Terms Of Applications Research Articles

Still Using Only ChatGPT? The Comparison of Five Different Artificial Intelligence Chatbots' Answers to the Most Common Questions About Kidney Stones.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the quality and comprehensibility of answers produced by five distinct artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots-GPT-4, Claude, Mistral, Google PaLM, and Grok-in response to the most frequently searched questions about kidney stones (KS). Materials and Methods: Google Trends facilitated the identification of pertinent terms related to KS. Each AI chatbot was provided with a unique sequence of 25 commonly searched phrases as input. The responses were assessed using DISCERN, the Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Printable Materials (PEMAT-P), the Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease (FKRE) criteria. Results: The three most frequently searched terms were "stone in kidney," "kidney stone pain," and "kidney pain." Nepal, India, and Trinidad and Tobago were the countries that performed the most searches in KS. None of the AI chatbots attained the requisite level of comprehensibility. Grok demonstrated the highest FKRE (55.6 ± 7.1) and lowest FKGL (10.0 ± 1.1) ratings (p = 0.001), whereas Claude outperformed the other chatbots in its DISCERN scores (47.6 ± 1.2) (p = 0.001). PEMAT-P understandability was the lowest in GPT-4 (53.2 ± 2.0), and actionability was the highest in Claude (61.8 ± 3.5) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: GPT-4 had the most complex language structure of the five chatbots, making it the most difficult to read and comprehend, whereas Grok was the simplest. Claude had the best KS text quality. Chatbot technology can improve healthcare material and make it easier to grasp.

A Bibliometrics Visualization Analysis of Sustainable Green Supply Chain Management in Small and Medium Enterprises

This bibliometric study entails an analysis of publications about green supply chain management (GSCM) within small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The research aims to scrutinize the research performance concerning GSCM in SMEs. This study identifies countries, leading journals, scholars, and research themes. This research adopts bibliometric methods to focus on publications between 2007 and 2024, sourced from the Scopus database and limited to English-language publications. The document type analyzed is articles, yielding 133 qualifying articles for analysis using Rstudio and VOSviewer. Results indicate rapid growth in studies on GSCM in SMEs since 2007. Influential countries in the realm of GSCM within SME contexts include China, Indonesia, India, Malaysia, and the United Kingdom. Furthermore, the Journal of Cleaner Production and author Le TT emerge as the most prolific scholarly output in this domain. Supply Chain Management, GSCM, and SMEs are frequently recurring keywords, totalling 407 keyword link strengths. Keyword analysis over time indicates a trend towards adopting newly pertinent terms such as human resources, technology, circular economy (CE), trade, and business. Thus, utilising GSCM signifies promising prospects for SMEs in the future. This study adopts bibliometric methods based on document-type articles from the Scopus database collected as of March 15, 2024. Publications based on document types such as conference papers, conference reviews, book chapters, and sources outside the Scopus database, such as WoS, are disregarded in this research. The study reveals that the sustainable implementation of GSCM in SMEs is an emerging requirement and complex to manage for SMEs, necessitating new concepts and appropriate strategies for implementation. This study objectively evaluates research progress in GSCM within SMEs, highlighting research achievements and gaps while discussing contributions to the scholarly community.

Identifying Sustainability Efforts in Company’s Reports Using Text Mining and Machine Learning

This study delves into the utilization of text mining to scrutinize social and environmental reports of companies, showcasing its effectiveness in evaluation. It explores various text mining techniques and practically applies decision tree, k-nearest neighbors, and naïve Bayes methods. The paper offers guidance on extracting pertinent terms related to four CSR dimensions: Environment, Employee, Social responsibility, and Human rights. Results demonstrate the successful differentiation of text based on these dimensions, leveraging a CSR-relevant dictionary by Pencel and Malascue. Employing document classification techniques, the study constructs four models using distinct text mining approaches for comparative analysis. Through this research, the valuable role of text mining in assessing social and environmental disclosures is underscored, providing insights into optimizing these techniques for evaluations and emphasizing their potential to enhance understanding and decision-making in corporate social responsibility assessments. Keywords: sustainability, text mining, machine learning, Corporate Social Responsibility - CSR, environmental reports

CHALLENGES AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN TRANSLATING LEGAL AND TECHNICAL TEXTS IN THE FOOD PRODUCTION INDUSTRY

Translating scientific and technical literature in the field of engineering and technology for the food industry is both challenging and intriguing, much like any translation work in scientific and technical domains. This area has distinct characteristics that set it apart. Practical experience with food product features and their verbal representation through taster's perception of a property involves individual professional experience and knowledge of analysis methodology, alongside unique complex compromise. This compromise stems from terms used in sensory analysis suggests that each combination of mental attitudes shaped by characteristics of the tasters, such as theanatomical structure and condition of each individual's oral cavity. Consequently, a single term may vary in its connotation each time it is used, reflecting different understandings. The practical outcomes of translation work focusing on profile structure analysis are documented in a multilingual glossary of pertinent terms. Examples of translation activities are provided, illustrating the application of professional terms from the meat industry, covering both products and specialized technological equipment. To ensure effective information retrieval from scientific and technical sources in countries with established beet-sugar production, a glossary of terms related to beet-sugar production was compiled. This glossary encompasses 444 terminological phonemes in Ukrainian, with corresponding terms in English, German, French, and three Slavic languages. The glossary includes fundamental terminology and groups terminological phonemes by stages in the beet-sugar production process, with each group covering related processes, equipment, materials, and products. Additionally, the article discusses the organizational and practical aspects of translating regulatory texts as part of harmonizing with European Union standards (EN), specifically those governing safety and hygiene rules for food industry equipment. This section underscores the significance of precise translation to ensure compliance with these standards and maintain industry safety.

Current practice with operative hysteroscopy for fertility preservation in endometrial cancer and endometrial premalignancies.

The primary aim was to analyze the current practices on the use of operative hysteroscopy for preserving fertility in patients diagnosed with endometrial cancer and premalignancies. Our secondary objectives included investigating medical therapy and analyzing reported pregnancy-related outcomes subsequent to fertility preservation procedures. We performed a semi-systematic literature review on PubMed, employing pertinent terms related to hysteroscopy, fertility preservation, and endometrial cancer and premalignancies. Patients undergoing operative hysteroscopy with or without following medical treatment were included. We adhered to the PRISMA 2020 statement and utilized Covidence software to manage our systematic review. We performed a pooled analysis on various outcomes. Our final analysis included 15 studies evaluating 458 patients, where 238 (52.0%) were diagnosed with endometrial cancer, and 220 (48.0%) had endometrial premalignancies. With 146 pregnancies in our study, the overall pregnancy rate was 31.9%. Among these, 97 resulted in live births, accounting for 66.4% of the reported pregnancies. In terms of medical treatment, various forms of progestins were reported. Complications or adverse effects related to operative hysteroscopy were not reported in more than half of the studies. Among those studies that did report them, no complications nor adverse effects were documented. After hysteroscopic resection, complete response to medical treatment has been reported in 65.5% of the overall cases. Our review sheds light on the contemporary landscape of operative hysteroscopy for fertility preservation in endometrial cancer and premalignancies. Future studies should include the integration of molecular classification into fertility-preserving management of endometrial malignancies to offer a more personalized and precise strategy.

The efficacy and safety of prostatic urethral lift as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality to treat lower urinary tract symptoms while maintaining sexual function in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is prevalent among elderly men, necessitating focused attention. The Prostatic Urethral Lift (PUL) procedure, a minimally invasive intervention, has emerged as a promising option for BPH management. It has shown remarkable results in ameliorating lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), enhancing quality of life, and preserving sexual function. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of PUL in BPH patients. Key databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, Google Scholar) were systematically searched using pertinent terms related to PUL and BPH. Following the PRISMA checklist, we considered only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from 2013 to 2023. The assessment focused on LUTS, quality of life, sexual function, and adverse events within three months. Follow-up post-treatment mean values compared with controls (Sham) and the improvement from baseline to post-treatment follow-up duration were considered. Statistical analysis and risk of bias evaluation were conducted using Review Manager 5.4.1, presenting results as difference of mean values (MD) and risk ratios (RR). A meta-analysis with a Random Effects Model of 7 RCTs involving 378 confirmed BPH patients demonstrated significant improvements in the PUL arm including International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) (MD 5.51, p<0.0001), maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) (MD 2.13, p=0.0001), BPH Impact Index (BPHII) (MD 2.14, p=0.0001), and IPSS-QoL (MD 1.50, p<0.0001), without significant increase of adverse events (RR 1.51; p=0.50). Positive outcomes were observed in sexual function variables and post-void residual measurements when post-treatment values were compared to baseline. PUL holds advantages over control interventions, providing encouraging prospects for BPH management. This study underscores the need for further exploration of PUL's efficacy and safety in BPH patients.

A Review and Comparative Analysis of Transoral Surgical Treatment versus Conservative Management in Early-Stage Oropharyngeal Cancer.

Oropharyngeal cancer requires a comprehensive evaluation of treatment options, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. It is crucial to customize these treatments based on the stage of the tumor and the overall health of the patient, enabling personalized or combined approaches. Transoral surgical techniques have regained popularity due to the advancements and limitations of non-surgical strategies. The potential influence of surgical procedures on patients' quality of life highlights the need for careful intervention selection; among them, the transoral approach has proven to be especially beneficial for early-stage oropharyngeal neoplasms. To explore potential treatments for early-stage oropharyngeal malignancies, this study carefully reviews the literature, using information from papers, current research, and global databases. The review protocol commenced on November 2023. A comprehensive search of the PUBMED database was undertaken, employing pertinent terms associated with oropharyngeal, transoral surgery or radiotherapy, robotic surgery, and chemotherapy. Treating early-stage oropharyngeal neoplasms is particularly intriguing due to the multitude of variables influencing treatment decisions, leading to ongoing debates in specialized literature. Regardless of the chosen approach, maintaining a high quality of life is crucial. To assess this, standardized questionnaires from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer were employed, revealing superior outcomes for patients solely undergoing surgical intervention. Additionally, in the realm of specialized literature, cases of HPV-positive oropharyngeal neoplasms are recognized for their heightened radiosensitivity and more favorable long-term prognosis. Surgical intervention and radiotherapy are the main treatment options for oropharyngeal cancer, and they can be used separately or together for maximum effectiveness. Amid ongoing discussions, determining the superior effectiveness between the two options continues to be a matter of debate. This study provides a comprehensive analysis, offering valuable perspectives for future discussions. Neoplasm in the oropharynx can be effectively treated using transoral microsurgery.

The Mediating Role of Teachers’ Attitudes toward Instructional Supervision in the Association between Instructional Supervisory Practice and Teachers’ Job Performance

The school needs to pay instructional supervision considerable attention to implement better teaching-learning procedures that will result in a more effective education. These procedures ought to remain democratic and cooperative. The attitude of the teachers toward supervision influences the outcomes of the supervision process. Therefore, in the context of secondary schools in Ethiopia's Dembecha area, this study sought to explore the mediating effect of teacher attitude to instructional supervision in the relationship between job performance and instructional supervisory practice. A mixed research design that was convergent parallel was utilized. Using comprehensive sampling, all four principals, two secondary school supervisors, and three hundred teachers participated in the study. Consequently, the study discovered that although teachers' work performance was at a moderate level, the status of instructional supervisory practice and their attitudes about it were at a low level. There were positive, significant, and moderate levels of correlation between instructional supervisory practice, teachers' attitudes toward instructional supervision, and teachers' job performance. Finally, the study revealed that teachers' attitude toward instructional supervision has a mediating impact on the association between instructional supervisory practice and job performance. In terms of practical applications, this study supports educators and school administrators in recognizing the benefits and drawbacks of instructional supervision and in implementing corrective actions to address the issues secondary schools encounter. Secondary schools’ instructional supervision practices need to be improved further to be widely accepted by teachers and put into practice.

A systematic review of psychosocial protective factors against suicide and suicidality among older adults.

Research on suicide rarely focuses on protective factors. The goal of this systematic review was to assess the evidence of the associations between protective factors and reduced suicidality among older adults. First, a scoping review was conducted to identify pertinent terms that refer to various protective factors against suicidality. A systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines, was then conducted on a selection of 15 protective factors (e.g., perceived control, well-being and quality of life, life satisfaction, purpose-in-life, resilience, coping, religiosity, hope, self-regulation, sense of belonging, mattering, positive relationship, social support, social connectedness, and social participation), with separate searches performed on each factor in five databases. Empirical studies were eligible if participants were adults aged 60 years and over, and if the studies reported predictive statistical analysis. A total of 70 studies were retained for the review. Suicidal ideation was the main outcome measure (91%). Significant associations were consistently observed between all protective factors and reduced suicidal ideations or behaviors, particularly for purpose-in-life, resilience, and positive relationships, indicating that these are solid components for suicide prevention. Using scales, instead of a single item, to measure protective factors (e.g. life satisfaction) was more efficient to capture the associations. On the other hand, results were similar whether studies used subjective (e.g., sense of belonging) or objective (e.g., social connectedness) measures. Protective factors were inversely associated with suicidal ideation. Improving protective factors is essential for the development of late-life suicide prevention and interventions, instead of merely focusing on risk factors.

Theories used to develop or evaluate social prescribing in studies: a scoping review

ObjectiveThis scoping review aims to provide an overview of how theories were used in the development or evaluation of social prescribing (SP) intervention studies.BackgroundSP describes a patient pathway where general practitioners (GPs) connect patients with community activities through referrals to link workers. This review seeks to understand the explanations provided for the outcomes and implementation process of SP.Inclusion criteriaStudies using a defined theory to develop or evaluate a specific SP intervention in primary care and the community sector.MethodsThis scoping review was conducted in accordance with JBI methodology. The following databases were searched on 8th of July 2022: PubMed, ASSIA, Cochrane, Cinahl, PsycINFO, Social Care Online, Sociological s, Scopus, and Web of Science. The search only considered English language texts. Additional literature was identified by searching relevant web pages and by contacting experts. The selection of sources and the data extraction was done by two reviewers independently.ResultsThe search resulted in 4240 reports, of which 18 were included in the scoping review. Of these, 16 were conducted in the UK, one in Canada and one in Australia. The majority of reports employed a qualitative approach (11/18). Three were study protocols. 11 distinct theories were applied to explain outcomes (4 theories), differences in outcomes (3 theories), and the implementation of the intervention (4 theories). In terms of practical application, the identified theories were predominantly used to explain and understand qualitative findings. Only one theory was used to define variables for hypothesis testing. All theories were used for the evaluation and none for the development of SP.ConclusionThe theories influenced which outcomes the evaluation assessed, which causal pathway was expected to generate these outcomes, and which methodological approaches were used. All three groups of theories that were identified focus on relevant aspects of SP: fostering positive patient/community outcomes, addressing inequalities by considering the context of someone’s individual circumstances, and successfully implementing SP by collaboratively working across professions and institutional boundaries. Additional insight is required regarding the optimal use of theories in practical applications.

A bibliometric analysis of studies on technology‐supported learning environments: Hot topics and frontier evolution

AbstractBackground StudyTechnology‐supported learning environments, act as significant observational and enabling indicators for evaluating and encouraging the digital revolution of education, are of vital importance in current educational research. Keeping track of the dynamics of technology‐supported learning environment research allows for the enrichment of theoretical studies and a prompt innovation of talent‐training environments.ObjectivesThe present study carried out a bibliometric analysis of the core collection of WoS database over the last two decades.MethodThis study is a bibliometric research. We applied CiteSpace and VOSviewer for co‐occurrence and evolution analysis. In addition, we extracted the fundamental ideas and thoughts through reading and analysis.ResultsFirst, the study found that technology‐supported learning environment research is in a growth phase, with core journals such as Interactive Learning Environments or Computers &amp; Education. The findings show that a core research team comprised of such scholars as Hwang Gwo‐Jen, Lester James C. and Wong Lung‐Hsiang. Key nations of publishing and research strength are from China, the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. Second, the hot topics in research on technology‐supported learning environments were virtual learning environments, technology‐enabled learning environments and interactive learning environments. Nine study specifics were derived from these three topics such as moulding function, generating scenario, stimulating sensation, effect verification, design idea, research reflection, inquiry and research, virtual community, and mixed environment. Lastly, the frontier evolution offers a pattern of development from enhancing performance to changing mode to incorporating experience.ConclusionLooking ahead, our research recommendations for the field of technology‐supported learning environments include a multifaceted approach. We should aim to enhance research designs and methodologies, develop contemporary guiding theories and strive for a balanced representation across various educational domains, expanding our scope to encompass all academic disciplines. In terms of practical application, it is imperative to focus on the design and implementation of technology‐supported learning environments from three critical perspectives: “change‐demand,” “student‐learning” and “online‐offline.” These approaches will collectively ensure that technology‐supported learning environments are both innovative and responsive to the diverse needs of the educational landscape.

Causal inference of construction safety management measures towards workers’ safety behaviors: A multidimensional perspective

Workers’ unsafe behaviors are a major contributor to construction accidents. To improve safety behaviors, managers have developed comprehensive management measures. However, due to the complexity of workers’ unsafe behaviors, it is difficult to understand the specific impact mechanism of management measures on different types of unsafe behaviors, thus making it difficult to strengthen targeted management efforts. This research aims to uncover the impact mechanism of management measures on workers’ safety behaviors from a multidimensional perspective through a novel method of causal inference. A seven-week questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate the multidimensional performance of managers’ and workers’ safety behaviors, getting a total of 5,608 valid questionnaires. Change rates and heatmaps were employed to illustrate the improvements and correlations of different management dimensions. Then, the Structural Causal Model-based causal inference was performed to quantitatively analyze the causal effect. The results show that the overall safety behaviors are improved significantly, and the correlations among management measure dimensions are strengthened after the interventions. Furthermore, it indicates that Objectives and Assessments, Safety Organization and Hazard and Emergency Management should be emphasized in the practice of safety management, as they have a continuous impact on workers’ safety behaviors. Meanwhile, while some management dimensions are improved, their impact on certain unsafe behaviors is still restricted in terms of stability and pertinence. These research findings contribute to the body of knowledge of construction safety management and benefit relevant practices by revealing the impact mechanism of management measures on workers’ safety behaviors in a detailed and comprehensive level.

A new similarity function for Pythagorean fuzzy sets with application in football analysis

&lt;abstract&gt;&lt;p&gt;The idea of Pythagorean fuzzy sets (PFSs) has been extensively applied in various decision-making scenarios. Many of the applications of PFSs were carried out based on similarity functions. Some methods of similarity functions for PFSs (SFPFSs) cannot be trusted for a reliable interpretations in practical cases due to some of their setbacks. In this work, a new method of SFPFSs is developed with the capacity to outsmart the efficiency of the extant SFPFSs in terms of precise results and appropriately satisfying the rules of SFs. The new method is described with some results to validate the properties of SFs. In terms of practical application, we use the newly developed method of SFPFSs to discuss the relationship between the players of the Liverpool Football Club (FC) in the 2022/2023 English Premier League (EPL) season to assess their performances in their resurgent moments within the season. Using data from BBC Sport analysis (BBCSA) on the players' rating per match in a Pythagorean fuzzy setting, we establish the players' interactions, communications, passing, contributions, and performances to ascertain the high ranking players based on performances. Similarly, a comparative analyses are presented in tables to undoubtedly express the superiority of the newly developed method of SFPFSs. Due to the flexibility of the newly developed method of SFPFSs, it can be used for clustering analysis. In addition, the new method of SFPFSs can be extended to other uncertain environments other than PFSs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/abstract&gt;

I can't get no satisfaction: Burnout, stress, and depression in Latin medical students.

The state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress, known as Burnout Syndrome (BS), is not only affecting the medical workforce but medical students in training. Gender, race, ethnicity, and potentially other variables can serve as significant risk factors contributing to BS among medical students. Despite the importance of understanding these disparities, very few studies in the U.S. have analyzed race or ethnicity amongst their cohorts. However, there exists extensive information on burnout in students from Latin America, which serves as the primary focus of this review. A systematic literature search was conducted using pertinent terms in English and Spanish. Our review found that the prevalence of BS in Latin American countries varies widely, ranging from 4.3 to 43.90% pre-COVID-19 pandemic. Variability in the educational environment and the complex interplay of cultural, academic, and systemic factors appear to contributing to burnout among students. Post-pandemic investigations reveal even higher prevalences, particularly among women. High rates of depression and anxiety are also reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. The reviewed data showed that BS can become further exacerbated and complicated by existing psychiatric comorbidities amongst Latin American medical students. It is possible that we may observe continued upward trajectories in burnout trends among both healthcare workers and medical students in this post-COVID-19 pandemic era. These insights call for tailored interventions addressing not only burnout but also the interconnected mental health challenges faced by medical students in Latin America.

Key Word Analysis Study on Depression and Anxiety Using Social Big Data During the (COVID)-19 Pandemic in Korea

Objectives: In this study, we analyzed the key words 'depression' and 'anxiety' using big data during various periods of the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea. Methods: We divided the CORONA-19 time into 5 periods based on the progression of superinfection events. Key words related to 'depression' and 'anxiety' were subjected to key word network analysis. Results: Although the pandemic persisted, the key word 'depression' garnered significant interest during the initial phases, but this interest waned over time. Conversely, interest in the 'anxiety' key word exhibited an increase. Key words relating to the identification and alleviation of depression and anxiety symptoms demonstrated an uptick, signifying a heightened concern for mental health problems. The term 'mind' emerged as a recurrently associated key word with both 'depression' and 'anxiety' in the preceding period. Noteworthy key words in the network analysis for 'anxiety' and 'depression' encompassed 'corona,' 'thought,' 'problem,' and 'state,' with 'corona' exhibiting connections to other key words through various aspects of our lives. Conclusion: The outcomes illustrate fluctuations in public interest concerning 'depression' and 'anxiety' in accordance with distinct phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, shedding light on their associations with pertinent terms. These findings serve as fundamental social health data, enabling the identification of the patterns through which depression and anxiety have spread during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea.

The MCCC Volunteers' Legacy of Approaches for Combating COVID-19

As one of the Penta Helix elements in crisis management, Muhammadiyah conducted humanitarian efforts throughout the pandemic, notably in East Kalimantan, through the Muhammadiyah COVID-19 Command Center (MCCC). As a collective humanitarian memory of East Kalimantan during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study attempts to present an overview of all the volunteer activities conducted by MCCC in Balikpapan and Samarinda during the pandemic. Descriptive analysis and qualitative technique are utilized in this study. To gather primary data, two informants from Balikpapan and four informants from Samarinda were interviewed. Secondary data came from reporting documents from the Muhammadiyah Disaster Management Center (MDMC) in East Kalimantan, which were located through a Google search for pertinent terms. The following are the study's findings: (1) In Balikpapan and Samarinda, MCCC volunteers took part in emergency response and disaster risk mitigation operations. (2) They give medical aid, apply disinfectants, and conduct out programs related to food security. (3) They go a long way to help others. They are all living examples of that since they have all survived COVID. During the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, one individual was hospitalized, others were forced to self-isolate, and there were no reports in the media about any philanthropic activities. In conclusion, as volunteers are at high danger during the COVID-19 pandemic, their goodness cannot be questioned.

Unleashing the Power of Quantum Dots: Emerging Applications from Deep‐Ultraviolet Photodetectors for Brighter Futures

AbstractSince their discovery in 1981, quantum dots (QDs) have been the center of attention in optoelectronic fields owing to their excellent properties such as clearly discrete band structure, high luminous efficiency, and tunable energy bandgap via dot size control. Among them, the bandgap increase characteristic based on the quantum confinement effect opens a new horizon in the field of deep ultraviolet photodetectors (DUV PDs). Emerging applications such as risk monitoring, wireless optical communication, and chemical sensing with extremely low environmental interference raise the significance of DUV PDs. Nonetheless, the limited material selection for DUV absorption has been the main obstacle for further applications. Along this line, this review systematically revisits the recent advances in QD‐based DUV PDs, using bandgap‐widened QDs, with a focus on the synthetic method, device architecture, and interactions among constituent components. Various QDs categorized into carbon, oxide, sulfide, and nitride are reviewed with the specific characteristics of each substance. The future prospects of QD‐based DUV PDs in terms of practical applications and the current challenges are discussed.

A METHOD FOR EVALUATING EXPLANATIONS IN AN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SYSTEM USING POSSIBILITY THEORY

The subject of the research is the process of generating explanations for the decision of an artificial intelligence system. Explanations are used to help the user understand the process of reaching the result and to be able to use an intelligent information system more effectively to make practical decisions for him or her. The purpose of this paper is to develop a method for evaluating explanations taking into account differences in input data and the corresponding decision of an artificial intelligence system. The solution of this problem makes it possible to evaluate the relevance of the explanation for the internal decision-making mechanism in an intelligent information system, regardless of the user's level of knowledge about the peculiarities of making and using such a decision. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are solved: structuring the evaluation of explanations depending on their level of detail, taking into account their compliance with the decision-making process in an intelligent system and the level of perception of the user of such a system; developing a method for evaluating explanations based on their compliance with the decision-making process in an intelligent system. Conclusions. The article structures the evaluation of explanations according to their level of detail. The levels of associative dependencies, precedents, causal dependencies and interactive dependencies are identified, which determine different levels of detail of explanations. It is shown that the associative and causal levels of detail of explanations can be assessed using numerical, probabilistic, or possibilistic indicators. The precedent and interactive levels require a subjective assessment based on a survey of users of the artificial intelligence system. The article develops a method for the possible assessment of the relevance of explanations for the decision-making process in an intelligent system, taking into account the dependencies between the input data and the decision of the intelligent system. The method includes the stages of assessing the sensitivity, correctness and complexity of the explanation based on a comparison of the values and quantity of the input data used in the explanation. The method makes it possible to comprehensively evaluate the explanation in terms of resistance to insignificant changes in the input data, relevance of the explanation to the result obtained, and complexity of the explanation calculation. In terms of practical application, the method makes it possible to minimize the number of input variables for the explanation while satisfying the sensitivity constraint of the explanation, which creates conditions for more efficient formation of the interpretation based on the use of a subset of key input variables that have a significant impact on the decision obtained by the intelligent system.

Freeze-Drying of Encapsulated Bacteriophage T4 to Obtain Shelf-Stable Dry Preparations for Oral Application.

Therapeutic application of bacterial viruses (phage therapy) has in recent years been rediscovered by many scientists, as a method which may potentially replace conventional antibacterial strategies. However, one of the main problems related to phage application is the stability of bacterial viruses. Though many techniques have been used to sustain phage activity, novel tools are needed to allow long-term phage storage and application in versatile forms. In this study, we combined two well-known methods for bacteriophage immobilization. First, encapsulated phages were obtained by means of extrusion-ionic gelation, and then alginate microspheres were dried using the lyophilization process (freeze-drying). To overcome the risk of phage instability upon dehydration, the microspheres were prepared with the addition of 0.3 M mannitol. Bacteriophage-loaded microspheres were stored at room temperature for 30 days and subsequently exposed to simulated gastric fluid (SGF). The survival of encapsulated phages after drying was significantly higher in the presence of mannitol. The highest number of viable bacteriophages exceeding 4.8 log10 pfu/mL in SGF were recovered from encapsulated and freeze-dried microspheres, while phages in lyophilized lysate were completely inactivated. Although the method requires optimization, it may be a promising approach for the immobilization of bacteriophages in terms of practical application.

Stable and accurate representation of species diffusion in multilayer composite electrodes using physics-informed neural networks

Stable and accurate reconstruction of species diffusion in Li-ion cell electrodes is a crucial problem, especially in modeling emerging composite electrode materials. Lithium-ion batteries are typically modeled using electrode theory coupled with various transport mechanisms that the solid-phase diffusion equation represents the main computational burden. In this paper, a computationally efficient representation for species transport in multilayer electrode is proposed based on the physics-informed neural networks (PINNs). A multi-objective loss function is constructed to obtain an accurate representation of field variables. It consists of the residual of solid-phase diffusion equation, associated initial/boundary conditions together with interface conditions. To deal with the problem of distinct material properties, the whole computational domain is divided into several subdomains where different neural networks for PINN are adopted. By using continuity conditions at interfaces, a whole network is established by combining subnetworks. By this way, the field variables can be obtained accurately by training and learning the neural networks. Li-ion concentrations in electrodes with single-layer and multilayer plate under the galvanostatic, potentiostatic, time-dependent flux, as well as time-dependent concentration charging are analyzed, and the results are validated against solutions obtained from finite element and analytical analysis. In terms of practical application, the galvanostatic voltage profiles of bi-layer (graphite-Si/SiOx) and tri-layer (graphite-Si/SiOx-graphite) electrodes are obtained using the Butler–Volmer kinetic equation and the performance is validated through good agreement with past experimental data. This study demonstrates for the first time the usefulness of the PINN to an electrochemical energy problem for designing multilayer electrode materials.