Terms Of Life Expectancy Research Articles

DYNAMICS OF MORTALITY FROM DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY ORGANS IN BULGARIA, SOUTH CENTRAL REGION AND PLOVDIV PROVINCE

In the European Union, Bulgaria ranks first in terms of mortality and last in terms of life expectancy. According to Eurostat data for 2018 in Bulgaria, from 2011 until this moment, the coefficients of both preventable mortality with good prevention and mortality preventable with good treatment are higher than the corresponding values for the EU as a whole. There are no prospects for their improvement. The rate of preventable mortality with good prophylaxis reached 226 per 100,000 population, which is significantly higher than the value of the rate in the whole EU (160 per 100,000). On the one hand, weak primary prevention and health promotion, and on the other hand, the need to improve protocols for diagnosis and treatment of the leading causes of death can be pointed out as reasons.The aim of the present study is to perform a comparative analysis of the dynamics of mortality from diseases of the circulatory organs for Bulgaria, its South Central Region and the Plovdiv province as part of this region.Materials and methods: documentary analysis - based on data from the National Statistical Institute; inductive and deductive methods; comparative analysis; structural analysis; economical analysis; statistical methods - analysis of the dynamics of phenomena, tabular and graphic analyzes - to visualize the obtained results.Results: Both for Bulgaria as a whole, as well as for its South Central region and the Plovdiv province, there is a trend of increasing mortality (per 100,000 people of the population) from diseases of the circulatory organs.Conclusion: From the data of our study, it is clear that, in general, for the observed 10-year period, and more specifically for the last of the years under consideration - 2022, for the entire country, the highest relative share in mortality (per 100,000 population) is occupied by other diseases of the heart. For the South Central region, the mortality rate from ischemic heart disease is the highest. The situation is similar for the Plovdiv province, as part of this region, where the relative share is also the highest - a noticeable 44.0% of the mortality from IHD.Recommendations: A comprehensive approach and addressing health inequities in all areas aimed at reducing the burden of cardiovascular disease as part of non-communicable chronic diseases is imperative. Of primary importance is the fact that health promotion and disease prevention can lead to a significant reduction in this burden.

Aligning healthcare with outcomes

The German healthcare system is one of the most efficient in the world, with enormous potential for patients and society as a whole. Unfortunately, we are far from (yet) utilising this potential. We spend a lot on our health - but we are not healthier: according to the OECD ranking (1), our healthcare expenditure is the second highest in relation to gross domestic product, just behind the USA. In terms of life expectancy, mortality and self-assessment of health status, however, Germany is mediocre at best. Can we, or rather, do we want to continue to afford this? In view of the recurring discussion about the sustainable financing of statutory health insurance funds and the social and economic impact of illnesses, the question seems rhetorical in nature. The goal must be a healthcare system that guarantees the best possible individual care for all people in this system and that can be financed sustainably. This joint position paper is intended as a basis for discussion. It describes the concept and the added value of value- and outcome-orientated healthcare in the sense of Value Based Healthcare (VBHC) for people, the system and society and identifies areas of action in which political support is particularly necessary.

Outcomes in the South African SHARE-TAVI registry: comparison of mortality and risk between treated and untreated cohort, and recent 1-year outcomes in the maturing local TAVR programme

Abstract The South African SHARE TAVI Registry collects local TAVI data to inform health policy, promote access to healthcare, and benchmark the local TAVI programme against recognised best practice. Strong Funder resistance still hampers treatment of aortic stenosis patients after >10 years of TAVI in SA. Method A web-based voluntary all-comers prospective registry captured 2083 patients' clinical history, demographics, TAVI outcomes, complications (VARC 2 definitions) and follow up at 30d, annually post TAVI (8 years). 462 patients assessed for TAVI but not implanted(49 exited prior to funding application, 413 during or after process) were also captured and followed up to 1-year, 413 of these exited during/after the funding application process, 49 exited prior to process (patient declined/unsuitable anatomy). Results Patient populations are similar to other registries and studies using similar generation devices (Schaafsma et al 2022). Outcomes at 30d, 1, 2, and 5 years are comparable to other early TAVI programmes (GARY, Corevalve, PARTNER 1). Average days to Mortality of 813/2545 full patient cohort calculated from date of TAVI Assessment & TAVI procedure date if applicable was highest in implanted patients (693d & 612d) , and lowest in those exiting the programme with no changes to treatment (216d). Most common exit reason was declined funding (71 pts) or death in the funding application process (105pts). Mortality in 68 pts waiting for a response averaged at 93d with STS of 10.996%, and 37 pts with approved funding demised prior to the TAVI date at average 78d in funding process with STS of 9.7%. NON-TAVI patients (n=49) referred for medical or surgical treatment had a longer life expectancy (475 & 366d) than patients who immediately declined implants after the assessment (182d with STS score 7.943). 1year mortality in the 2021 cohort is 14.1%, and in 2022 cohort procedural success is 99.3%, mortality at 30d is 2.53%. Conclusion SA's TAVI programme provides clear benefit to Aortic stenosis patients in terms of life expectancy and the maturing programme's high procedural success and extended life expectancy as shown in local data may be used to support access to treatment in the face of funding resistance.Table 1

1240 Life Expectancy of Octogenarians Following EVAR

Abstract Background The aim of elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) repair is to prevent premature death from rupture. The Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) 2 trial showed that patients with AAA who are not fit for open repair do not benefit in terms of life-expectancy from EVAR. In our region, the average life expectancy for men is above the national average but controversy remains when offering octogenarians expensive procedures with the aim of prolonging life. This study aimed to quantify the life-expectancy following an EVAR between octogenarians and younger patients. Method A retrospective review was performed of the electronic notes of all patients receiving EVAR at our unit between October 2009 to October 2019. Survival post EVAR was compared between the octogenarian group and the younger patient group. A survival analysis was undertaken using the SPSS software to calculate a Kaplan-Meier curve. Results 294 patients received EVAR between 2009-2019. Patients were between ages 45 and 89 (Median: 75); 87.4% were male. 169 patients died during follow up (n = 64 ≥80 years, n = 105 <80 years). Time of death post-EVAR in octogenarians (average age 82.91 years) ranged between 0 - 131 months, whilst those under 80 years (average age 71.77 years) ranged between 1 - 152 months. Log rank (Mantel-Cox) analysis demonstrated statistical significance (p = 0.017). Median years post-EVAR for ≥80 years was 3.02 - 4.98 and <80 years was 5.12 - 6.87. Conclusions Octogenarians undergoing EVAR have a shorter life-expectancy compared to those under 80 years of age. This should be considered when discussing elective options with patients and their relatives.

106 Life expectancy of octogenarians following EVAR

Abstract Background The aim of elective Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA) repair is to prevent premature death from rupture. The Endovascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) 2 trial showed that patients with AAA who are not fit for open repair do not benefit in terms of life-expectancy from EVAR. In our region, the average life expectancy for men is above the national average but controversy remains when offering octogenarians expensive procedures with the aim of prolonging life. This study aimed to quantify the life-expectancy following an EVAR between octogenarians and younger patients. Methods A retrospective review was performed of the electronic notes of all patients receiving EVAR at our unit between October 2009 to October2019. Survival post EVAR was compared between the octogenarian group and the younger patient group. A survival analysis was undertaken using SPSS software to calculate a Kaplan-Meier curve. Results 294 patients received EVAR between 2009-2019. Patients were between ages 45 and 89 (Median 75); 87.4% were male. 169 patients died during follow up (n=64 ≥80 years, n=105 <80 years). Time of death post-EVAR in octogenarians (average age 82.91 years) ranged between 0- 131 months, whilst those under 80 years (average age 71.77 years) ranged between 1-152 months. Log rank (Mantel-Cox) analysis demonstrated statistical significance (p=0.017). Median years post-EVAR for ≥80 years was 3.02-4.98 and <80 years was 5.12 – 6.87. Conclusion Octogenarians undergoing EVAR have a shorter life-expectancy compared to those under 80 years of age. This should be taken into account when discussing elective options with patients and their relatives.

Clinical and immunologic features of the phenotype of systemic lupus erythematosus combined with Sjögren's syndrome

The problem of clinical and immunological heterogeneity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is of great interest, especially the combination of SLE and Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) determines a more favorable prognosis and specifics of therapy.Objective: to characterize the clinical and immunological features of SLE combined with SjS.Material and methods. The retrospective study included 44 patients with SLE combined with SjS and 356 patients with SLE without SjS, hospitalized at the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology between 2013 and 2021. The two groups of patients were compared in terms of life expectancy, clinical manifestations, laboratory parameters and therapy.Results and discussion. The following phenotypic features of the clinical and immunological variant of SLE combined with SjS were found: significantly longer duration of SLE (p<0.01); higher incidence of polyarthritis (p=0.01) and Raynaud's syndrome (p<0.003) at disease onset. Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Raynaud's syndrome, peripheral nervous system involvement (sensory polyneuropathy and distal sensory-motor polyneuropathy) were found more frequently in SLE combined with SjS than in SLE without SjS, p<0.0001. Among laboratory abnormalities in SLE patients with SjS, leukopenia (p<0.0001), antibodies to SSA/Ro, SSB/La, and rheumatoid factor (p<0.0001) were observed in a greater number of cases. In the group of SLE combined with SjS, the chronic variant of SLE course according to the classification of V.A. Nasonova, and lower activity were observed, which didn't not require therapy with high doses of glucocorticoids; in this group, rituximab (p<0.01), cyclophosphamide and methotrexate were used significantly more often.Conclusion. Thus, significant clinical and laboratory differences were found between SLE with SjS and without SjS. They determine prognosis, approaches to pathogenetic therapy and monitoring.

IMPACT OF GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS ON THE CHOICE OF A CUSTOM FEMORAL IMPLANT

In this paper, the effects of both geometric parameters and mineral density on the evolution of stresses generated in a cementless hip implant are investigated to enable orthopedic surgeons to make an appropriate selection. A design of experiment was used, followed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify the effects of geometric and physical parameters in terms of bone density on a femoral implant. Twenty-seven implants of different geometric dimensions were considered, without modification of the topology. Multiple regression analysis was chosen to replace the finite element method to predict the level of stresses generated in the stem, in terms of life expectancy, allowing for optimal geometric parameter selection. Three parameters of the stem were selected, namely, stem length (SL), neck length (NL), and neck shaft angle (NSA), where each parameter is apprehended by three levels. Based on a design (3[Formula: see text], 27 femur–implant CAD models were created, to analyze the effect of three limiting densities (low, medium, and high) for the estimation of maximum stresses by finite elements. The results obtained by ANOVA for the three densities, respectively, for the low density the SL had an impact of the order of 58.5% on the level of von Mises constraints followed by the NL and NSA. For the medium density, it was observed that the SL remains the most influential parameter, with a rate of 41.2%, while for the high density the NL becomes the most influential (37.5%) followed by the SL and the NSA. The regression model used showed very good accuracy in terms of predicting the level of von Mises stress, compared to the results obtained by the finite element method.

Therapeutic learning as an organizational technology of tomorrow

BACKGROUND: According to the World Health Organization, global population aging is the main trend in the development of the society on the planet. Russia ranks 116th worldwide in terms of life expectancy. The development and implementation of measures aimed at preserving the able-bodied population of the country and slowing down the current trend of aging of the population with a focus on increasing life expectancy is manifested in national projects such as Health and Demography. Health-saving technologies for prolonging effective professional longevity of medical workers of older age groups will preserve a labor resource of the country and exclude economic losses of the state.
 AIM: The study aimed to determine the significance of individual risk factors affecting the professional effective longevity of physicians and form a set of measures to prolong the professional competence of physicians of older age groups.
 METHODS: In this study, the unit of observation is a physician providing medical care in the outpatient segment of Moscow and the Moscow region. The total number of subjects was 378. Sociological, analytical, and statistical methods and the method of organizational modeling were used. The main method was a face-to-face survey that included questionnaire data, questions on training, seniority, category, workload, and information assurance, and two blocks of questions to assess professional competencies and cognitive functions.
 RESULTS:
 
 An age-related decrease in the level of the physicians professional competence.
 An age-related decrease in the effectiveness of the prescribed treatment.
 A tendency toward an age-related increase in the proportion of cognitive disorders among physicians.
 Data analysis showing the need to implement a set of measures aimed at supporting the professional effective longevity of physicians of older age groups.
 
 CONCLUSIONS: The organizational technology represented by a complex of measures providing prolongation of professional effective longevity of physicians of older age groups was proposed. Essentially, the organizational technology is the prevention of chronic non-infectious diseases in conjunction with measures to optimize work activities and stimulate the professional competence of the physician. Therapeutic Learning Technology is a parallel annual dispensary examination of physicians of older age groups followed by a therapeutic and rehabilitation course based on the morbidity profile and combined with a cycle of continuing medical education. The therapeutic and rehabilitative course should include older physicians undergoing cognitive training and hemodynamic stabilization. Information support (a block of federally approved training materials, i.e. normative legal acts regulating medical activity, clinical guidelines, video manuals on schools for different categories of patients, and other materials) is placed at the geriatric contact center, providing each physician from the target group with prompt access both for the period of treatment and rehabilitation course and the entire period of the physicians medical activity.

The Role of Medical Sciences Universities in Innovation Ecosystem and Knowledge Based-Economy

One of the main aspects of supporting entrepreneurial activities is studying universities and their surrounding environments in innovation ecosystems, which is necessary to achieve economic development and technological innovations. The innovation ecosystem is a dynamic system and consists of academic, industrial, institutional, scientific, economic and governmental organizations. According to the researchers, there have been many innovations in the health section to enhance their ability to respond to the expectations of patients in terms of life expectancy, reducing costs, increasing the quality of life, improving diagnosis and treatment methods. In the field of health, more than 1425 knowledge-based companies are registered, and more than 800 technological teams are also located in the incubators of Iran's medical sciences universities. Nevertheless, universities of medical sciences are still at the beginning of the path of technology and innovation and moving towards entrepreneurial universities. It is essential that these universities, as one of the main components of the innovation ecosystem, focus remarkably on creating and strengthening their legal, financial, structural and managerial infrastructures in order to promote entrepreneurial culture and skills among their human resources. This is to commercialize knowledge and technology properly to meet the society's health needs. It is obvious that universities are facing many issues in this area, and using best practices, both domestic and foreign, can solve many challenges ahead.

Foundations of hemophilia and epidemiology.

Hemophilia, a congenital coagulopathy characterized by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (hemophilia A) or factor IX (hemophilia B), results in a tendency of bleeding proportional to the lacking factor. Most bleeds in patients with hemophilia occur in their joints and muscles, and because of these bleeding episodes, patients may end up developing musculoskeletal alterations resulting from hemophilic arthropathy, even receiving hemostatic treatment. The third edition of the World Federation of Hemophilia's Guidelines for the Management of Hemophilia defines 12 principles that encompass all the different types of multidisciplinary care required by people with hemophilia, one of these being clinical and epidemiological research. The expected number of patients with hemophilia across the world has been estimated at 1125 000, most of them undiagnosed, and the total number of patients with severe hemophilia at 418 000 males. Data available from medium and high-income countries show that the prevalence at birth (incidence) and the prevalence of hemophilia differ, which means that patients with hemophilia are at a disadvantage in terms of life expectancy as compared with the general population. In medium-to-high-income countries, the life expectancy disadvantage of patients with hemophilia A and B as compared with the rest of the population is 30% and 24%, respectively. This life expectancy disadvantage is much greater in countries with more limited access to treatments for hemophilia.

Inequality in quality-adjusted life expectancy by educational attainment in Norway: an observational study

BackgroundHealth inequalities are often assessed in terms of life expectancy or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Few studies combine both aspects into quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) to derive comprehensive estimates of lifetime health inequality. Furthermore, little is known about the sensitivity of estimated inequalities in QALE to different sources of HRQoL information. This study assesses inequalities in QALE by educational attainment in Norway using two different measures of HRQoL.MethodsWe combine full population life tables from Statistics Norway with survey data from the Tromsø study, a representative sample of the Norwegian population aged ≥ 40. HRQoL is measured using the EQ-5D-5L and EQ-VAS instruments. Life expectancy and QALE at 40 years of age are calculated using the Sullivan-Chiang method and are stratified by educational attainment. Inequality is measured as the absolute and relative gap between individuals with lowest (i.e. primary school) and highest (university degree 4 + years) educational attainment.ResultsPeople with the highest educational attainment can expect to live longer lives (men: + 17.9% (95%CI: 16.4 to 19.5%), women: + 13.0% (95%CI: 10.6 to 15.5%)) and have higher QALE (men: + 22.4% (95%CI: 20.4 to 24.4%), women: + 18.3% (95%CI: 15.2 to 21.6%); measured using EQ-5D-5L) than individuals with primary school education. Relative inequality is larger when HRQoL is measured using EQ-VAS.ConclusionHealth inequalities by educational attainment become wider when measured in QALE rather than LE, and the degree of this widening is larger when measuring HRQoL by EQ-VAS than by EQ-5D-5L. We find a sizable educational gradient in lifetime health in Norway, one of the most developed and egalitarian societies in the world. Our estimates provide a benchmark against which other countries can be compared.

Life expectancy in Japan (17<sup>th</sup> – first half of the 20<sup>th</sup> centuries)

Life expectancy is the most important indicator of the state of society and the quality of life of the people who live in it. It depends on many factors that affect mortality: nutrition, physical activity, epidemic and other diseases, natural, social and anthropogenic disasters, the level of public anxiety, the state of the environment, healthcare, hygiene, etc.In Japan during the Tokugawa period, the body did not belong to the person himself. His mission was to “serve” – to the overlord and parents. This was possible only if the person was healthy for as long as possible. During the Tokugawa era, the Japanese were taught that only a healthy person could fulfill his duty. Healthcare was entrusted to the person himself, there was no public health system. Despite the huge differences in natural conditions, lifestyle, nutritional diet, scientific and medical ideas, in terms of life expectancy, Japan was approximately on the same level as major European countries.After the Meiji revolution, the concept of “service” did not disappear, but now the main object of service became the state represented by the emperor. The state made serious efforts in the field of healthcare, but the negative consequences of modernization for a long time did not allow to increase life expectancy. Its slow but steady growth begins only in the second half of the 1920s. However, before the Second World War, Japan lagged significantly behind the developed countries of the West in terms of life expectancy. The expansionist policy of Japan demanded to increase the number of Japanese people. Since increasing life expectancy is a time-consuming task, the choice was made in favor of a policy of increasing the birth rate.

COVID-19 Pandemic in Russia: Statistical Assessment of Direct and Indirect Demographic Losses

Introduction. The whole world is concerned about the severe socio-economic consequences of the pandemic, the most threatening of which should be considered the death of a large number of people, the general economic downturn, inflation reducing living standards, the threat of increasing hunger, the aggravation of humanitarian problems in poorly developed countries due to a reduction in foreign aid, etc. But if the negative economic consequences are compensated over time (many countries of the world, and Russia is one of the first on this list, have already returned to the pre-pandemic level in 2021), then the human losses suffered by many countries are irreplaceable. Doctors talk about the need to combat post-COVID syndrome, which can also worsen the health and quality of life of citizens. As demographic history shows, such events affect the development of the population for quite a long time. States have struggled with the new dangerous infection in different ways. The set of measures to counter COVID-19 in some countries was based on a policy of “zero tolerance”, others limited themselves to the introduction of only some temporary and not very strict prohibitions. The results of the measures taken also differ dramatically: some countries have been pushed back many years in terms of life expectancy, while in others this indicator has increased. The purpose of this article is to study the demographic consequences of the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic for Russia, which will assess the effectiveness of the anti-epidemic measures taken and better prepare for the occurrence of a similar situation in the future. Materials and Methods. The study was based on data from Rosstat, materials from reputable international organizations, publications of scientists engaged in the study of population problems. The analysis of the demographic situation was carried out on the basis of the systematic approach and specific methods of demographic analysis, content analysis was used to summarize the materials of published scientific research, a tabular method was used to visualize the results. Results. The study has revealed that in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the life expectancy of the urban population decreased to a greater extent than that of the rural population. The increase in mortality did not affect children, adolescents and young people under 25 years of age. Mortality among women in the Russian Federation has increased to a greater extent than among men, and this is typical for most age groups. Women aged 65‒69 were the most vulnerable to the virus – the increase in mortality in this age group was the largest. Discussion and Conclusion. In addition to direct demographic losses from COVID-19 (144.7 thousand people in 2020), an increase in mortality from other causes – respiratory diseases, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular diseases, as well as digestive diseases and accidental alcohol poisoning, which violated the long-term trend, has been recorded. Indirect demographic losses from COVID-19 in 2020, calculated by estimating the increase in mortality from these causes, amounted to 143.7 thousand people. Migration growth in the Russian Federation in the first year of the pandemic decreased by 2 times, but remained at the level of 2018. Due to the strict restrictions imposed on the movement of the population, the process of urbanization in the country has slowed down, the migration decline of the rural population has decreased. The results of the study can be useful for scientists dealing with demographic development, as well as used to assess the effectiveness of measures taken to combat the spread of coronavirus infection in 2020. Research in this direction should be continued after the publication of data for 2021 and the results of the All-Russian Population Census.

Treatment of localized prostate cancer in elderly patients: the role of partial cryoablation

PurposeTo evaluate oncological outcomes of partial gland cryoablation (PGC) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) in a cohort of elderly patients who required an active treatment.MethodsData from 110 consecutive patients treated with PGC for localized PCa were collected. All patients underwent the same standardized follow-up with serum-PSA level and digital rectal examination. Prostate MRI and eventual re-biopsy were performed at twelve months after cryotherapy or in case of suspicion of recurrence. Biochemical recurrence was defined according to Phoenix criteria (PSA nadir + 2 ng/ml). Kaplan–Meier curves and Multivariable Cox Regression analyses were used to predict disease progression, biochemical recurrence- (BCS) and additional treatment-free survival (TFS).ResultsMedian age was 75 years (IQR 70–79). PGC was performed in 54 (49.1%) patients with low-risk PCa, 42 (38.1%) with intermediate risk and 14 (12.8%) high risk. At a median follow-up of 36 months, we recorded a BCS and TFS of 75 and 81%, respectively. At 5 years, BCS was 68.5% and CRS 71.5%.High-risk prostate cancer was associated with lower TFS and BCS curves when compared with low-risk group (all p values < .03). A PSA reduction < 50% between preoperative level and nadir resulted as an independent failure predictor for all outcomes evaluated (all p values < .01). Age was not associated with worse outcomes.ConclusionsPGC could be a valid treatment for low- to intermediate PCa in elderly patients, when a curative approach is suitable in terms of life expectancy and quality of life.

Current and Novel Therapeutical Approaches of Classical Homocystinuria in Childhood With Special Focus on Enzyme Replacement Therapy, Liver-Directed Therapy and Gene Therapy.

Classical homocystinuria is a hereditary defect of the enzyme cystathionine beta synthase, which is produced in the liver. If this enzyme fails, the synthesis pathway of cysteine from methionine is interrupted, leading to the accumulation of homocysteine in the blood plasma and homocysteine in the urine. After birth, the children are unremarkable except for the characteristic laboratory findings. Symptoms rarely appear before the second year of life. The most common symptom is a prolapse of the crystalline lens. This finding is seen in 70% of untreated 10-year-old affected individuals. As the earliest symptom, psychomotor retardation occurs in the majority of patients already during the first two years of life. Limiting factors in terms of life expectancy are thromboembolism, peripheral arterial disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke. These symptoms are due to the damage to the vessels caused by the elevated amino acid levels. About 30% suffer a thromboembolic event by the age of 20, about half by the age of 30. This review focus on present and new therapeutical approaches like the role of enzyme replacement with presentation of different novel targets in research like pegtibatinase, pegtarviliase, CDX-6512, erymethionase, chaperones, proteasome inhibitors and probiotic treatment with SYNB 1353. Furthermore, we analyze the role of liver-directed therapy with three dimensional (3D) bioprinting, liver bioengineering of liver organoids in vitro and liver transplantation. The role of different gene therapy options to treat and cure this extremely rare disease in childhood will be discussed.

Plants of the Siberian flora exposition of the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, listed in the Red Data Books of Russia

Many years of experience in preserving species of Siberian flora listed in the Red Data Books of Russia in 2008 and 2023 are analyzed. In total, since 1947, 21 species from 13 families, the geographical points of origin of which are located mainly in Southern Siberia, have been tested on the territory of the botanical and geographical exhibition in the laboratory of natural flora of the GBS RAS. According to the degree of introduction resistance, 90% of species are resistant, weakly resistant and unstable - 10%. In terms of life expectancy under exposure conditions, species growing for more than 20 years predominate - 47.6%. The minimum lifespan of Oxytropis nitens is 2 years. The maximum life expectancy was reached by: Paeonia hybrida - 63 years, Anemonastrum baikalense - 53 years, Erythronium sibiricum - 50 years. The reliability and prospects of preserving rare species of Siberia in the conditions of Moscow are shown.

FOOD INFLATION AND CHILD HEALTH IN AFRICA: EVIDENCE FROM COUNTRIES WITH HIGH MISERY INDEX

This paper investigates the effect of food price inflation on the public health improvement as measured in terms of life expectancy, infant mortality rate, under five mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate in six selected African countries with high misery index for the period from 2000 to 2020. The Augmented Mean Group and Common Correlated Estimation Mean Group were used to determine the effect, as well as Westerlund Cointegration tests. Our findings revealed that rising food prices have a significant detrimental effect on nourishment and consequently lead to higher levels of infant under five and neonatal mortality while reducing the expected life expectancy in the African countries. High food price inflation also has a long run effect on public health. The implication of the result shows that with high rate of food prices coupled with poor child health, the Sustainable Development Goals target of ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under age of 5, and the aim of having a neonatal mortality rate of 12 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births, and an under-five mortality rate of 25 or fewer deaths per 1,000 live births, by 2030 may not be realistic. Therefore, African Governments should gear up efforts towards reducing food price inflation, improving health expenditure, per capita income and enabling environment for safe sanitation, especially for pregnant women and little children. Also, Governments should create enabling environment for sanitation and access to safe drinking water.

REPRODUCTIVE QUALITIES OF SOWS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ADAPTATION AND THE LEVEL OF THEIR PHENOTYPE CONSOLIDATION

Introduction. The intensification of the breeding process in pig breeding involves, along with the introduction of modern methods of assessing the breeding value of animals, the use of pigs of foreign breeding. At the same time, it is important to study their adaptive and productive qualities in the conditions of industrial maintenance technology and the steppe zone of Ukraine (Topikha V. S., 2009, Khalak V. I., 2009, 2020, 2022, Kislyns’ka A. I. and others, 2012, Dudka O. I., 2020). The paper presents the results of the study of the reproductive qualities of sows of super-adaptive and minus-adaptive types, as well as the coefficients of phenotypic consolidation (К1, К2) of the main traits and the economic efficiency of the use of animals in experimental groups are calculated. The research was carried out in the agricultural formations of the Dnipropetrovsk region and the animal husbandry laboratory of the State Institution "Institute of Grain Crops of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine". The work was carried out in accordance with the program of scientific research № 31 "Genetic improvement of agricultural animals, their reproduction and preservation of biodiversity (Genetics, preservation and reproduction of biological resources in animal husbandry)", the task – "Determine adaptive features and the nature of inheritance of polygenic and hereditary traits of pigs of different genotypes and develop an integrated a system of creating a highly productive population".&#x0D; Materials and methods of research. The object of the study were sows of the large white breed of Hungarian origin. Based on the results of own research and data of primary zootechnical records (form 2-SV "Card of breeding sow", form 4-SV "Accounting journal of mating (insemination) of pig breeding stock", form 5-SV "Accounting journal of farrowings of sows and offspring piglets" (Instructions on the grading of pigs, 2003) the following quantitative characteristics were investigated: sow life expectancy, months; duration of breeding use of the sow, months; farrowings obtained; total live piglets obtained, head; fertility, head; nest weight at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days, kg, preservation of piglets until weaning, %.&#x0D; A comprehensive evaluation of sows for reproductive qualities was carried out according to M. D. Berezovsky’s index (cited by P. A. Vashchenko, 2019), the “level of adaptation” index was calculated according to the method of V. S. Smirnov (2003), phenotypic consolidation coefficients (К1, К2) of the main quantitative characteristics - according to the methods – by Yu. P. Polupan (1996, 2005). Biometric processing of research results was carried out according to the methods of V. P. Kovalenko. etc. (2010).&#x0D; Research results. It was established that the life expectancy of sows of the controlled population is 50.1 months (Сv = 35.97%), the duration of breeding use is 40.9 months (Сv = 42.24%), the "adaptation level" index is 10.56 points (Сv = 32.77%). During the breeding period, sows produced 7.0 farrowings (Сv = 44.10%), a total of 77.8 live piglets (Сv = 46.46%). The average rate of multiple fertility is 11.1 piglets per farrowing (Сv = 10.08%), the weight of the litter at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days is 76.1 kg (Сv = 14.10%), the weight of the nest at the time of weaning at the age 60 days – 181.5 kg (Сv = 9.35%), survival of piglets before weaning – 91.6 ± 0.50%. The index of M. D. Berezovs’ky in sows of the controlled population ranges from 33.00 to 50.83 points. Taking into account the intrabreed differentiation of sows according to the type of adaptation, it was established that animals of the super-adaptive type prevailed over the animals of the minus-adaptive type in terms of life expectancy, duration of breeding use, total farrowings, total live piglets, fertility and litter weight at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days by an average of 37.96%. Coefficients of pair correlation between traits characterizing the level of adaptation of sows and their reproductive qualities range from –0.704 to +0.982. Coefficients of phenotypic consolidation of reproductive qualities of sows of different types of adaptation range from –0.082 to +0.682.&#x0D; Conclusions. Studies show that sows of the super-adaptive type (the "adaptation level" index ranges from 5.48 to 8.20 points) outweigh the animals of the controlled population by litter weight at the time of weaning at the age of 30 days +4.63%. The cost of additional products obtained from the sow of the specified group is UAH 125.52.

The interaction between Life expectancy and gross domestic product by countries

The article puts forward a hypothesis about the resultant nature of the indicator "life expectancy"; all other socio-economic indicators of the country's development are significant or insignificant factors. In order to test this hypothesis, the methodology of analysis of the countries of the world was described, an analytical and statistical analysis of life expectancy, gross domestic product per capita for the countries of the world was carried out; and on this basis, an assessment of the impact of real per capita GDP on life expectancy is given using the method of grouping, correlation and regression analysis. It is established that, in general, the relationship between them is positive and has a moderate character. It can be stated that real GDP per capita is an important, but most likely far from the most significant factor in ensuring high life expectancy, and further studies of the factors influencing life expectancy are required. At the same time, it was found that it is worth considering separately countries with high and very high levels and countries with medium and low levels of life expectancy and real GDP per capita, since the statistical relationship of the analyzed indicators in 2020 is somewhat different: in countries where GDP is above $13000, life expectancy is above 75 years, to increase life expectancy by 1 year, you need to increase GDP by $14000, and in countries below these values, an increase in GDP of only $5000 can lead to an increase in life expectancy by 1 year. The study also identified critical values (2020) for life expectancy and real GDP per capita. They respectively amounted to 69.20 years (first quartile), 75.50 years (median) and per capita GDP of $5050 and $13300 respectively. In this regard, it turns out that Russia belongs to countries with an average level of development in terms of life expectancy (LE - 72 years or the 158th place in the rating out of 227), in terms of GDP — to highly developed countries (per capita GDP — $26500 or the 70th place in the rating out of227). The example of Russia is a vivid illustration of the fact that the relationship between life expectancy and GDP is statistical and moderate.

CT Scans and Cancer Risks: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis

BackgroundThere is still uncertainty on whether ionizing radiation from CT scans can increase the risks of cancer. This study aimed to identify the association of cumulative ionizing radiation from CT scans with pertaining cancer risks in adults.MethodsFive databases were searched from their inception to November 15, 2020. Observational studies reporting cancer risks from CT scans in adults were included. The main outcome included quantified cancer risks as cancer case numbers in exposed/unexposed adult participants with unified converted measures to odds ratio (OR) for relative risk, hazard ratio. Global background radiation (2.4 mSv per year) was used as control for lifetime attribution risk (LAR), with the same period from incubation after exposure until survival to 100 years.Results25 studies were included with a sum of 111,649,943 participants (mean age: 45.37 years, 83.4% women), comprising 2,049,943 actual participants from 6 studies with an average follow-up period as 30.1 years (range, 5 to 80 years); 109,600,000 participants from 19 studies using LAR. The cancer risks for adults following CT scans were inordinately increased (LAR adults, OR, 10.00 [95% CI, 5.87 to 17.05]; actual adults, OR, 1.17 [95%CI, 0.89 to 1.55]; combined, OR, 5.89 [95%CI, 3.46 to 10.35]). Moreover, cancer risks elevated with increase of radiation dose (OR, 33.31 [95% CI, 21.33 to 52.02]), and multiple CT scan sites (OR, 14.08 [95% CI, 6.60 to 30.05]). The risk of solid malignancy was higher than leukemia. Notably, there were no significant differences for age, gender, country, continent, study quality and studying time phrases.ConclusionsBased on 111.6 million adult participants from 3 continents (Asia, Europe and America), this meta-analysis identifies an inordinately increase in cancer risks from CT scans for adults. Moreover, the cancer risks were positively correlated with radiation dose and CT sites. The meta-analysis highlights the awareness of potential cancer risks of CT scans as well as more reasonable methodology to quantify cancer risks in terms of life expectancy as 100 years for LAR.Prospero trial registration numberCRD42019133487.