Terms Of Shade Research Articles

Vegetation Function Analysis in Musamus University Campus Area

The academic community's point of activity, the campus area, requires green open spaces to support its activities. The Musamus University campus area boasts 27 different types of scattered plants. A qualitative methodology was employed to identify the types and functions of vegetation in the Musamus University campus area, including data collection, vegetation mapping, diversity analysis, function identification, and data analysis. The research revealed that the Musamus campus area lacks vegetation, particularly in terms of shading, aesthetic, and guiding functions, although it does serve well as a noise dampener. Therefore, there is a need to increase the quantity of vegetation, especially those that provide shading, aesthetic, and guiding functions.

A lidar‐based assessment of riparian shade and large wood potential in the Skagit River watershed, WA

AbstractWild salmon stocks in the Pacific Northwest are imperiled by a variety of declining habitat factors, including riparian shade and in‐channel large wood. In this paper, a relatively simple lidar model of the riparian canopy was used along anadromous streams in the Skagit River watershed in western Washington State, United States, to delineate where riparian trees were most lacking, and where restoration efforts would have the greatest benefit in terms of shade and large wood recruitment potential. Within a 45‐m riparian buffer, 61% of riparian zones were currently incapable of delivering large wood to the stream. Current potential for large wood recruitment is greatest adjacent to stream edges and falls off rapidly with distance from the channel. Approximately 99% of large wood recruitment potential lies within 45 m of the channel edge, and 50% of the wood potential is within 9 m. A hypothetical canopy model in which all trees mature to a 100‐year height would provide 18% more shade distributed over the entire watershed, and 90% more shade in the tributaries. Most of the potential gains in improved shade and large wood contributions are in agricultural areas, as opposed to forestry or urban land uses. The shade and large wood models were constructed from widely available geographic information system tools and are readily transferable to other watersheds with similar characteristics. Model outputs are intended for use in planning restoration projects, as an input to stream temperature models, and to inform policy on restoration priorities and regulatory buffer widths.

Application of Lightweight Thermal Insulation Building Materials for Green Building Design

In order to focus on the application of green environmental protection lightweight thermal insulation materials, an in-depth study is carried out on the basis of joint architectural design. The application of green environmental protection materials in the construction industry was successfully analyzed through methods such as layout design method, optimization design method, and scientific optimization of material selection. In the process of urbanization development in our country, the number of urban population has increased sharply, and the demand for buildings has also increased. Therefore, it is necessary to rapidly promote green building design while the construction industry is developing rapidly and complete the upgrading and transformation of the building in terms of form design. We pay attention to the needs of buildings in terms of shading and lighting, and improve the conditions of building shading and lighting through green building technology. As a result, on the basis of maintaining the residual heat of the building, the diffuse radiation of the ultraviolet rays of the sun is realized, which effectively improves the utilization efficiency of natural energy and reduces the consumption of internal energy. Architectural design under the concept of green building design not only can it meet the current functional requirements of people for architecture but also imperceptibly promote the stable development of our country’s construction industry. After the research on the application of green environmental protection materials, the integration and application of green building design concepts in architectural design is of great significance not only to meet people's health and ecological needs of buildings but also to promote social stability and sustainable development.

Progress of plated metallization for industrial bifacial TOPCon silicon solar cells

AbstractIndustrial tunnel oxide and passivated contact (i‐TOPCon) solar cells were metallized at Fraunhofer ISE using ultrashort pulse laser ablation of the passivation layers for the subsequent Ni/Cu/Ag plating process. The solar cells feature a tunnel SiOx and n‐type doped polysilicon layer covered by a SiNx at the rear side, whereas the front side is made of a boron emitter passivated with a AlOx/SiNx stack. The reference i‐TOPCon solar cells screen‐printed at the supplier reach an efficiency of 23.46% measured by Fraunhofer ISE CalLab. The impact of the laser process on the implied open circuit voltage (iVoc) is characterized showing minor impact on the TOPCon side, while the emitter side reveals an increased iVoc loss due to laser damage. Loss analysis by simulating the plated solar cells points out the benefit of reducing the laser contact opening (LCO) area in terms of shading and contact recombination. Optimization of laser ablation and hydrofluoric acid (HF) pretreatment process result in Voc > 700 mV and FF > 82% leading to a mean efficiency 23.6% measured in‐house and a champion efficiency of 23.84% measured at Fraunhofer ISE CalLab thus outperforming the references by 0.4%abs.

Trees as a Shading System for Streets on the East–West Axis: Computer Simulations for the Selected Geometrical Proportions of Building Developments in Humid Continental Climate

The study is aimed at investigating the possibilities for solar protection provided to the street canyon located on the E–W axis and with the following profiles: shallow (height/width (H/W) = 0.2, 0.6, and 1) and deep (H/W = 2) by two rows of trees located at a distance of 3 m away from southern and northern façades. The research was based on numerical simulation analyses conducted in the Rhinoceros® program, with the application of the Ladybug Tools environmental plugin for a street set in the city of Płock (52° 32′50″N 19°42′00″E) for the day characterized with the highest total intensity of insolation within the year, 7 June, between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. The research yielded no differences in terms of shading the surface of the southern façade of streets with low, medium, and high building developments. However, slight differences (40 m²) were noted for the model with highrise building developments (h = 60 m) characterized with a deep section (H/W = 2). The simulation also revealed that the H/W ratio parameter only slightly (0.88%–1.93%) affected the share trees have in shading the street floor, except in the case of very shallow profiles (H/W = 0.2).

Optimization of the shading efficiency in the urban spaces in hot arid climate regions

PurposeThe contemporary urban fabrics in hot climate regions have overextended urban spaces that face problems of high heat stress due to intense solar radiation and air temperature and that cause the pedestrians to abandon the urban spaces due to thermal discomfort. This work introduced the shading effects as one of the prime factors that contribute to restore thermal comfort and attract pedestrian activities. The purpose of this paper is to identify the proportional limits of the urban space to maintain feasible shades for pedestrian activities.Design/methodology/approachThe urban space abstracted into a floor surrounded by four walls was then classified into four typologies. The assessment tool was developed to calculate the shading efficiency at the floor level of urban space. The width and the length of the floor equally was expanded in the range (0.5/0.5 to 4.0/4.0). The average shading efficiency of the expanded typologies was calculated along three intervals (Morning, midday and afternoon). The results were then analyzed, and critical guidelines were established that could be utilized in the design of the futuristic urban space and provide amendments to the existing urban space.FindingsThe paper concluded that the performance of urban spaces was not due to the accumulative performances of all walls but rather due to the combination specific effective walls in response to the interactive variations shading patterns concerning daily pedestrian activities. Any large shallow urban space could be segmented into multiples of the recommended typologies by a vertical landscape.Originality/valueIt is the first study that identified the expansion limit of the urban space that maintains feasible shades for the pedestrian. A further value of this study is establishing guidelines to the urban designers for the effective configurations of the urban space in terms of shading. These guidelines could be utilized in the design of the futuristic urban space and provide amendments to the existing urban space.

Light-growth responses of Sitka spruce, Douglas fir and western hemlock regeneration under continuous cover forestry

Natural regeneration is crucial for silvicultural approaches based on the continuous presence of a forest cover, or Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF). Light is considered one of the most important factors affecting regeneration growth under canopy cover. Sitka spruce, western hemlock and Douglas fir are important forestry species both in Europe and in North America with potential to be used together under CCF management. Our aim was to develop predictive early-growth models for these species growing beneath forest canopies, and to investigate species differences in terms of shade tolerance.We sampled regenerating trees growing under canopy cover at multiple sites in the UK. We compared alternative asymptotic non-linear models as a function of light availability to simulate the height growth for all species and the diameter growth for Sitka spruce and western hemlock only. We included tree size and intra-regeneration competition as predictors, which affected the asymptotic growth at full light and/or the growth rate at which such asymptote was reached. We also calibrated models of apical dominance ratio (ADR, for all species) and live crown ratio (LCR, for Douglas fir and Sitka spruce only) as a function of light availability, tree size and intra-regeneration competition.Species-specific non-linear models best simulated the light-growth responses (3-points Logistic for Sitka spruce, Michaelis-Menten for western hemlock, asymptotic with offset for Douglas fir). Tree size in all cases increased the asymptotic growth and in two cases also the growth rate. Competition significantly reduced the growth for Sitka spruce and western hemlock, with the diameter growth reduced more than height growth. Both the ADR and the LCR increased with light availability, with species-specific differences for LCR but not for ADR. For Sitka spruce an apical dominance ratio of 1.5 can be used in the field to identify adequate growing conditions. An increasing shade tolerance ranking was found as Douglas fir ≤ Sitka spruce < western hemlock.We conclude that modelling light-growth requires species-specific non-linear functions and that predictions are improved by including size and competition. The developed predictive models for height and diameter growth will allow accurate modelling of the study species in CCF management.

Implant esthetic restoration with bone graft in the extended maxillary anterior area: A case report

The maxillary anteriors play an important role in esthetics. Therefore after extraction, it is crucial to preserve the hard tissue and soft tissue in order to promote esthetics of restoration. There are several challenges when restoring the maxillary anteriors via implant. Some of the challenges are be maintaining consistency with neighboring teeth in terms of shade, form, and texture : as well as having harmonious emergency with the gingival margin. In this case, a traumatized patient with crown-root fracture of the maxillary central and lateral incisors is presented. The cracked teeth were extracted, and implants were inserted with bone grafts to compensate the volume of damaged area of the maxillary anterior. Cantilever implant prosthetics were planned while precise adjustments to the gingival area were made using customized impression coping to perform the esthetic restorations. The final outcome of the treatment was satisfying in both esthetic and utilitarian perspective. (J Korean Acad Prosthodont 2016;54:298-305)

Structural and anatomical peculiarities of leaf blade of the genus Begonia L. (Begoniaceae C. Agardh) species

The aim – to study anatomical structure of leaf blade of the genus Begonia L. species and its connection with the peculiarities of habitats in which plants occur in nature. Material and Methods. The study was conducted with 8 species of the genus Begonia, which grow in the glasshouses of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the NAS of Ukraine. Normally developed leaves of the middle formation were taken as samples. In order to make photos of epidermal and mesophyll cells slices and biometric researches light microscope equipped with a digital camera was used. Measurements were performed using licensed programs Axio Vision Rel. 4.7 (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Results. The most mesophyllous species are B. dichotoma and B. dregei, the least mesophyllous – B. mollicaulis and B. venosa. Only in B. subvillosa prevalence of palisade parenchyma was found. In contrast to all other studied species, B. subvillosa grows in open areas. In other species domination of spongy parenchyma was established. The presence of hypoderm in B. venosa leaf blade and large epidermal cells in other model species is an adaptation to adverse conditions especially the lack of moisture. Conclusions. Prevalence of spongy parenchyma in leaf blades of studied species indicates “shadow” mesophyll structure that allows them to grow in terms of shading. Xeromorphic adaptations of the genus Begonia species include the presence of large elongated epidermal cells and hypoderm. An important role in reducing the evaporation intensity from the leaf surface plays cuticle and trichomes.

Host-tree Selection by an Epiphytic Orchid, Epidendrum magnoliae Muhl. (Green Fly Orchid), in an Inland Hardwood Hammock in Georgia

We characterized the tree community of a mesic hardwood hammock in south-central Georgia as an oak-pine-hickory forest, with Liquidambar styraci- fl ua (Sweetgum), Magnolia grandifl ora (Southern Magnolia), and Ilex opaca Ait. (American Holly) as subdominants. We surveyed this forest for colonies of the most northerly distributed epiphytic orchid in the Western Hemisphere, Epidendrum mag- noliae (Green Fly Orchid), and recorded the species and trunk diameter of 112 host trees (phorophytes) as well as the height and size of each orchid colony. We calculated a selectivity index (SI) to compare phorophyte frequency with availability, based on a point-transect survey. Green Fly Orchid occurred on 8 species of hardwood trees, but had a strong preference for Southern Magnolia as a host and a moderately strong preference for Quercus virginiana (Live Oak). Host trees were much larger (presum- ably older) than the average of available trees, and that effect was strongest for the most preferred host. Orchid colonies also occupied signifi cantly greater areas on individual Southern Magnolia than on other phorophytes. It is likely that old-growth Southern Magnolia and Live Oak trees are critical to the viability of this population of Green Fly Orchid, which is rare in inland forests in Georgia. In addition to being the most persistent epiphyte substrates in this environment, their broadleaf evergreen canopies—which would be especially true of Southern Magnolia —may provide the most favorable microclimates in terms of shade, humidity, and frost protection.

Depth of cure and surface microhardness of composite resin cured with blue LED curing lights

Objectives. This study examined the depth of cure and surface microhardness of Filtek Z250 composite resin (3M-Espe) (shades B1, A3, and C4) when cured with three commercially available light emitting diode (LED) curing lights [E-light (GC), Elipar Freelight (3M-ESPE), 475H (RF Lab Systems)], compared with a high intensity quartz tungsten halogen (HQTH) light (Kerr Demetron Optilux 501) and a conventional quartz tungsten halogen (QTH) lamp (Sirona S1 dental unit). Methods. The effects of light source and resin shade were evaluated as independent variables. Depth of cure after 40 s of exposure was determined using the ISO 4049:2000 method, and Vickers hardness determined at 1.0 mm intervals. Results. HQTH and QTH lamps gave the greatest depth of cure. The three LED lights showed similar performances across all parameters, and each unit exceeded the ISO standard for depth of cure except GC ELight for shade B1. In terms of shade, LED lights gave greater curing depths with A3 shade, while QTH and HQTH lights gave greater curing depths with C4 shade. Hardness at the resin surface was not significantly different between LED and conventional curing lights, however, below the surface, hardness reduced more rapidly for the LED lights, especially at depths beyond 3 mm. Significance. Since the performance of the three LED lights meets the ISO standard for depth of cure, these systems appear suitable for routine clinical application for resin curing.

Canopy Architecture and Turbulence Structure in a Coniferous Forest

Synchronous sonic anemometric measurements at five heightswithin a mixed coniferous forest were used to test two different parameterisations ofcanopy architecture in the application of a second-order turbulence closure model. Inthe computation of the leaf drag area, the aerodynamic sheltering was replaced with anarchitectural sheltering, assumed to be analogous to the clumping index defined in radiativetransfer theory. Consequently, the ratio of leaf area density and sheltering factor was approximatedby the effective leaf area or the mean contact number, both obtained from the inversion of non-destructive optical measurements. The first parameter represents the equivalentrandomly dispersed leaf area in terms of shading, the second is the average number of leavesthat a straight line intercepts penetrating the canopy with a certain zenith angle. Theselection of this direction was determined by the analysis of the mean angle of the wind vectorduring sweep events. The drag coefficient values obtained from the inversion of themomentum flux equation, using the two proposed parameterisations, are in good agreement withvalues found in the literature. The predicted profiles of turbulence statistics reasonablymatch actual measurements, especially in the case of the mean contact numberparameterisation. The vertical profile of leaf drag area, obtained by forcing the turbulence modelto match the observed standard deviation of vertical velocity (σw), is intermediatebetween the two empirical ones. Finally, the proposed canopy parameterisations were appliedto a Lagrangian transport model to predict vertical profiles of air temperature, H2O andCO2 concentration.

Dyeing in the presence of free radical initiators: Part 7: the dyeing of silk fibres

The dyeing of silk fabric, at various pH values, with two nonmetallised acid dyes and two disperse dyes was carried out in the absence and presence of various radical initiator systems, namely ammonium persulphate, potassium periodate, hydrogen peroxide, glucose, thiourea dioxide, thiourea and ferrous sulphate. The six radical initiators used, imparted similar changes to the shade, colour yield and wash fastness of all four dyes on silk; for each of the four dyes employed, ammonium persulphate and FeSO 4/H 2O 2 yielded dyeings that were most different, in terms of shade, colour yield and enhanced wash fastness, to the respective control dyeings at each of the pH values used. The effects imparted by the radical initiators were found to be dependent on both the nature and concentration of the initiator used, but appeared to be independent of the chemical class of dye employed.

Digital techniques in film scanning

Over the last few years there have been dramatic changes in the design of telecine. These have been made possible by advances in semiconductor technology. The paper discusses the problems of transferring film to television, and describes the earlier type of flying spot telecine. The potential impairments, particularly in terms of shading and focus interlace flicker effects are discussed. The first of the modern telecines was a jump scan system, and this is described with some discussion of the problems of operating this system on 60Hz TV field rate systems. The sequential scanning system, made possible by the use of digital storage is then considered, and a description is given of this system when applied to a flying spot scanner. The advent of suitable linear array sensors has made it possible to design a completely new type of telecine. This type of telecine is described. Analogue signal processing for telecine is difficult because of the high contrast range and high degree of nonlinear correction required. A totally digital approach to signal processing for telecine is now possible, and a description of such a system is given. Mention is made of the use of microprocessors and digital techniques in the design of the film transport mechanism, and there is a brief outline of some possible future developments.

Process Optimization and Profitability Calculations

Beginning with a typical example of cost control, key parameters are suggested in order to judge the effect of optimization efforts on costs. Each optimization process automatically has some effect on productivity and production figures; however, the safety factor – expressed in terms of shading and redyeing operations – must not be left out of consideration. The influence of these factors on the costs as well as on the production figures is shown. By means of these factors the dyeing processes optimized for the machines used up to now are compared with the processes for new machines (high performance) as far as costs are concerned. The prerequisites which must be satisfied when optimizing dyeing processes in order to achieve low costs are emphasized. Furthermore, non‐optimized processes on existing machines are compared with the so‐called rapid‐dyeing processes.

Ecological Distribution in Anoline Lizards of Puerto Rico

The eight species of lizards of the genus Anolis in Puerto Rico can be divided into four morphological similarities. One, Anolis curvieri, is very different from the rest and has not been discussed here. The other seven species fall into three groups. Each of these groups occupies a different structural habitat which can be defined in terms of perch height and perch diameter. Within each of these three groups the species have very similar but not indential structural habitats but differ very widely in climatic habitat defined in terms of shade. Shade preferences seem to result from the temperature preferences of the species involved. In each group there is one species with high shade preference which is essentially restricted to the mountains. Each group also has a species with a lower shade preference which occurs in the lowlands and extends up into the mountains in exposed or sunny situations. One of the three groups has an additional species which is restricted to the hot and southwest corner of Puerto Rico. When one compares the temperature preferences or eccritic temperatures of the various species, one finds in each group that the highland species has a lower eccritic temperature than does the lowland species. There is little temperature difference between the lowland species and arid southwest species in the group where this additional third species is present. The species within each structural habitat show many morphological similarities which may be the result of their being closely related or may be the result of adaptation to similar environments. The differences in microhabitat between the Puerto Rican anoles separate them spatially though not completely. In species occupying different structural habitats in the same area the overlap may involve part of the home range of most of the individuals in the area. In species occupying the same structural but different climatic habitats the overlap may involve all of the home range of some individuals but of only a small fraction of the individuals in the total population. The spatial separation among Puerto Rican Anolis can be suggested to be of ecological significance because it reduces interspecific competition and because it allows the various species to adapt more precisely to different parts of the available habitat. Thus members of a genus may exploit the habitat more efficiently.