Terms Of Latitude Research Articles

Retrieval and analysis of thermospheric mass densities below 200 km altitude based on precise orbit data of the re-entry objects SZ-10 MODULE and TIANGONG 1

Atmospheric mass densities in the lower thermosphere below 200 km have not been adequately determined, but they are crucial for re-entry prediction of space objects. In this paper, based on precise orbit data of the re-entry objects SZ-10 MODULE and TIANGONG 1 (COSPAR identifiers 2013-029H and 2011-053A, respectively; NORAD catalog numbers 39193 and 37820, respectively), the semi-major axis decay numerical method and the improved energy balance method are adopted to retrieve thermospheric mass densities below 200 km altitude, and a total of 7044 and 4698 points of valid densities data with one-minute temporal resolution are obtained, respectively. Then the retrieved densities after preprocessing are compared with the NRLMSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere. It shows that there is an excellent consistency between these two methods with the Pearson correlation coefficients around 1.00, the retrieved densities of which are also in good agreement with the model with the Pearson correlation coefficients above 0.97 (their systematic biases are about 1.1% and 4.5% with standard deviations of about 14% and 20% for these two objects respectively), but the retrieved densities of the semi-major axis decay numerical method have a smaller systematic bias from the model than the results of the improved energy balance method which is computationally more efficient. In addition, the corresponding retrieved densities and their ratios to the model are further analyzed in terms of latitude and local solar time, and the retrieved densities of these two methods are also in good consistency within about 97%. The maximum mean deviations from the model in both dimensions reach about 12%. It reveals the variations of the thermospheric mass densities below 200 km altitude with latitude and local solar time due to solar activity. Additionally, it also indicates that the NRLMSISE-00 model underestimates the thermospheric densities at high solar activity and overestimates the densities at low solar activity, as compared to the retrieved densities that are regarded as true values.

Geo-coding of Voter’s Residential Address: A Panacea to Election Malpractice in Jos South LGA of Plateau State, Nigeria

According to NSGIC’s Geo-Enabled Elections project 2017-2019, transiting from the un-verifiable election method to Geographic Information System (GIS), elections management requires a sound plan, effort, and resolve. The inherent technical capacity of GIS visualization and analytical advantages involves replacing non-spatial ‘voter’s address file’ systems with election district and voter location data in a GIS format. But in practice, it require some additional investment, technology and resolve to answer the most frequently asked question from the electorates ‘If the election management body (INEC) in Nigeria knows the geographic locations of their voters’. This task of-course require a relentless efforts from INEC and building the staff capacities continuously. The file geodatabase of point attribute data set of all voters in the study was exported to ArcMap of ArcGIS into the geo-coder, where parameters were set for both urban and rural at prompt. The result on a spread-sheet format revealed name of each voter, the demographic characteristics, location (in terms of latitude and longitude) and shortest or nearest voting point. This reduces to a great extent multiple voting, reduce apathy and help INEC plan effectively.

Review of Literature on Sources of Remotely Sensed Data for Utilization of Land Resources

In Nigeria aerial photographs and other remotely sensed data can be obtained from Federal Survey Department, this unit acquires and archives aerial photograph of different parts of the country. Oil prospecting companies operating in Nigeria such as Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria Limited, Elf Plc, Chevron and AGIP also acquires and store aerial photos. Satellite imageries (particularly Landsat and SPOT) may be obtained through Regional Centre for Training in Aerospace Surveys (RECTAS), Ile Ife; international Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Ibadan; Federal Department of Water Resources, Kaduna; etc. even if required remotely sensed data is not in stock the imagery of an area on the earth’s surface which is of particular interest to a client, SSC satellitbild can programme the SPOT satellite to record an image of the area in question provided that he (the client) can identify the area in terms of latitude and longitude.

Solar-cycle and Latitude Variations in the Internetwork Magnetism

The importance of the quiet-Sun magnetism is that it is always there to a greater or lesser extent, being a constant provider of energy, independently of the solar cycle phase. The open questions about the quiet-Sun magnetism include those related to its origin. Most people claim that the local dynamo action is the mechanism that causes it. This fact would imply that the quiet-Sun magnetism is nearly the same at any location over the solar surface and at any time. Many works claim that the quiet Sun does not have any variation at all, although a few of them raise doubt on this claim and find mild evidence of a cyclic variation in the the quiet-Sun magnetism. In this work, we detect clear variations in the internetwork magnetism both with latitude and solar cycle. In terms of latitude, we find an increase in the averaged magnetic fields toward the solar poles. We also find long-term variations in the averaged magnetic field at the disk center and solar poles, and both variations are almost anticorrelated. These findings do not support the idea that the local dynamo action is the unique factory of the quiet-Sun magnetism.

FiWi network planning for WiFi enabled gram panchayats of India: A frame work using component placement optimization

Fiber Wireless (FiWi) access network consists of high speed passive optical network (PON) at back end and wireless mesh network at front end. It is emerging as the most prominent access network due to its inherent feature. It may provide fast Internet services at minimum possible cost. Many of the villages of the India are still not connected with high speed network hence the present paper provides FiWi network planning for creating the Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) enabled villages (Gram Panchayats) of India. The main aim of the paper is to deploy the cost effective FiWi network to provide the faster internet services at reasonable prices to the users of the gram panchayat (GP) in India. The area of the GP and the user’s location in particular GP is taken as input for network planning. The proposed planning provides the optimized position of wireless routers and Optical Network Units (ONUs) in terms of latitude and longitude. For optimizing position of wireless router and ONUs, we propose to use customized Slime Mould algorithm (SMA). We considered four gram panchayats of Indore region of India to make them WiFi enabled using FiWi access network. The customized SMA algorithm provides the best possible position and number of wireless routers and ONUs to connect all the users of gram panchayat. Beside, the total fiber length from the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) to all the ONUs and total cost estimation is also given to create the complete network.

Surviellance Robot

Security is always become a basic necessity in remote areas. It is not always possible for the police to patrol all the areas and a watch man to secure the premises all the time. In this scenario having the best security system makes life safer and more comfortable. The system uses GPS and GSM for securing any premises. The robotic vehicle will keep on detecting the sound and if any sound is detected, it moves towards the sound. It then takes pictures of the area using four ESP32 camera modules covering 360-degree view and transmits the images of that area to the preassigned Gmail ID and the location information through GPS is sent as an SMS alert to the effected person pre- defined number in terms of latitude and longitude with the help of GSM. A Buzzer is also interfaced to robot which make alert sound whenever it detects any sound from surroundings. Thus, we put forward a fully autonomous robot that operates tirelessly and patrols large areas on its own to secure the facility. It also acts as a surveillance system which reduces the human work.

Correcting Hargreaves‐Samani formula using geographical coordinates and rainfall over different timescales

AbstractThe United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) approved the Hargreaves‐Samani formula (HAR‐85) as an alternative to the standard Penman‐Monteith method (FAO‐PM) for estimating grass reference evapotranspiration (ETo). With much less data demand, HAR‐85 is unequivocally useful where meteorological variables are often scarce, incomplete or unavailable. Herein, we evaluate HAR‐85 against FAO‐PM across 2.505 million km2, representing Sudan and South Sudan and encompassing wide hydroclimate domains including the Nile River. We further propose simple year‐round and seasonal adjustment models to correcting HAR‐85 across the entire study area. The models express HAR‐85's error in multiple linear regressions in terms of latitude, longitude, altitude and/or monthly rainfall. Varying data periods, including odd, even and all years, are used in the evaluation and the adjustment models development and validation processes to investigate the influence of changing data period. A suit of eight performance indicators shows dependency of the original bias of HAR‐85 on the geographical location, monthly rainfall amount, season of the year and data period. All error indicators amplify southward from the hyper‐arid region to the dry sub‐humid zone. For example, the mean bias error (MBE) ranges from −0.51 to 1.29 mm/day, respectively. Study area‐wide, HAR‐85 least represents FAO‐PM during the hottest month and the transitional month (between the wet and dry‐cool seasons) with MBE of 0.65 and 0.70 mm/day, respectively. Conversely, it represents FAO‐PM the most in the wettest month, with smallest MBE of 0.32 mm/day. Beholding this spatiotemporal trait, the final yearly and seasonal adjustment models developed herein enormously moderate the predominant overestimation of the original HAR‐85. The former model explains 46.7% of the error variance whereas 36.9% to 62.3% of the variation in the error is explainable by the latter models. These adjustment models narrow the monthly MBE among the stations from −0.71‐2.17 to −0.80‐1.20 and −0.65‐0.99 mm/day, respectively. Without undermining the accuracy, the year‐round adjustment model can still be feasibly recommended for general use across the study area.

A multi-parametric perspective of the North Atlantic eddy-driven jet

The North Atlantic eddy-driven jet (EDJ) is an essential component of the Euro-Atlantic atmospheric circulation. It has been typically described in terms of latitude and intensity but this is not enough to fully characterize its variability and complex EDJ configurations. Here, we present a set of daily parameters of the EDJ based on low-tropospheric zonal wind data for the 1948–2020 period. They describe the intensity, sharpness, location, edges, tilt and other zonal asymmetries of the EDJ, therefore dissecting its structure beyond the latitudinal regimes. This allows for assessments of specific EDJ aspects and a multi-parametric treatment of EDJ configurations in a manageable way. Overall, variations in EDJ parameters reflect distinctive patterns of eddy forcing and wave breaking, with anticyclonic eddies playing a major role in shaping the EDJ structure. A multimodal behavior of the EDJ is only detected in latitude, which largely influences the longitudinal position of the EDJ. Other aspects of the EDJ are less constrained by the latitude and display a variety of configurations. Four multi-parametric states (northern, central, tilted and split EDJs) provide a satisfactory description of recurrent patterns of the EDJ. They participate in meridional migrations of the EDJ, but yield less dramatic transitions than viewed from the latitudinal perspective. Finally, the EDJ parameters help to better understand the EDJ influence on European climate. In many regions, latitude and intensity contain limited information on near-surface anomalies, and their signals can be masked by the additional effect of other EDJ parameters.

Modelling of a Large Solar PV Facility: England’s Mallard Solar Farm Case Study

With reference to energy generation, the global society has to urgently address three factors that are now critical: sustainability in terms of climate change, security in terms of the war that is currently raging in Europe with consequences that are being felt around the globe and the steep incline of fossil-fuel based energy costs. Around the world, large-scale solar farms are being constructed with tracking systems to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) modules. This article presents a comparison of energy generation of fixed-slope versus tracking PV modules. The analysis was based on a twenty-year dataset for two locations, namely, Lincoln (England) and Bhavnagar (India), which differ in terms of latitude, sky clarity and ambient temperature. It was demonstrated that a fixed-slope system facing the equator provides a healthy energy receipt that is a high fraction of the energy receipt of a tracking system. Furthermore, analysis was also carried out for a PV facility that will host the largest solar farm in England to conclude that regardless of the solar farm installation location, the use of bifacial PV is beneficial.

Vehicle Tracking System using GPS and GSM Technology

Abstract - The vehicle tracking system is a device installed during a vehicle to enable the owner or a 3rd party to trace the vehicle's location vehicle tracking system that works using GPS and GSM technology, which might be the most costeffective source of auto tracking and it might work as anti- theft system. It is an embedded system which is employed for tracking and positioning of any vehicle. This design will continuously monitor a moving Vehicle and report its status as and when requested. A GSM modem is employed to send the position (Latitude and Longitude) of the vehicle from a foreign place. The GPS modem will continuously give the infoi.e., the latitude and longitude position of the vehicle. Thesame data is shipped to the mobile at the opposite end from where the position of the vehicle is demanded. When the user request is sent to the GSM modem, the system automatically sends a return reply thereto mobile indicating the position of the vehicle in terms of latitude and longitude in real time. Keywords: GPS, GSM, vehicle tracking, sensors

Tracing the Location of Alzheimer\'s Patient Using Location Fingerprinting

Abstract: Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of Dementia in which the person’s memory, behavior, and thinking get affected. This work is majorly focused on helping Alzheimer's patient and the Guardians/Caretakers, who are responsible for the safety of Alzheimer's patients. Trapping the patient inside a care facility or home isn't a solution for them, but at the exact moment, we can’t let them free outside which is way riskier. Therefore, the objective of our work is to design a system that can trace the location of Alzheimer's patient using Location Fingerprinting and intimating the Guardian/caretaker about their location through a Mobile Application. Among all the available approaches in Location Fingerprinting, we are making use of Bluetooth Based Positioning for location tracing within the Apartment or Care facility premises. By using RSSI and Trilateration based techniques in Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) positioning, we can trace the location and map it into a Map in our Mobile application in terms of Latitude and Longitude. Keywords: Location Fingerprinting, Bluetooth low energy, Trilateration, Alzheimer's, Mobile Application

VEHICLE THEFT DETECTION AND SECURE SYSTEM USING ARDUINO

Today vehicles form an important asset to us, without which our life would be incomplete. But, when it comes to the security of our vehicles, we are very helpless. It is of a great concern, especially in metropolitan cities, where these incidents occur each and every day. So, in this paper, we have focussed on the security of vehicles. The Aim of this work is to authenticate and inform the details of the vehicle to the owner through SMS when it is to be used by any other person. If the owner is aware of that person he can give access through a return reply- motor on otherwise he can deny by replying –motor off. This is possible using GSM and fingerprint sensor. In case if the vehicle is theft by any chance, we can detect the vehicle using RFID reader where RFID reader is placed in the device. On the other hand the owner can also trace the location of the vehicle where he gets the information in terms of latitude and longitude using GPS. All these operations are controlled using ATMEGA328 micro controller. Keywords: Arduino, GSM, GPS, RFID, Fingerprint Sensor, Node mcu.

IoT Based Shrewd Monitoring Framework for Children Safety

In the system, we have developed a smart watch that can be used to locate missing or lost children and also track the child movements outside from the home as well as for facilitating women safety. Here the user itself can create his own circle in a mobile app with some radius of distance according to their comfort. When the person is out of the location, which means out of the radius, immediately the message has been sent to the emergency contacts which are already selected before by the user in the mobile app. This process can be controlled by the end user. If the user hurts in any case, it will send the alert messages to the pre-elite contacts. GPS (Global Positioning System) is employed to urge the position of a widget in terms of latitude and meridian. Latitude and meridian values are extracted from NMEA sentences. In our system, GPS helps to send the latitude and meridian values to the list of contacts elite by the user, once the user is not within the range of the circle. This can also be used for children as well, but when it comes to children, the complete process will be done by their parents. The app will be under parental control and they create the radius of their children to know his presence or location. This device gives the solution for knowing their location faster and facilitates to take the necessary action immediately.

Solar collector tilt angle optimization for solar power plant setup-able sites at Western Himalaya and correlation formulation

Tilt angle optimization of the solar collector is essential to achieve maximum power output. In this study, the performance analysis of monthly and yearly optimum tilt angles has been carried out for solar power plant setup-able sites in the Western Himalayan region of India. A mathematic model has been used for optimum tilt angle assessment. Annual average performance enhancement for monthly optimum tilt angles is 10–11%, 5–7% and 4–6% from horizontal, tilted at the latitude and tilted at an optimum tilt angle, respectively. Validation of the results has been carried out by mounting a polycrystalline PV panel at one of the suggested plant setup-able sites (ϕ30° 51′ 1.656′′, L 77° 3′ 41.508′′). The percentage variations found in experimental results are 8.85, 9.13 and 14.09 from horizontal, tilted at the latitude and tilted at yearly optimum tilt angle PV panel, respectively. To generalize the obtained result, correlations in terms of latitude and declination angle have also been formulated for yearly and monthly optimum tilt angles, respectively. The preciseness of the developed correlations has been validated by statistical tools. The results from this study have also been compared with the results of some previous studies, and good agreement has been obtained.

Wave spectral density in paradip port utilizing the partial reflecting boundary

The Paradip port, India is a natural deep-water port, located in the Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha, on the East Coast, in terms of latitude and longitude its location is 20°-15′-55.44′’ N and 20°-40′-27.34′’ has experienced an extreme wave oscillations 3.0 to 5.0 m during its extreme weather conditions. In this study, numerical investigations are carried out to examine the frequency distribution of standing waves across the oceanic surface in Paradip port at four synthetic record stations in the presence of the partially reflecting harbor wall. The numerical scheme's accuracy is determined through the simulation results and by comparing with the measurement data at Pohang New Harbor (PNH), South Korea. At four synthetic record stations, the wave analysis with a different reflecting coefficient of harbor wall through spectral density is determined when the normal incident wave propagates towards the Paradip port corresponding to the wave period. The distribution of wave energy through resonance frequencies is estimated in the Paradip port to identify the safe locations for cargo handling.

A Tomographic Method for the Reconstruction of the Plasmasphere Based on COSMIC/ FORMOSAT-3 Data

A tomographic method has been developed for reconstructing the topside ionospheric and plasmaspheric electron density distribution using total electron content (TEC) measurements from global positioning system (GPS) receivers aboard the constellation observing system for meteorology, ionosphere, and climate&#x002F;Formosa Satellite Mission 3 (COSMIC&#x002F;FORMOSAT-3). Since the COSMIC&#x002F;FORMOSAT-3 constellation has an orbit altitude of about 800 km, the integral TEC measurements obtained from the topside GPS navigation data are rather small and imposed relevant challenges to obtaining stable electron density reconstructions. However, the developed method can represent the natural variability of the plasma ambient in terms of latitude, altitude, solar activity, season, and local time when analyzing electron density reconstructions during 2008&#x2013;2013. The method employs independent spatial grids for satellite rising and setting geometries and imposes a set of constraints to stabilize the solution in the presence of noise and ill-conditioned geometry. We further consider background ionosphere and plasmasphere models for electron density initialization and filling data gaps. The quality assessment using TEC and <i>in-situ</i> electron density measurements has shown that the proposed method performs better than the background model, with improvements of about 26&#x0025; in TEC and 20&#x0025; in terms of electron density. Our investigation also reveals the necessity of more accurate background electron density representations and precise TEC measurements in order to have better plasmaspheric specifications at high altitudes.

Semantic VPS for Smartphone Localization in Challenging Urban Environments.

Accurate smartphone-based outdoor localization systems in deep urban canyons are increasingly needed for various IoT applications. As smart cities have developed, building information modeling (BIM) has become widely available. This article, for the first time, presents a semantic Visual Positioning System (VPS) for accurate and robust position estimation in urban canyons where the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) tends to fail. In the offline stage, a material segmented BIM is used to generate segmented images. In the online stage, an image is taken with a smartphone camera that provides textual information about the surrounding environment. The approach utilizes computer vision algorithms to segment between the different types of material class identified in the smartphone image. A semantic VPS method is then used to match the segmented generated images with the segmented smartphone image. Each generated image contains position information in terms of latitude, longitude, altitude, yaw, pitch, and roll. The candidate with the maximum likelihood is regarded as the precise position of the user. The positioning result achieved an accuracy of 2.0 m among high-rise buildings on a street, 5.5 m in a dense foliage environment, and 15.7 m in an alleyway. This represents an improvement in positioning of 45% compared to the current state-of-the-art method. The estimation of yaw achieved accuracy of 2.3°, an eight-fold improvement compared to the smartphone IMU.

Locating potential sources of capacity and vulnerability in geographically remote areas: Reflections based on three case studies

The relationship between geographical and social forms of remoteness and the concepts of vulnerability and capacity remains unclear. Recognising that capacities and vulnerabilities tend to co-exist in a population, the article assumes that the dynamics between these concepts are situational. In this article we draw on three cases to analyse the issue. An Arctic case study provides insight on remoteness in terms of latitude, followed by an Andean case study reflecting on the role of altitude, and lastly an Island community case study provides a perspective on external isolation (recognising that island communities are also typically connected). From these cases we glean a number of preliminary insights for further investigation. One is that remote communities tend to avoid dependence on external actors when possible. Second, power dynamics between remote communities and centralised actors can make disaster management difficult if local capacities are overrun but trust is not present. Third, remoteness mainly becomes a direct source of vulnerability if remoteness translates into neglect, rendering places ‘peripheral’. Generalisable insights suggest that relationships take time to build and cannot be easily established after the fact. The cases hence suggest that remote areas typically have a strained relationship with centralised authorities which fosters local coping strategies but also a fear of external dependence, which may ultimately prove problematic in times of adversity.

THE INTRODUCTION AND MAINTENANCE TRENDS OF STREET TREES IN JAPAN

Street trees are one of the important components of green infrastructure in urban area. This study surveyed the relationship between introduction trends of street trees in Japan and factors such as latitude and climatic conditions. The results showed that Japanese street trees tended to be mainly broad-leaved rather than coniferous, and many of these were native species. In addition, we found that street trees not only fulfill the roles of disaster prevention and disaster reduction, but also contribute to citizen welfare and recreation because a relatively large number were flowering trees (generally planted to enjoy flowers). Also, it was suggested that Cerasus sp. are the street trees that represent Japan, because could be confirmed in all 47 prefectures. Meanwhile, Japan is categorized into four groups with characteristic street trees introduced under the influence of the latitude and temperature in each group. Particularly, while the introduction of street trees is conducted by the individual municipalities (prefectures, cities, towns, villages, and areas), similarities in the response in terms of latitude and temperature regarding the street trees in Japan are being observed beyond the administrative borders. Incidentally, weeds which invade at the base of street trees were managed by periodic weeding, instead of any special treatment, is the most common weed management strategy in Japan. In addition, installation of shrubs, artificial inorganic cover such as concrete, and equipment, etc. has also been observed and may lead to a reduction in the weeding previously mentioned.

Habitat change has greater effects than climate change on butterfly occurrence in South Korea

We examined the influence of climate and habitat changes on the occurrence of butterflies in South Korea, using data recorded in two different periods: (i) past (1938–1950) and (ii) present (1996–2011). Butterfly species were classified according to their distribution types (northern, southern, and miscellaneous) to examine the effect of climate change. They were also classified according to three different habitat types (forest interior, forest edge, and grassland) to examine the effect of habitat change. Three types of food niche (monophagous, oligophagous, and polyphagous) were identified. A community temperature index (CTI), based on the species temperature index of each species, was calculated for past and present butterfly communities to estimate range shifts of butterflies at the community level. At the species level, range shifts of butterflies were calculated as a shift of the mid-zone of the distribution range in terms of latitude and temperature. The results showed that a change in the occurrence of butterflies was not significantly different among the three distribution types. The CTIs were not different between past and present communities, and the mid-zones of distribution range in latitude and temperature did not change. These results indicate that the occurrence change of butterflies was not significantly influenced by climate change but was instead influenced by habitat change from bare-ground or grassland to forests over 60 years. There was an increase in forest species and a decrease in grassland species, reflecting the effects of large-scale reforestation in South Korea over the last few decades. The reforestation has resulted in an increase in monophagous (oak-feeding) butterflies. Our results show that habitat change played a key role in the occurrence of Korean butterflies and may be confounding any possible influence of climate change.