Terms Of Risk Perception Research Articles

Exploring the differences between express and ride-pooling: A dual perspective on user perception and functional positioning in urban traffic system

Ride-hailing services, alongside public transportation (subway and bus), active modes (bike-sharing and walking), and private cars, are collectively reshaping urban transportation systems worldwide. However, the differences in user risk perception and functional positioning among different ride-hailing services, especially express and ride-pooling, are not yet clear. The study, conducted in Nanjing, China, designed two stated-preference questionnaires to assess the substitutability and complementarity of express and ride-pooling services. Four latent variables were introduced to quantify user risk perception: time risk, economic risk, service risk, and safety risk. The Integrated Choice and Latent Variable model used in this study is based on the Mixed Nested Logit model, which focuses more on the interdependence among different travel modes, as well as individual heterogeneity, compared with traditional logit models. The research findings indicate that in terms of risk perception, ride-hailing users have stronger service risk perception, weaker time risk perception, and weaker safety risk perception compared with public transportation users. Furthermore, compared with ride-pooling users, express users have stronger time risk perception and weaker economic risk perception. From a functional positioning perspective, ride-pooling services complement public transportation systems, while express services are preferred for long-distance door-to-door travel. Based on the research findings, this study offers a set of recommendations to support the sustainable growth of Transportation Network Companies (TNCs), guide government regulatory efforts, and explore opportunities for collaboration between the TNCs and government agencies, aiming to foster the robust development of urban transportation systems.

Financial risk-taking in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

PurposeThis study aimed to examine the financial risk-taking behaviors of adult individuals diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Design/methodology/approachThe study was conducted with adults (n = 80) diagnosed with ADHD and healthy controls (n = 80). In order to measure risk-taking in the financial domain, the items in the investment and gambling sub-dimensions of the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale (DOSPERT) were applied.FindingsAdults with ADHD had higher investment and gambling risk-taking and expected benefits scores than the control group, and there was no difference between the two groups in terms of risk perceptions. In the regression analysis, there was a positive linear relationship between the investment and gambling risk-taking scores and the expected benefits scores in both groups. There was a negative linear relationship between investment risk-taking and risk perceptions scores only in the control group.Originality/valueIn terms of investment and gambling, both risk-taking and expected benefits are greater in individuals with ADHD. It has been observed that while healthy individuals take investment risks, they evaluate according to the expected benefits and risk perceptions, while individuals with ADHD make evaluations only according to the expected benefits, risk perceptions do not predict financial risk-taking in individuals with ADHD. When it comes to risk-taking related to gambling, both groups take risks only according to their expectations of benefits, not their perceptions of risk. The study provides outputs that can contribute to the literature in terms of the effects of ADHD diagnosis on financial decision-making processes in the context of risk-taking.

Gender Differences in Financial Technology (FINTECH) Adoption in Indonesia: An Analysis of Risk Perceptions and Benefits

This study aims to examine the gender differences in Fintech services adoption in Indonesia using the risk-benefit framework. This framework assumes that the user behaviours in adopting Fintech services are simultaneously affected by the positive factors (perceived benefits) and negative factors (perceived risks. The study utilized the snowball sampling data collection technique to gather data from 446 male and female online respondents. Smart PLS 3.0 was used to analyze the data and found that perceived benefits have a greater impact on the intention to adopt fintech services compared to perceived risks. Moreover, this study also reveals that, when examining gender-based differences in perceived benefit, both gender groups chose the convenience factor as the most dominant compared to the other two factors. In terms of risk perception, men tend to prioritize legal risk when using fintech services. This is because uncertainty in the legal aspect greatly affects their willingness to use these services. On the other hand, operational risk emerges as the dominant risk for women. This finding aligns with previous research, which emphasizes women's sharp attention to technical and operational issues in technology adoption.

Analysis of Student Perceptions About Cryptocurrency Assets Viewed from Perceived Costs, Benefits and Risks

This study aims to determine how students' perceptions of cryptocurrency investment assets are viewed from cost perception, benefit perception, and risk perception. This study used quantitative descriptive research method with survey approach. The population in this study is students of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP University of Lampung with a total of 230 students. The sampling technique in this study was Probability Sampling using the Simple Random Sampling technique and a sample of 146 students was obtained. The results stated that students of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP University of Lampung have a good perception of cryptocurrency investment assets in terms of aspects of cost perception and benefit perception. Meanwhile, in terms of risk perception, students of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP University of Lampung have a bad perception of cryptocurrency assets. Seeing the potential and development of financial instruments, students should begin to be sensitive and begin to understand all aspects in it before investing to avoid various kinds of existing risks.

Analysis of Student Perceptions About Cryptocurrency Assets Viewed from Perceived Costs, Benefits and Risks

This study aims to determine how students' perceptions of cryptocurrency investment assets are viewed from cost perception, benefit perception, and risk perception. This study used quantitative descriptive research method with survey approach. The population in this study is students of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP University of Lampung with a total of 230 students. The sampling technique in this study was Probability Sampling using the Simple Random Sampling technique and a sample of 146 students was obtained. The results stated that students of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP University of Lampung have a good perception of cryptocurrency investment assets in terms of aspects of cost perception and benefit perception. Meanwhile, in terms of risk perception, students of the Economic Education Study Program FKIP University of Lampung have a bad perception of cryptocurrency assets. Seeing the potential and development of financial instruments, students should begin to be sensitive and begin to understand all aspects in it before investing to avoid various kinds of existing risks.

Hotel guests’ intention to stay during the pandemic: A comparison of frequent versus infrequent guests

The hospitality industry has been greatly affected by health-related crises due to outbreaks of new diseases. Given the high uncertainty faced in these crises, hoteliers need to understand guests' risk perceptions and how they affect their businesses. By adopting the protection motivation theory, this study explores the differences between frequent and infrequent hotel guests in terms of risk perceptions and intentions to stay at a hotel. Data were collected via an online survey and analyzed employing PLS-SEM. The results indicate that perceived vulnerability negatively influences guests' intentions to stay during a pandemic whereas self-efficacy and hotel's response efficacy show positive effects. The multigroup analysis results show that frequent guests relied on perceived severity, self-efficacy, and response efficacy in decision making, while infrequent guests depended on both perceived vulnerability and hotel's response efficacy. These findings provide insights for hotel managers on effective business strategies for both guest groups.

Risk sources in agriculture and farmers’ behavior in risky prospects: a systematic review

PurposeThe agricultural sector is a critical component of global economic development, and its significance has grown significantly in recent years. The risks associated with agriculture and the behaviors of farmers in handling these risks are becoming increasingly important, given the sector’s increasing dependence worldwide. Various activities related to agriculture are vulnerable to multiple risks, which can have severe consequences for farmers’ livelihoods. The purpose of this systematic review is to present a comprehensive analysis of the sources of risk faced by farmers and their choices in adopting risk management strategies worldwide.Design/methodology/approachThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was utilized to select relevant literature, and a total of 102 studies were analyzed. Through the use of Venn diagrams and graphical methods, the authors provide a transparent overview of the risks faced by farmers and the adoption of risk management strategies in developed and developing countries.FindingsFrom the analysis, the authors found that, in terms of risk management strategies, diversification, reserve credit and accumulated assets are frequently used in developing countries, while developed countries tend to rely on future/forward contracts, crop insurance and hedging. Diversification is the most widely used risk management strategy across both developed and developing countries. Our study also highlights the different perceptions of weather-related risks among growers in developed and developing countries.Practical implicationsThis systematic review provides valuable insights into the risks associated with agriculture and farmers' strategies in managing these risks, which could inform policy decisions and promote sustainable agricultural practices. For instance, understanding the individualistic nature of farmers' risk perception and the varying risk sources and management strategies depending on the locality and provide assistance to the farmers accordingly.Originality/valueThe paper explains how farmers behave during uncertainty in terms of risk perception and their decision to adopt risk management strategies in developed and developing countries.

Coastal Erosion Risk: Population Adaptation to Climate Change—A Case Study of the Pays de la Loire Coastline

Abstract Studying the population’s perception of coastal erosion is essential and is increasingly used by coastal administrators, especially because it strongly influences the acceptance of coastal adaptation strategies. This article explores the population’s perception of coastal risk on the Atlantic coast of France (Pays de la Loire region) that is an at-risk territory historically affected by erosion and is particularly sensitive to coastal flooding. The major goal of the paper is to collect data in terms of risk perception by carrying out a field survey on three territorial collectivities, with the aim to enhance the feasibility of the managed retreat operations that will be implemented on this coast in the next years. A total of 700 surveys were collected and several original results can be drawn: the population has a good knowledge of erosion in the area where they live, and this knowledge is key because the territory is vulnerable. Similarly, the respondents have a good knowledge of protection measures, but some are more important than others: for example, the reinforcement of coastal defenses is the most commonly cited strategy to deal with coastal hazards whereas relocation is the second-most-known but least-popular scenario. Several factors influence people’s perception of risk: for example, time spent in the residence and age of residents are two elements contributing to place attachment that must be taken into account before starting to implement any climate adaptation policies.

The effect of state and trait power on financial risk-taking: The mediating and moderating roles of optimism.

The research aimed to further develop knowledge on the mechanisms that enhance risk-taking propensities among powerful people. Three studies (N1 = 328, N2 = 388, N3 = 267) investigated the role of optimism in the relationship between sense of power and financial risk-taking, controlling for the state of power. Study 1, correlational, analyzed whether the relationship between sense of power and risky financial choices is serially mediated by general optimism and financial risk perception. The results confirmed the initial hypotheses. The second, experimental, study investigated the role of states of power and lack of power in explaining people's financial decisions as well as their influence on people's situational optimism and perception of risk. The results indicated that people in a state of power differed from people lacking power in terms of their situational optimism and the riskiness of their financial choices; however, they did not differ in terms of risk perception. People having power were more optimistic, invested more, and made riskier gambling choices than those in control conditions and those who lacked power. The third, experimental, study investigated the single and joint moderating effects of the states of optimism and power in explaining the positive relationship between sense of power and risky investing and gambling choices. In line with our expectations, the results of the study showed that the states of power and optimism jointly moderated the positive relationship between the sense of power and risky financial choices. This effect was the strongest under the state of power and optimism conditions and the weakest when lack of power and pessimism were induced; thus boundary conditions for previously observed mechanisms were identified. The results of the research shed light on the way optimism mediates and moderates the effect of power on financial risk-taking and thus contributes to theoretical knowledge of the consequences of power.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices towards patients with HIV/AIDS in staff nurses in one university hospital in Sicily


 Background: nurses’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards patients with HIV/AIDS are of ongoing interest, especially in developing countries. Nothing or very little is known about Italian nurses.
 Methods: HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of the nurses (n=107) from one university hospital inCatania,Sicily, were documented. Comparisons among nurses belonging to different Operative Units (O.U.) were conducted by the chi-square test (P<0.05).
 Results: although HIV was nurses’ main concern in regard to contracting infections in the workplace (54%), the vast majority of them (98%) had never refused an HIV/AIDS patient care assignment. Moreover, despite their concern of being more at risk of contracting HIV than the general population (41%), a not negligible percentage of nurses did not use gloves routinely (21%) and only a few treated all patients as potentially HIV-positive (9%). The vast majority of the respondents knew the meaning of AIDS (87%) and of a positive serological test (78%). On the contrary, a relatively low percentage of them knew what is the ‘window period’ (62%) and were acquainted with HIV pathophysiology (65%). No statistically significant differences in terms of risk perception were found between nurses who had previously attended an HIV/AIDS workshop, lecture or specific course (43%) and nurses who did not (57%). Level of knowledge was positively associated to age (P=0.000) and to education (P=0.016), and it was found higher in nurses working in a O.U. of Infectious Diseases.
 Conclusions: data from our study show that also in developed countries, such as Italy, nurses could have some misconceptions and concerns about HIV/AIDS. The importance of examining the impact of continuing education on nurses’ preparedness to care for patients with HIV/AIDS and to prevent the risks of occupational HIV transmission is discussed. 

Understanding Flood Risk Perception: A Case Study from Canada

In recent years, understanding and improving the perception of flood risk has become an important aspect of flood risk management and flood risk reduction policies. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of flood risk in the Petite Nation River watershed, located in southern Quebec, Canada. A survey was conducted with 130 residents living on a floodplain in this river watershed, which had been affected by floods in the spring of 2017. Participants were asked about different aspects related to flood risk, such as the flood hazard experience, the physical changes occurring in the environment, climate change, information accessibility, flood risk governance, adaptation measures, and finally the perception of losses. An analysis of these factors provided perspectives for improving flood risk communication and increasing the public awareness of flood risk. The results indicated that the analyzed aspects are potentially important in terms of risk perception and showed that the flood risk perceptions varied for each aspect analyzed. In general, the information regarding flood risk management is available and generally understandable, and the level of confidence was good towards most authorities. However, the experiences of flood risk and the consequences of climate change on floods were not clear among the respondents. Regarding the adaptation measures, the majority of participants tended to consider non-structural adaptation measures as being more relevant than structural ones. Moreover, the long-term consequences of flooding on property values are of highest concern. These results provide a snapshot of citizens’ risk perceptions and their opinions on topics that are directly related to such risks.

Stakeholder’s Risk Perceptions of Wild Pigs: Is There a Gender Difference?

Substantial literature indicates that genders differ in terms of risk perception and values regarding wildlife management. Lack of equal stakeholder representation is also documented, which can also impact the effectiveness of human-wildlife conflict resolution interventions and education and outreach efforts. This paper investigates gender differences in perceptions about risks and potential adverse impacts on production, health, environment, safety, and population management posed by wild pigs. A survey was used to collect data from a random sample of adult residents (N = 1221) in Louisiana. We analyzed responses from 226 female and 832 male producers. We observed differences in how these groups perceive production risk and health risk. No distinct differences were found on how the two genders perceive wild pig impact on natural resources and safety. No difference is reported on how the two genders consider the management of the wild pig population.

When Fear Leads Towards Preventive Measures: A Study of Newspapers’ Coverage and Public Perception on COVID-19 Pandemic

This research intends to examine and analyze the coverage of COVID-19 pandemic in leading Urdu newspapers of Pakistan and its effects on readers. For this purpose, this study applied quantitative content analysis and survey method. News stories (n=690) of COVID-19 were selected randomly from two newspapers, daily Jang and daily Express to find out the elements of fear, hope, awareness and precautions, while news readers and viewers were selected as respondents (n=455) to know the fear level and preventive measures taken by the news audience. The results found that newspapers paid attention to the crisis in terms of risk perception, and public opted preventive measures after news exposure. Survey result shows that television viewers have greater fear of COVID-19 than the social media users and newspapers readers. It further shows that females have more fear of COVID-19 than males, and they are taking more precautionary measures. Moreover, result shows that fear of COVID-19 is a significant predictor of precautionary behaviour for males than females. Limitations and future directions are discussed in details

Fine Art Insurance Policies and Risk Perceptions: The Case of Malta

The aim of this paper is to identify the risks that need to be addressed when holding fine art, determine which are perceived as being the most important, and whether the risk perception is influenced by demographic variables such as age, educational background, and field of occupation. To identify the risks and evaluate the risk perception, we used a purposely designed questionnaire and sent it via various sources of communication systems and applications to individuals knowledgeable on fine arts. Findings revealed that, generally, art deterioration, art fraud, and art theft are the three main highlighted risks, with art deterioration considered in the high-risk range. In terms of risk perception, forgery is the biggest concern. On the other hand, considerations of the investment value of art lessened perceived risk exposure. Furthermore, the study has shown that certain risk perceptions were influenced by the participants’ demographic variables. Both the identified risks and risk perception considerations analyzed within this study provide us with insights as to what needs to be considered when offering fine art insurance, particularly when it comes to which risks that are perceived as being the most pressing by potential policyholders, and how these perceptions vary according to individual demographics variables as noted above.

Texas households’ expected responses to seasonal influenza

This study examined people’s expected responses to seasonal influenza in terms of risk perceptions from different exposure paths and protective actions that could avoid illness. The data reveal significant differences among ten exposure paths and seven protective actions. Among the exposure paths, drinking from an infected person's glass without washing it received the highest hazard rating, whereas walking past that person on the sidewalk got the lowest rating. With regard to the seven protective actions, frequent hand washing had the highest ratings on protective efficacy and utility for other purposes and was the most strongly expected to be implemented, whereas wearing a surgical mask had the lowest ratings on these attributes and was least strongly expected to be implemented. As predicted, female gender and past influenza experience had significant positive correlations with hazard-related attributes and behavioral expectations but had nonsignificant correlations with resource-related attributes. This study’s findings suggest ways of enhancing the effectiveness of risk communication for seasonal influenza and other respiratory infectious diseases.

Relating Ocean Condition Forecasts to the Process of End-User Decision Making: A Case Study of the Oregon Commercial Fishing Community

This case study is in response to a recognized need to transform short-term regional ocean condition forecast information into useful data products for a range of end users, considering their perceptions of uncertainty and risk associated with these forecasts. It demonstrates the value of user engagement in achieving long-term goals for data providers. Commercial fishermen from Oregon are selected as key information users due to the physically risky and economically uncertain nature of their profession, their expertise at navigating the marine environment, and their important economic and cultural role at the Oregon coast. Semistructured interviews (n = 16) are used to clarify the processes that govern decision making, in terms of risk perception and comfort with uncertainty. The results characterize a community "mental model" in regard to ocean use and ocean forecasts. Findings reveal that commercial fishermen consume and interpret forecast data in a nonlinear fashion by combining multiple sources and data types and with a heavy reliance on real-time data. Our assessment is that improving accuracy at temporal and spatial scales that are relevant to decision making, improving the accessibility of forecasts, and increasing forecast lead time could potentially add more value to forecasts than quantifying and communicating the types of uncertainty metrics used within the scientific community.

Examining International Food Travelers' Engagement in Behaviors to Protect Themselves From Foodborne Illnesses While Abroad

In recent times, food travel has continued to gain in popularity and food and beverage activities are an important consideration for travelers. According to World Food Travel Association (WFTA), more than 9 in 10 travelers are now considered to be food travelers because they have participated in a "food or beverage experience other than dining out, at some point in the past 12 months." At the same time, travelers are an at-risk population for foodborne illnesses due to their tendency to eat out and experience local gastronomy. While health care providers and tourism service providers can and should advise travelers on ways to mitigate foodborne risks, it is ultimately the responsibility of travelers to protect themselves. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate antecedents of food travelers' engagement in personal protective behaviors (PPBs) related to foodborne illnesses during two phases of the travel experience: prior to and during travel. The independent variables were the extent of prior international travel experience, prior experience with foodborne illnesses, concerns about food safety, and food safety and foodborne illness risk perceptions. Data were collected via an online panel of food travelers from the US who had traveled outside of the country at least once in their lifetime (n = 758). Results revealed that concerns about food safety were antecedents of engagement in all five PPBs. Risk perceptions were antecedents of engagement in the during travel PPBs. The extent of prior international travel experience and prior experience with foodborne illnesses were inconsistent antecedents. The first two findings suggest that cognition (in terms of risk perceptions) is a driver of engagement in PPBs during travel and affect (in terms of concerns) is a driver of engagement in PPBs prior to and during travel. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The Effect of Risk Perception and Cognitive Biases on the Evaluation of Opportunity in Family and Non-Family Entrepreneurs: The Case of Tunisian Entrepreneurs

This study uses cognitive biases to examine opportunity evaluation among family and non-family entrepreneurs, and investigated the effect of risk perception in this type of entrepreneurs. The aim of this paper is to examine empirically if family entrepreneurs differ in terms of risk perception and opportunity evaluation from non-family entrepreneurs. We use a sample of 144 established businesses to run both test hypothesis and regression analysis. Our results indicate that there is no significant difference between the two categories of entrepreneurs. The structural regression analysis suggests that risk perception mediates opportunity evaluation and that (i) the belief in the law of small numbers and (ii) the illusion of control decreases risk perception among entrepreneurs when evaluating an opportunity.

Technological, environmental and social aspects of a recycling process of post-consumer absorbent hygiene products

The waste generated by absorbent hygiene products utilization represents a not negligible fraction of municipal solid waste. In the last decades, different solutions have been proposed worldwide but their sustainability has not been assessed. This paper investigates on a demonstrative scale the technical feasibility, environmental compatibility and social aspects of a recycling process of these wastes. An autoclave, coupled with a sorting machine, sterilizes the waste and separates its cellulosic and plastic fractions. The process recovers the plastics, and utilizes the cellulose in a bubbling fluidized bed gasifier, to produce the steam necessary for the sterilization. The experimental tests assessed the technological feasibility of the process, and identified the operating conditions for an efficient recycling of absorbent hygiene products waste without any external energy support. The results also provide a reliable inventory of environmental burdens for a life cycle assessment of the recycling scheme and the two conventional management options of energy recovery in a municipal solid waste incinerator, and disposal in a sanitary landfill. The recycling scheme provides a strong reduction of global warming potential (−67 kgCO2equiv. vs 215 kgCO2equiv. and 130 kgCO2equiv. for incineration and landfilling, respectively), and non-renewable energy consumption (−4240 MJprimary vs −2180 MJprimary and −245 MJprimary for incineration and landfilling, respectively). Finally, the study investigated the social implications of the three alternative management options, mainly in terms of risk perception, economic advantages for the customers, and the necessary care for citizens' privacy.

Risk-taking in schizophrenia and controls with and without cannabis dependence

BackgroundRisk-based decision making is altered in people with schizophrenia and in people with cannabis use compared to healthy controls; the pattern of risk-assessment in people with co-occurring schizophrenia and cannabis dependence is poorly understood. This study examined measures of risk-taking and decision-making in people with and without schizophrenia and/or cannabis dependence. MethodsParticipants with schizophrenia (n=24), cannabis dependence (n=23), schizophrenia and co-occurring cannabis dependence (n=18), and healthy controls (n=24) were recruited from the community via advertisements and completed a one-visit battery of symptom, risk-based decision making, gambling behavior, cognitive, and addiction assessments. This report presents self-assessments of self-mastery, optimism, impulsivity, and sensation seeking and a behavioral assessment of risk (Balloon Analog Risk Task [BART]). ResultsOn self-report measures, participants with schizophrenia and co-occurring cannabis dependence were intermediate between those with only cannabis dependence or only schizophrenia on ratings of self-mastery, sensation-seeking, and impulsivity. There were no group differences on ratings of optimism. Their behavior on the BART was most similar to participants with only cannabis dependence or healthy controls, rather than to participants with only schizophrenia. ConclusionsPeople with schizophrenia and co-occurring cannabis dependence may represent a unique group in terms of risk-perception and risk-taking. This has implications for interventions designed to influence health behaviors such as motivational interviewing.