Terms Of Semantics Research Articles

ON THE USE OF HISTORICALREDUPLICATIVESIN THE MODERN KAZAKH LANGUAGE

In modern Kazakh language, one of the Turkic languages, historical reduplicatives are widely used. Currently, double words in written monuments written in ancient Turkic languages are used in the Kazakh language without any changes. Since reduplicativesare common among the ancient Turkic languages in the ancient Uighur language, our article considered reduplicativesin the modern Kazakh language and the ancient Uighur language. The article found that some words were used as is, without anychanges in sound, structural and semantic terms, which is confirmed by examples. It has been shown that some reduplicativesused since the time of the ancient Uighurs have undergone minor changes, that is, some of them have undergone changes in the secondword in the modern Kazakh language.The purpose of the article is to find out, no matter how many centuries have passed between them, some words in two Turkic languages (one old, one modern) are used in both languages as is. To reveal and show the continuation between the two Turkic languages. The article is of great scientific and practical importance in studying the process of determining the territory in which the ancient Turkic languages were used, and step-by-step changes. In the scientific work, methods and techniques of comparativeanalysis, grouping, translation were used, an analysis of the origin of some words widely used both in the ancient Uighur language and in the modern Kazakh language was achieved. While writing this article many works in the ancient Uighur languagewere used.The relevance of the article lies in the fact that this topic has never been used in Kazakh science in the Kazakh language and has not entered scientific circulation. The article can be used as an auxiliary textbook inthe disciplines “History of Kazakh literature”, “History of Turkic literature”, “Introduction to Turkology”.

Semantic Term Weighting Representation for Kannada Document Classification

Semantic Term Weighting Representation for Kannada Document Classification

MƏTN DİLÇİLİYİN OBYEKTİ KİMİ

Text as an Object of Linguistics Summary The article examines the place of text in the syntactic system of language. The logical connection of sentences in the formation of a text as a linguistic unit is noted. A text is not individual sentences, but consists of a group of sentences, being a complex syntactic unit and having a closed structure, it expresses a complete thought. A text as a syntactic unit stands above the sentence. At the language level, a text, compared to the sentence, demonstrates particular complexity in structural and semantic terms. The syntactic features of a complex syntactic whole as a text-forming structure are highlighted. It is emphasized that a complex syntactic whole has a number of grammatical properties and the semantic and stylistic features of combining sentences are revealed. Key words: text, structure, semantics, complex syntactic whole, sentence

Socio-Linguistic Analysis of The Problems of Vulnerable and Critically Endangered Turkic Languages in Kazakhstan

The main goal of the article is to reveal the importance of preserving the use of native Turkic-speaking languages that are endangered such as Crimean Tatars, Tuvan, Balkars, Kumyks, Karachay, Nogai, Gagauz, Sakha and Khakass in Kazakhstan to pass the linguistic practices to the future generation before these ethnic groups disappear. The war times, the period of Great Famine, Stalin's repressions, deportation, all these events had their toll not only on Kazakhs, but also on all the Turkic peoples in general. The Turkic peoples who inhabited the Kazakh land during those hard times still live in our country. The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the Kazakh language. Despite the fact that Kazakhstan is multi-ethnic, there are no obstacles for representatives of the ethnic minorities as to use their native tongues. These ethnic groups have less representation demographically as a reason their linguistic usage and practice is vulnerable. In this regard, the results of the national population census of 2021 in the Republic of Kazakhstan Statistical collection demonstrates the changes of the ethnic group from 2009 to 2021 (https://stat.gov.kz/national/2021/). The population has changed drastically. The problems of the vulnerable and critically endangered Turkic languages spoken by relevant ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan have been considered in this article.This article provides a general overview of how the oldest family classification affected the endangered Turkic languages in Kazakhstan. Meanwhile, systematic grouping can be started by works of Arat. Arat proposes classifying a group of Turkic languages as “dialects” and “sub-dialects”, using the term “Turkic dialects” for modern Turkic languages from 1947 to 1951. But Arat's own classification of Turkic languages and subsequent classifications have not yet been consistently discussed in a comparative context. The article also provides an overview of the main works of such famous Turkologists as Talat Tekin’s “New classification of Turkic languages”, Benzing’s “Classification of the Turkic Languages” based on Samoilovich's classification and Karl Menges’s “Turkic languages and peoples”.The current state of the Turkic languages, the main problems of the vulnerable and critically endangered Turkic languages spoken by ethnic minorities has been considered in the article and also a socio-linguistic study of the situation in Kazakhstan, being the subject of research, has been conducted. The percentage based indicators and frequency analysis were performed by collecting data during the study using both qualitative and quantitative analytical methods. Hence, a 14 questions questionnaire was prepared with purpose of data gathering on the usage of the language and its application on day today life. The questionnaire was distributed in 2020 to collect data from 150 participants in ethnic groups. The data collected was found to be insufficient thus an alternative research method was applied to process the data. Interviews were conducted to analyze the qualitative aspects of the research. Audio recordings have been made during the interviews and recordings have been analyzed in the article. Regarding the research analyses, a concept has been formulated as to vulnerable and critically endangered Turkic languages spoken by relevant ethnic minorities in Kazakhstan.As a result of the analysis, the article discloses the similarity and differences of endanger Turkic languages in phonetic, morphological, syntactic and semantic terms, determining the level and scope of the use of native languages in Kazakhstan by Turkic ethnic communities.

Probabilistic hesitant fuzzy multiple criteria decision-making with triangular norm based similarity and entropy measures

Existing probabilistic hesitant fuzzy set (PHFS) measures are constructed using two information measures: hesitancy and unwrapped probabilities. We argue that unifying these semantic terms in PHFS information theory is not logical. We introduce a new class of information measures for PHFSs, which address the logical wrapping of hesitant fuzzy sets (HFS) and probability. We propose several similarity measures for these sets that use the Triangular norm operator. We consider the relationship between measures of entropy and similarity and represent the axiomatic definition of PHFS entropy measures. Finally, we use case studies to demonstrate applications of these information measures. We describe two multiple-criteria decision-making algorithms. The last step is devoted to PHFS ranking procedures: one based on the score function of alternatives and the other based on the relative closeness of alternatives. This contribution describes new information measures and uses case studies to illustrate how they can be applied to decision-making processes.

Structural and semantic analysis of the concept union in political media discourse (comparative study of the English, German and Russian languages)

The article analyzes the semantic structure of the concept union by comparing its semantic markers for different European languages within the media discourse. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of individual meanings expressed through semantic markers in the media discourse of these languages and reflecting the uniqueness of the implementation of the concept union in semantic terms. When considering the features of meaning, semantic markers associated with the central concept are established; patterns of their frequency of use in the languages under study and factors influencing the transformation of semantics are determined. The interrelation of situations of communicative interaction and its influence on the realization of the specific meaning of the concept union indicate the high relevance of the study.The choice of linguistic means of implementing the concept and the role of the communicative situation in this process has a significant impact on the negative or positive assessment of the phenomenon itself. The research methodology includes elements of system analysis, linguistic description method, discourse analysis, semantic and component analysis. The study uses statistical data extracted from the corpus corresponding to the declared languages by automatic sampling according to the specified parameters.The authors conclude that the semantic structure of the concept is realized depending on the communicative situation by various semantic markers, which, with the similarity of structures in the course of historical development and various social experiences, have a divergence of meaning, which may later serve as a space for various kinds of semantic manipulations in modern media discourse. The peculiarities of the use of the concept union in politically oriented texts of the studied languages are also of interest.

The Impact of ChatGPT on Language Evolution: A Linguistic Analysis

This research sought to identify changes in terms of word choice, sentence structure, and semantics introduced by ChatGPT and how the functionality of ChatGPT impacts the pragmatics of the English language: politeness, deixis, and discourse markers. This study used corpus analysis as part of the methodology involving Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools for part-of-speech tagging and sentiments, analyzing changes in wordings, syntaxes, and semantic elements generated by ChatGPT as an advanced language modal. A qualitative approach, including user surveys and comparative analysis, proved useful in clarifying the changing patterns of politeness, deixis, and discourse markers in AI-supported communication. Henceforth, ChatGPT generates neologism, unique cultural references, verbal contextual adaptations, and a wide range of technical terms. Moreover, the researchers found that user preferences for communication mediums vary, which showed a complex field of users and their expectations in the context of language generated by ChatGPT. Thus, it was observed that ChatGPT contributes significantly to developing the pragmatic aspects of language use in the modern era. Hence, the study proposes that the ChatGPT polishes the usage of politeness terms and improves its deixis along with formal discourse markers. This highlights the need for continuous improvement, especially in areas such as politeness, deixis management, and integration of discourse markers for the developers.

Modelling long medical documents and code associations for explainable automatic ICD coding

Quick and accurate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code assignment is vital for billing, reimbursement and medical research. Owing to the labour-intensive and error-prone nature of manual coding, automatic ICD coding using deep learning methods has flourished. However, this task is still challenging because of (1) the interpretability of coding, (2) lengthy clinical documents and (3) long-tail label distribution. In the current study, we propose a novel automatic ICD coding framework to address these issues. First, a biomedical-specific pre-trained language model, Clinical-Longformer, is used as an encoder, which generates meaningful representations of long clinical documents by injecting rich medical knowledge and capturing long-distance dependence among tokens. Second, a decoding architecture that combines the multi-synonym attention mechanism, hierarchical curriculum learning and distribution-balance loss is designed to perform ICD code prediction. The decoder improves the tail-end performance by fully capturing code associations in terms of semantics, structure and co-occurrence. In addition, the label-wise attention mechanism provides the interpretability of prediction. Experimental results on benchmark MIMIC-III datasets indicate that our model achieves higher F1 scores than previous state-of-the-art baselines. Our suggested model is expected to serve as an aid in improving the efficiency of manual ICD coding and to offer insights for other long text classification tasks with multiple label associations.

The eXchange Calculus (XC): A functional programming language design for distributed collective systems

Distributed collective systems are systems formed by homogeneous dynamic collections of devices acting in a shared environment to pursue a joint task or goal. Typical applications emerge in the context of wireless sensor networks, robot swarms, groups of wearable-augmented people, and computing infrastructures. Programming such systems is notoriously hard, due to requirements of scalability, concurrency, faults, and difficulty in making desired collective behaviour ultimately emerge: ad-hoc languages and mechanisms have been proposed threads like spatial computing, macro-programming, and field-based coordination.In this paper we present the eXchange Calculus (XC), formalising a tiny set of key mechanisms, usable across many different languages and platforms, allowing to express the overall interactive behaviour of distributed collective systems in a declarative way. In this approach, computation (executed in asynchronous rounds), communication (which is neighbour-based), and state over time, are all expressed by a single declarative construct, called exchange. We provide a formalisation of XC in terms of syntax, device-level and network-level semantics, prove a number of properties of the calculus, and discuss applicability considering a smart city scenario. XC is implemented as a DSL in Scala and in C＋＋, with different trade-offs in terms of productivity and platform targetting.

ПЕРВЫЕ ПОСЕЛЕНЦЫ ДЕРЕВЕНЬ В КОЛОДНАХ

The article is aimed at discovering unpublished archival documents from the early 17th century on the territory on the border of modern Cherepovetsky and Ustyuzhensky districts of the Vologda region. This microregion was inhabited long before written evidence of the names of the inhabitants appeared. But due to the lack of interest of scientists, as well as due to blurred boundaries and administrative changes, the territory with the original name of Kolodny remains almost unexplored. The article gives a short introduction about the nameless settlers based on archaeological data. This is followed by potentially possible sources on the population before the 17th century, the rationale for the desolation of once inhabited villages and the specific names of the first settlers of the territory of Kolodny, Belozersky district, Nadporozhsky stan, Andoga volost, from the scribe book of 1626-27. The author gives an interpretation of the lands of the specified microregion in modern semantic terms. The result of this work is the expansion of information on the Belozersk-Ustyuzhna border of the early 17th century and the arousal of genealogical interest among the descendants named in the article.

Radar Tasikmalaya News Portal's Error Analysis in the Indonesian Language from a Linguistic Category Point of View

There are still many online news portals that make writing errors, not only in terms of spelling, but also in terms of morphology, syntax and semantics. The goal of this language mistake analysis is to analyze and repair phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic faults found on instructional pages of the Radar Tasikmalaya news site. The researcher employed a descriptive analytic method. The research methods employed in this study were observation, interviews, and literature studies, which involved reviewing all of the books, articles, notes, and reports that had anything to do with the issue being addressed. By performing numerous steps in the study process, including: (1) gathering data, (2) describing the data, (3) evaluating the data, and (4) drawing conclusions. The findings of a language mistake study for the Radar Tasikmalaya news portal's edition can be concluded that there are forms of language errors in the fields of phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics. In linguistic-morphological category errors there are errors in affixation. Syntactic errors consist of errors in sentence construction. There are also semantic errors consisting of errors in the meaning of sentences that can make the reader misinterpret the sentence. Then there are errors in the use of spelling or phonology, these spelling errors consist of writing errors in the use of punctuation marks, especially in writing academic degrees, using standard words, writing foreign terms, and writing capital letters.

Рекламний текст у сфері освітніх послуг: лінгвопрагматичний аспект (на матеріалі української та китайської мов)

The article discusses the linguistic features and pragmatic potential of advertising texts in the field of educational services. The most important factors that shape educational advertising have been identified, in particular, the specific object of advertising, an expressive target audience,the polycode character of the text and the types of advertising for strategic purposes. The features of the structure of advertisements for language courses as well as the semantic load of language units in terms of semantics and belonging to parts of speech in accordance with the elements ofthe repeating model of the advertising text are analyzed in detail. Language means also described. To expand upon the idea of this type of advertising text, Ukrainian and Chinese advertisements of language courses have been studied, with partiular reseach interest paid to the differences in theimplementation of pragmatic potential at different language levels.

O sobie samych – z historii przestępczych nazw złodziei (na materiale z XIX wieku)

The article concerns the history of Polish criminal jargon. The author presented 68 names of thieves. He extracted linguistic material from 19th‑century texts, but some of the collected units are much older. The author presented the provenance of the names and characterized the material in formal and semantic terms. The author drew attention to the territorial diversity of names – their functioning in the speech of criminals operating in different partitions and their fate after the unification of various parts of Poland. Among the names discussed are, for example: andrus, klawiszarz, pajęczeniarz, szpringer, marwicher, jold.

Комунікативно-функційна інтенційність фемінітивності та маскулінативності: граматика і семантика

The article discusses the communicative and functional intentionality of femininity and masculinity in terms of grammar and semantics. The research aims to analyze the communicative and functional orientation of femininity and masculinity, examining their relationship and/ or lack of correlation with feminine and masculine forms, and their manifestations in discursive practices. The article proposes distinguishing trends in contemporary feminization by diagnosing traditional- normative and gender-sensitive approaches to naming female individuals based on social status, profession, and title. Additionally, it seeks to determine the key factors driving public demand for the use of derived feminine forms. By comparing the functioning of feminine forms in the German language, the article identifies the main psychological, social, pragmatic, cognitive (including cognitive-behavioral and cultural-historical) factors that burden the national memory with noun forms for the nomination of female individuals in the modern Ukrainian language.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA TOURISM ONLINE: (IN)ACCESSIBILITY OF LOCAL COLOR RELATING TO ARCHITECTURE TERMS

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), a country rich in history and culture, has for centuries been at the crossroads between the West and the East, which has resulted in quite a mixture of cross-cultural elements that pose many obstacles for translators. As the issues of tourism-language translation have been relatively underexplored in BiH, this article attempts to investigate the extent to which the translators of tourism-related content available online succeeded in making the local color of architecture-related terms accessible to foreign visitors. The article also examines whether the issue of accessibility of local color was addressed adequately by local translators. Many formal and informal online sources were used for the selection of prominent cultural terms and their English translations, which were analyzed in terms of lexis and semantics. We identified many examples where the cultural content was made accessible to the target audience, as well as examples where the transfer of the cultural content was done less successfully. In cases where translators experienced difficulty while transferring cultural terms, we attempted to draw prospective translators’ attention to potential pitfalls in the process of cultural mediation in translation from BiH’s official languages into English. Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, tourism online, mediation, (in)accessibility, local color, translation, architecture

Bound Noun Pa in Korean

This paper addresses the syntatic aspect of a bound noun pa in Korean. Woo (2006) extensively discusses the bound noun pa in terms of syntax, semantics, and grammaticalization. Woo (2006) argues that there are two different syntactic structures of pa: a relative-clause structure with an ellipsis operation and a noun-complement-clause structure. However, the two structures appear to have empirical problems. Unlike normal relative clauses, pa cannot be separated into two different clauses, and the elided parts cannot have full pronunciation. The problem of the noun complement clause is that pa cannot be modified by adjectives. Given that pa can be replaced by a bound noun kes in general (Woo 2006), we may assume Kim’s (2016) N-to-n movement of kes. However, we find a difference between pa and kes in terms of an adjectival modification pattern. In this paper, I argue that pa directly merges in small n, and it takes an NP complement which is headed by a null noun. This analysis has more explanatory power than Woo (2006) in that it accounts for the related phenomena seamlessly, and its grammaticalized nature is directly reflected in the structure.

DFBU-Net: Double-branch flat bottom U-Net for efficient medical image segmentation

In the field of medical image processing, segmenting tissues and organs in CT/MRI and other medical sequence images is a vital yet challenging task. Analyzing the MICCAI competition, we have identified two problems in current methods for medical image organ segmentation: (1) There is a bottleneck in organ segmentation, with marginal room for improvement, as algorithmic capabilities have already surpassed the task’s inherent difficulty. (2) Most current research focuses on stacking and enhancing new modules for segmentation while overlooking the inherent characteristics of medical sequence images. To overcome these two problems, firstly, we have encapsulated the three characteristics of CT/MRI medical sequence image segmentation: semantic correctness, edge accuracy, and 3D structure. Secondly, we delved into the most information-rich downsampling stage in terms of detail and semantics. Subsequently, we designed a flat-bottom double-branch network (DFBU-Net) based on the U-Net architecture. The high-resolution flat bottom branch of this network maintained a 1/4 feature map size to ensure the preservation of rich detail information, while the low-resolution branch underwent progressive downsampling to capture more semantic information. To prevent information loss, cross-fusion was performed at each stage of the model’s two branches. Finally, DFBU-Net was evaluated on the MICCAI FLARE2021 dataset (DSC:93.61%, NSD:85.01%). Particularly, in the challenging task of pancreatic segmentation, our model outperformed the first-place model by 0.72% in DSC and 2.92% in NSD. Furthermore, in the MICCAI PARSE2022 competition, DFBU-Net ranked ninth with a DICE score of 79.28%, demonstrating its excellent segmentation performance and generalization ability.

An Integrated Neutrosophic Approach for the Urban Energy Internet Assessment under Sustainability Dimensions


 The urgent issue of climate change has resulted in an increasing preoccupation with the transition to low-carbon energy. The urban energy internet (UEI) enables the efficient utilization of renewable energy via the integration of contemporary energy grids, smart energy services, and cyber-physical systems. Consequently, the assessment of urban energy is vital for the construction of low-carbon cities. This study intends to provide an integrated decision-making approach for addressing assessment challenges related to UEI, with a focus on sustainability. The introduced approach adopts the opinions of three experts to express their opinions through semantic terms in evaluating sustainability factors and evaluating UEI projects. Determining the most suitable project for sustainable UEI is a difficult task. In addition, there are multiple sustainability dimensions, including: economic, social, technical, environmental and resource dimension. This paper presents an integrated approach through which experts can use semantic terms to express their opinions to evaluate the priorities of sustainability dimensions that affect the sustainability of UEI projects. Therefore, this study applies a hybrid multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach that takes into account multiple dimensions. Also, the uncertainty in the study is handled by type 2 neutrosophic numbers (T2NNs). Initially, the CRiteria Importance through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) method was used to determine the relative importance of the sustainability dimensions used in the study. Also, the evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS) method was used to rank the selected alternatives. The results indicate that the technical dimension is the most important with a weight of 0.384. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to prove the validity and reliability of the developed framework with differences in weights.

SEMANTICTERMINOLOGY OF THE LEXICAL-SEMANTIC GROUP “FASHION”

This article is devoted to the study of the vocabulary of the lexical-semantic group “Fashion” at the present stage of development of the Russian language. The article examines the most productive methods of word formation, in particular, special attention is paid to semantic term formation, as well as borrowings from the English language, as a productive way of replenishing the vocabulary of LSP “Fashion”.

Emphasizing Writing Acts: The Exclamation Point in German as a Lexical Operator for Verum

Abstract This paper is concerned with the interpretation of the exclamation point in German; for example, Es hat geschneit! ‘It has been snowing!’. I argue that the exclamation point contributes a lexical operator for verum at the layer of writing acts. Specifically, it introduces the writer’s wish to ensure the recognition of the writing act in its scope. This lexicon-based proposal builds on a lexicon-based analysis of verum focus. However, while verum focus is related to the propositional layer, the exclamation point is argued to relate to the act layer. The following advantages are defended: (i) The proposal accounts for both the functional kinship between exclamation points and verum focus and their distributional differences. On the one hand, both means introduce affirmative emphasis by a bouletic attitude; on the other hand, the exclamation point has a much wider distribution than verum focus, as it is not bound to contexts that provide a controversy between a proposition and its negation. (ii) The difference in semantic scope can be traced back to a structural difference. While verum focus is integrated into its host clause, exclamation points occupy a peripheral structural position, which is typical of act modifiers. (iii) The lexicon-based approach to the interpretation of exclamation points has noteworthy broader implications. It provides an independent cross-modal piece of evidence in favor of a lexicon-based analysis of verum focus instead of a focus-based one. Furthermore, it is amenable to a formal compositional implementation. This implementation comprises first steps toward a formal model of writing acts in terms of Commitment Space Semantics and advances the general hypothesis that the graphematic form licenses a systematic mapping from form to meaning in its own right.