioma in one cluster. The incidence of disease at pathological evaluation for most morphological appearances was high (> 50%). Morphological description should be provided in routine radiology reports. A set of standardized terms with their description should be developed by a consensus among experienced radiologists.

Providing trauma-informed care in the acute care setting

Events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine have increased people's awareness of mental health issues. Psychological trauma impacts patients in the acute care setting through physical and mental health presentations. Trauma is a public health issue crossing all socioeconomic groups and is related to social determinants of health. Trauma-informed care (TIC) is an evidence-based approach to providing care. TIC is within the scope of nursing practice and improves outcomes for patients. However, there is a lack of standard terms or practices within healthcare. Additionally, there is superficial acknowledgment of the need for TIC at the local or national level regarding policy. Nurses need to adopt TIC into practice and advocate for policy change to improve the health and lives of those seeking care.

Robust self-assembly of nonconvex shapes in two dimensions.

We present fast simulation methods for the self-assembly of complex shapes in two dimensions. The shapes are modeled via a general boundary curve and interact via a standard volume term promoting overlap and an interpenetration penalty. To efficiently realize the Gibbs measure on the space of possible configurations we employ the hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm together with a careful use of signed distance functions for energy evaluation. Motivated by the self-assembly of identical coat proteins of the tobacco mosaic virus which assemble into a helical shell, we design a nonconvex two-dimensional model shape and demonstrate its robust self-assembly into a unique final state. Our numerical experiments reveal certain essential prerequisites for this self-assembly process: blocking and matching (i.e., local repulsion and attraction) of different parts of the boundary, and nonconvexity and handedness of the shape.

CREdb: A comprehensive database of Cis-Regulatory Elements and their activity in human cells and tissues

BackgroundCis-regulatory elements (CREs) play a pivotal role in gene expression regulation, allowing cells to serve diverse functions and respond to external stimuli. Understanding CREs is essential for personalized medicine and disease research, as an increasing number of genetic variants associated with phenotypes and diseases overlap with CREs. However, existing databases often focus on subsets of regulatory elements and present each identified instance of element individually, confounding the effort to obtain a comprehensive view. To address this gap, we have created CREdb, a comprehensive database with over 10 million human regulatory elements across 1,058 cell types and 315 tissues harmonized from different data sources. We curated and aligned the cell types and tissues to standard ontologies for efficient data query.ResultsData from 11 sources were curated and mapped to standard ontological terms. 11,223,434 combined elements are present in the final database, and these were merged into 5,666,240 consensus elements representing the combined ranges of the individual elements informed by their overlap. Each consensus element contains curated metadata including the number of elements supporting it and a hash linking to the source databases. The inferred activity of each consensus element in various cell-type and tissue context is also provided. Examples presented here show the potential utility of CREdb in annotating non-coding genetic variants and informing chromatin accessibility profiling analysis.ConclusionsWe developed CREdb, a comprehensive database of CREs, to simplify the analysis of CREs by providing a unified framework for researchers. CREdb compiles consensus ranges for each element by integrating the information from all instances identified across various source databases. This unified database facilitates the functional annotation of non-coding genetic variants and complements chromatin accessibility profiling analysis. CREdb will serve as an important resource in expanding our knowledge of the epigenome and its role in human diseases.

Towards Standardizing Nomenclature in Huntington's Disease Research.

The field of Huntington's disease research covers many different scientific disciplines, from molecular biology all the way through to clinical practice, and as our understanding of the disease has progressed over the decades, a great deal of different terminology has accrued. The field is also renowned for its collaborative spirit and use of standardized reagents, assays, datasets, models, and clinical measures, so the use of standardized terms is especially important. We have set out to determine, through a consensus exercise involving basic and clinical scientists working in the field, the most appropriate language to use across disciplines. Nominally, this article will serve as the style guide for the Journal of Huntington's Disease (JHD), the only journal devoted exclusively to HD, and we lay out the preferred and standardized terminology and nomenclature for use in JHD publications. However, we hope that this article will also serve as a useful resource to the HD research community at large and that these recommended naming conventions will be adopted widely.