Terms Of Frequency Distribution Research Articles

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Breast Self-examination among Adolescent Girls in Selected College, Guwahati, Assam

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in Indian women second only to cancer cervix. It is the most frequent cancer among women, impacting 2.1 million women each year. It is a group of diseases in which the cells in breast tissue changes and divide uncontrolled, typically resulting in a lump or mass. Breast self-examination is an important screening measure for detecting breast cancer. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study is to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on breast self-examination among adolescent girls in selected College, Guwahati, Assam. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test design was adopted for the study. In this study, 60 adolescent girls of 11th standard Arts Stream, Handique Girls’ College were selected by using simple random sampling technique. The tools used for the study were demographic variables, knowledge questionnaire on breast self-examination. The analysis was done by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency distribution, percentage, mean, standard deviation, paired ‘t’ test and chi square. RESULTS: The findings of the study revealed that the post-test knowledge score (18.36) was significantly higher than the pre-test mean knowledge score(10.65) as evidenced by t=16.31 (p<0.001) and tabulated value of t59 was 2.00 at 0.001 level of significance, which represents the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on breast self-examination. It also revealed that there was significant association between pre-test knowledge score and selected demographic variables of educational level of father and educational level of mother. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that the structured teaching program was effective in enhancing the knowledge of adolescent girls on breast self-examination.

‘Solve the crossword’: an analysis of task design in EFL materials from a vocabulary perspective

ABSTRACT Learning vocabulary is a central and time-consuming endeavour for a language learner and it has thus been suggested that the foreign language classroom has to supply explicit support for students’ vocabulary development. A major source of explicit word focus is vocabulary exercises in teaching materials and students’ learning can be facilitated if they are designed in a way that is conducive to learning. Few studies have so far sought to establish what learning opportunities tasks in materials provide. The present study reports an analysis of the vocabulary exercises in three series of Swedish intermediate EFL materials, focusing on target vocabulary and learning conditions. The target vocabulary was analysed in terms of frequency distribution in general English and the learning conditions provided were studied using a modified version of the Involvement Load Hypothesis. The results indicate that learning is facilitated through extensive retrieval opportunities in the material. However, it was also found that the exercises seldom require students to use the target vocabulary and that it comprises primarily high-frequency words, that is, words that the learners are likely to already know. It is therefore concluded that a more systematic approach to vocabulary has to be adopted by materials developers to ensure that word-focused tasks contribute significantly to students’ learning.

Clinicopathological Evaluation of Patients with Hormone Receptor–Positive HER2-Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer Progressing on Endocrine Treatment: A Real-World Retrospective Study from a Regional Cancer Center

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is an incurable disease with the primary aim of treatment being the improvement of the patient's quality of life and the delay of disease progression. A substantial proportion of patients with hormone receptor (HR)-positive MBC eventually experience progression despite endocrine treatment. As endocrine resistance remains a significant challenge, we aim to comprehend the intricate relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and the utility of various parameters as predictive markers for hormonal treatment response. This study, conducted at a single center, is ambispective in nature and includes hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor 2–negative MBC patients who progressed while on endocrine treatment, selected through purposeful sampling. Nominal data were analyzed in terms of frequency distribution, and continuous variables were represented as median/mean ± standard deviation. Spearman's correlation test and chi-square test were employed to examine variable dependencies. Data comparisons were performed using the independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, or Mann–Whitney's test. The majority of our study participants (n = 44, 64.70%) presented with de novo metastasis, while the remainder (n = 24, 35.29%) were patients who progressed from early-stage breast cancer to metastasis. The overall mean age of our study population at presentation was 47 ± 11 years. Patients with upfront stage 4 tumors presented at an older age, exhibited grade 2 tumors, had a higher frequency of bone-only metastasis, and experienced longer progression-free survival (PFS) compared to patients who progressed from the early stage to metastasis. Multiple visceral involvements had a significant negative impact on PFS in contrast to cases with single visceral or bone-only involvement. No significant associations with PFS were observed for the Ki-67 index, first-line chemotherapy, or endocrine therapy. The extent of metastasis to various organs emerged as the most influential factor in determining PFS. Consequently, we propose the necessity for larger prospective studies aimed at identifying superior or additional biomarkers.

Research on the Response Characteristics and Identification of Infrasound Signals in the Jialongcuo Ice Avalanche, Tibet

Due to the inability of remote sensing satellites to monitor avalanches in real time, this study focuses on the glaciers in the rear edge of Jialongcuo, Tibet, and uses infrasound sensors to conduct real-time monitoring of ice avalanches. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) In terms of waveform, compared to background noise, ice avalanche events have a slight left deviation and a slightly steep shape; compared to wind, rain, and floods events, ice avalanche events have less obvious kurtosis and skewness. (2) In terms of frequency distribution, the infrasound frequency generated by ice avalanche events is mainly distributed in the range of 1.5 Hz to 9.5 Hz; compared to other events, ice avalanche events differ some in frequency characteristics. (3) The model based on information entropy and marginal spectral frequency distribution characteristics of infrasound have higher accuracy in signal classification and recognition, as they can better represent the differences between infrasound signals of different events than other features. (4) Compared with the K-nearest neighbor algorithm and classification tree algorithm, the support vector machine and BP (Back Propagation) neural network algorithm are more suitable for identifying infrasound signals in the Jialongcuo ice avalanche. The research results can provide theoretical support for the application of infrasound-based ice avalanche monitoring technology.

Estimating daily precipitation climatology by postprocessing high‐resolution reanalysis data

AbstractSpatial information of climatological frequency distribution of daily precipitation is highly valuable for a wide range of applications. Accurate estimation of climatology can be made for gauged locations where quality and lengthy observations are available. For ungauged or poorly gauged locations, however, indirect estimation is needed. One approach is to use a gridded daily precipitation dataset derived from interpolating observations. However, gridded daily precipitation data can be subject to large errors when gauge density is low. In addition, most interpolation methods tend to smooth the extreme values and increase the low ones, leading to unrealistic statistical properties and therefore poor estimation of daily climatology. Another approach is to first derive climatology at gauged locations and then interpolate climatology to ungauged locations. While this approach is likely to be more robust than the first approach, low gauge density can still cause significant errors especially in areas of complex terrain. In this study, we develop a method that postprocesses spatially consistent and rich reanalysis data using accurate observations at gauged locations. At an ungauged location, daily precipitation amounts from the reanalysis are bias‐corrected using quantile‐mapping guided by frequency distributions of reanalysis data and observations at a nearby gauged location (reference location). The bias‐corrected precipitation amounts are then used to estimate the climatology for the ungauged location. This method eliminates the need for interpolation and therefore its adverse effects. Special care is taken in quantile‐mapping when extrapolating beyond the range of reanalysis data at the reference location. We evaluate the method at 50 locations in Australia, using the Bureau of Meteorology Atmospheric high‐resolution Regional Reanalysis for Australia (BARRA) and precipitation observation network across Australia. These locations are chosen to represent different climate regions in Australia and have observations to validate the postprocessed reanalysis climatology of daily precipitation. Results show that the postprocessed climatology is consistent with observations, in terms of frequency distribution, high quantiles, probabilities of wet and dry days and their transitions.

A Pilot Study on Psychological and Social Impact of Epilepsy on Quality of Life of Adolescents

Background of the Study: The impact of epilepsy on the quality of a teenager's life cannot be overestimated. Epilepsy affects a teenager's peer interactions, social life, education, career decisions, driving ability and much more. Communication with the teenager in regards to the effects of epilepsy may have on these issues is vital. While treating the seizures and all of the ramifications of the diagnosis is challenging, most teenagers can achieve the main goals of therapy - freedom from seizures and a high quality of life. Aims: The aim of the study was to assess psychological and social impacts of epilepsy on quality of life of adolescents. Objectives To assess the self-esteem level of adolescents with epilepsy To assess the depression level of adolescents with epilepsy To assess the social avoidance and distress level of adolescents with epilepsy To determine the quality of life of adolescents with epilepsy To determine the correlation between quality of life with self-esteem level, depression level and social avoidance and distress level To explore the association between self-esteem level, depression level, social avoidance and distress level with selected demographic level Methodology: This was pre experimental descriptive study design. The population involved in this study was 30 adolescents with epilepsy who is attending neurology OPD at selected hospitals and purposive sampling technique was used for the study. Data was collected using quality of life scale (QOLIE-48), Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, Birleson Depression scale, and David Watson and Ronald Friend Social avoidance and distress scale. Tools were administered to 30 adolescents with epilepsy who fulfilled the sample criteria. For 45-60 minutes. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency distribution, percentage, mean, mean percentage, Standard Deviation, and Karl Pearson correlation was used to correlate quality of life with depression, self esteem and social avoidance and distress. Results: the outcomes of Karl Pearson correlation between the quality of life, self esteem, depression and social avoidance and distress of adolescents with epilepsy shows that the correlation between quality of life with self- esteem (r=0.489, p<0.05), depression (r= -0.395, p<0.05) and social avoidance and distress (r= -0.393, p<0.05) were significant, Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected and research hypothesis was accepted. It evidenced there was significant linear correlation between quality of life, self-esteem, depression, social avoidance and distress. Conclusion: The pilot study revealed that there was significant correlation between quality of life and self-esteem, depression and social avoidance and distress among adolescents with epilepsy further; it will be examined in main study with large sample. It also revealed that the tools for self –esteem, depression, social avoidance and quality of life are reliable and the study is feasible and practicable Keywords: Epilepsy, depression, Distress, social avoidance, Self esteem, Quality of Life, JPMR Effectiveness, Interventional Package, clinical variables and Socio-demographic variables.

Effectiveness of Social Skill Training Programme on Social Anxiety and Self-Esteem among Adolescents

Background: Social skill training is one of the most effective management for the client with social anxiety and self-esteem. Hence the investigator felt the need to evaluate the effectiveness of social skill training programme on social anxiety and self-esteem. Aim: to assess the effectiveness of social skill training program on social anxiety and self-esteem among adolescents studying in selected high schools of Bagalkot.” Methodology: True experimental study with pre test- post test control group design with 100 subjects selected through simple random sampling technique and assigned 50 adolescents to experimental group and 50 adolescents to control group by using computer generated random numbers. Data was collected using Kutcher Generalized Social Anxiety Disorder scale to assess the social anxiety and Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale to assess the self-esteem among adolescents. Social skill training program was administered for 45mins to 1 hour for 6 consecutive days for experimental group. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency distribution, percentage, mean, mean percentage, Standard Deviation, paired‘t’ test, Unpaired ‘t’ test and Chi-square test. Findings: Findings related to significance of difference between post test social anxiety and self-esteem scores of experimental group and control group subjects revealed that, a statistically significant difference was found between post test social anxiety scores of experimental group and control group subjects [t=7.23), p<0.05].Similarly there was a statistically significant difference found between post-test self-esteem scores of experimental group and control group subjects [t=6.71, p<0.05]. Conclusion: The study proved that Social skill training programme on social anxiety and self-esteem among adolescents was effective, scientific, logical and cost effective strategy. Keywords: Adolescents, Social anxiety, Self-esteem, Effectiveness, Social skill training programme and Socio-demographic variables.

Effectiveness of Interventional Package on Diabetes Distress and Quality of Life among Diabetic Patients

Background of the Study: Diabetes Distress and poor quality of life are commonly seen problems among Diabetic Patients, which usually impede in proper management of diabetes and also can create serious mental issues if not treated properly. Aims: the aim of the study was to assess effectiveness of interventional package on diabetes distress and quality of life among diabetic patients Methodology: This was pre experimental study with one group protest post-test design. The population involved in this study was diabetes patients visiting diabetic club of HSK Hospital and research centre, Bagalkot and 50 subjects were selected using simple random sampling technique for the study. Data was collected using Diabetes Distress Scale and WHO Bref’s Quality of Life scale. Intervention package [Psycho Education & JPMR] was administered for 1 hour for 14 days (4 sessions biweekly). Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency distribution, percentage, mean, mean percentage, Standard Deviation, paired‘t’ test and Chi-square test. Results: Findings related to Comparison of pre-test and post-test Diabetes Distress and Quality of Life scores of Diabetic Patients shows that, Mean post-test Diabetes Distress score is significantly lesser than mean protest Diabetes Distress score [t=12.373, p< 0.001] and Mean post-test Quality of Life score is significantly greater than mean pre-test Quality of Life score.[ t=9.802, p< 0.001]Significant association found between clinical variable, “Status of diabetes” with both Diabetes Distress scores and Quality of Life scores of Diabetic Patients and there was no association found for other socio demographic and clinical variables. Conclusion: The study proved that Interventional package [Psycho education & JPMR] on Diabetes Distress scores and Quality of Life among Diabetic Patients was effective, scientific, logical and cost-effective strategy in managing the Diabetes Distress and in enhancing Quality of Life scores of Diabetic Patients. Keywords: Diabetic Patients, Diabetes Distress, Quality of Life, JPMR Effectiveness, Interventional Package, clinical variables and Socio-demographic variables.

Libya, the media and the language of violence: A Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis

The Arab revolution euphoria of 2011 was covered around the clock by different media sites, engaging millions of followers around the world, and eventually turning into discontent in some affected countries. This study examines the outcomes of the Libyan uprising (2011–2015), specifically the topics of civil-war and terrorism, through the lenses of the Arab written media in Arabic (Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya), the Arab written media in English (Al Jazeera and Al Arabiya), and the Western written media in English (BBC and CNN). Through Corpus-Assisted Discourse Analysis (CADS), integrating discursive news values analysis (DNVA), this study highlights the ideological representations of these media, and examines their similarities and differences in terms of frequency distribution and story content. The findings indicate that the media coverage of the outcomes of the Libyan Revolution, when reporting on the topics of war and terrorism, follow similar directions in the story content and the frequency distribution, with some differences in the latter between the analysed media sites. Also, the collocations, concordances, and DNVA results, especially NEGATIVITY, IMPACT and ELITENESS, prove the emphasis of the media on violent language, making terrorism appear the norm, and thus manipulating the audience and affecting their understanding of the news.

Presence of native trees in rural tribal homegardens doesn’t necessarily mean conservation: A case study from Mishmi belt of Arunachal Pradesh, India

Increasing human population and various developmental activities in the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh, which lies in one of the most bio-diverse regions of the world, has caused large-scale deforestation, pushing a large number of native tree species to the serious verge of elimination from their native forest. In such tribal-dominated landscapes around the world, myriads of studies have emphasized the potential of homegardens as a site for local biodiversity conservation as they are known to have a huge Indigenous Knowledge System (IKS) on the use of diverse native floras. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to investigate if the native communities of the Mishmi tribe conserved native indigenous tree species in their homegardens and if they are grown then what is the future of these tree species? It was hypothesized that harbouring greater indigenous knowledge implies greater domestication of tree species in their homegardens. Altogether, 103 species of trees were recorded from 243 homegardens in the present study. Although the native species constituted more than half of the species diversity, they, however, greatly lagged in all other aspects of the study such as population share, frequency distribution and regeneration potential. Native tree species constituted just 37% of the total tree population. Only two species, Bauhinia variegata L. and Alnus nepalensis D. Don, made up the major bulk of the native population. In terms of frequency distribution, only a handful of native species maintained a decent presence in the homegardens. Most of the native species grew naturally in unmanaged homegardens. The regeneration potential of all native species was very poor, including B. variegata. The study demonstrates that out of the 76 native species recorded from the region, only 7 species can rightfully be regarded as being domesticated by virtue of IKS of the Mishmi community. Our study concludes that the native species do exist in large number in homegardens of the rural tribal areas, but most of the native wild species exist in the rural homegardens not because they are planted/preferred but because they just happen to randomly grow there since most of the homegardens of tribal household are unmanaged or poorly managed, thereby giving way to wild species to germinate, at least until the owner decides to weed them out.

981. An Investigation into Possible Nosocomial Clusters and On-Treatment Resistance Patterns in Candidemia

BackgroundCandidemia has significant clinical implications, due to high rates of mortality and increasing resistance to antifungal drugs. Candida auris shows person-to-person transmission and survival on fomites. We aimed to determine if similar hospital transmission of Candida species, other than C. auris, is occurring. We analyzed candidemia infections for species, geographical, and temporal clusters, and clonality. We also aimed to study resistance patterns in individual patients on antifungal treatment. Here we present our current data from December 2019 – March 2021. MethodsPatients with candidemia were identified with the help of the clinical microbiology lab serving an urban health system. Isolates were stored prospectively as glycerol stocks at -80 C. Data were collected by retrospective chart review and described in terms of frequency distributions and percentages. Patient locations within the hospital setting were traced by Infection Prevention. A cluster was defined as the same species being isolated from ≥ 2 patients in the same unit within a 90-day period. Genomic DNA was isolated and whole genome sequencing was performed. Genomic data were visualized using the Yeast Mapping Analysis Pipeline. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was determined using broth microdilution. Results105 patients were identified from six hospitals (Table 1). Seven clusters of candidemia were identified (Table 2). Genome sequencing supported that all isolates from an individual patient were genetically related. No clonality was observed for isolates from different patients, including those representing two of the seven clusters (Figure 1). Loss of heterozygosity was detected in isolates collected 15 minutes apart in the same patient, indicating distinct populations. MICs remained the same at 0.5 ug/ml over 6 days in Patients l and m (Table 1). For Patient n, MICs remained at 0.5-1 ug/ml Day 1-8, but increased to 4 ug/ml on Day 9. No copy number variation was observed in these isolates. Table 1. Species and resistance patterns of candidemia Table 2. Clusters of candidemia Figure 1. Yeast Mapping Analysis Pipeline for Clusters 3 and 4 – Candida albicans ConclusionWe have not found evidence of hospital transmission of candida isolates in our investigations to date. We plan to evaluate clonality in the remaining 5 clusters. Future single nucleotide polymorphism analysis will determine if acquisition of point mutations is causing the increased MIC in Patient n.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera Powder on Level of Pain and the Level of Activity among Clients with Osteoarthritis in Selected Community Area at Vellore District

India is facing a grave public health; with the prevalence of Osteoarthritis is being greater than 40%. An experimental study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Moringa Oleifera powder on level of pain and the level of activity among Osteoarthritis clients. Quantitative evaluative approach was used for this study and the researcher adopted a Quasi- experimental research design. The sample size of the study was 60 Osteoarthritis clients in selected community area at Vellore, in which 30 were in experimental group and 30 were in control group. According to samples convenient and availability, convenient sampling technique was used to select the samples. The researcher adopted Imogene king’s goal attainment theory as a conceptual framework. Eight different hypothesis were tested in this study. The Structured interview schedule was used to collect the demographic and clinical variables. KOOS scale was used to assess the level of pain and the level of activity. Experimental group received intervention of Moringa Oleifera powder for 21 days and control group advised to follow daily routine and no intervention was given. For both the groups, on 22nd day the researcher was conducted posttest by using same tool. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics in terms of frequency distribution, chi-square test. The study revealed that the mean posttest pain and activity score in experimental group was 20&17.37 respectively whereas in the control group, the mean posttest pain and activity score was 26.87&27.17. The mean difference was 6.07 &9.73. The obtained independent “t” value was 6.97 & 8.57 respectively, which is more than the table value (P<0.001) was highly significance. There is significant Association between levels of pain among Osteoarthritis clients Selected Demographic variable marital status in control group. No other demographic variables were shown any association with level of pain. The Frequency and percentage distribution

1163. Epidemiology of Candidemia: Can Candida Spread from Patient to Patient in the Hospital?

BackgroundCandidemia has become an increasingly important infection in recent years. Antifungal drug resistance in non-albicans species of Candida is increasingly common. Recent global emergence of Candida auris is a concern, owing to person-to-person transmission and survival on fomites. Our study aimed to determine if hospital transmission of diverse Candida species is occurring similar to what is seen in Candida auris. We analyzed all candidemia infections for signatures of transmission, including species, geographical, and temporal clusters. Here we present our preliminary data from December 2019 - May 2020.MethodsThis is a prospective and retrospective analytical observational study. Patients with candidemia were identified with the help of the Clinical Microbiology Lab at a University Medical Center. Data was collected on all identified patients by retrospective chart review. Data was described in terms of frequency distributions and percentages, and analyzed using SPSS. Isolates have been stored prospectively as glycerol stocks at -80 C for ongoing analyses.Results37 patients were identified (Tables 1 and 2). Clusters of candidemia were seen in the months of January (C. parapsilosis, 3 patients), February (C.glabrata, 3 patients), March (C.albicans, 5 patients) and April (C.glabrata, 3 patients). 33/37 (89%) had a central line prior. Lines were removed in 73% (24/33) of these patients, the remaining patients were deceased before lines could be removed. Pancreatic pathology was seen in 15/37 (40.5%) patients (Table 3). 25/37 (67.5%) had an Ophthalmology consult.Table 1. Patient demographics Table 2. Epidemiology of candidemia Table 3. Pancreatic pathology in candidemia ConclusionIt is possible that the clusters identified shared equipment or other environmental factors that caused nosocomial transmission. We plan to use Whole Genome Sequencing to determine clonality among these isolates. The association of candidemia with pancreatic pathology was curious. It is to be evaluated whether this was simply a confounder or an actual risk factor that perhaps warrants consideration of prophylaxis. Rates of Ophthalmology consults to evaluate for endophthalmitis need to be improved in our setting. We hope that this study would prove valuable for infection control efforts and help us be better prepared to tackle emerging pathogens of this genus.Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

The Diachronic Evolution of the Complementation Profile of REMEMBER from Late Modern to Present-day British English

The emergence of gerund-participial complement clauses (CCs) is considered to be one of the major developments of the Great Complement Shift (Rohdenburg 1996: 2006) and has contributed to the alleged long-term trend for the growth of non-finite CCs in the English language (Denison 1999: 256). The verb remember saw its complementation profile altered by the introduction of gerundparticipial CCs, which entered into free competition with finite declarative CCs when the meaning of the verb is ‘recall’. This envelope of variation is studied here in terms of frequency distribution and the language-internal factors that influence the choice in Present-day British English (BrE). Results are compared to Cuyckens et al. (2014) findings for the Late Modern English period. The data show that the distribution of finite and non-finite CCs stabilised in the last century: the trend in English towards growth in the proportion of nonfinite CCs is not observed in this study. As for factors conditioning CC variation, non-structural factors (e.g. CC meaning) are key variables disfavouring non-finite CCs in Present-day BrE, while structural factors appear not to influence the choice today, unlike in Late Modern English, where both structural and non-structural factors conditioned the variation observed (Cuyckens et al. 2014).

N1 of N2 constructions in academic written discourse: A pattern grammar analysis

This paper presents a corpus-based, pattern grammar-driven analysis of N1 of N2 constructions in academic written discourse. Different from other approaches to phraseology, the pattern grammar approach focuses on schematic grammatical patterns with a high degree of lexical variation rather than continuous word sequences or word sequences with a single open lexical slot. Using a corpus of research article introductions in applied linguistics annotated for rhetorical moves and steps, we identified instances of the N1 of N2 pattern and analyzed these instances in terms of frequency distribution, general discourse functions, and the rhetorical functions with which they were strongly associated. The analysis provides a comprehensive functional description of the N1 of N2 pattern in the context of disciplinary academic writing. Our findings have methodological implications for phraseology analysis and the development of pedagogically useful constructicons of academic English.

Climatology of Cloud Vertical Structures from Long-Term High-Resolution Radiosonde Measurements in Beijing

Clouds are significant in the global radiation budget, atmospheric circulation, and hydrological cycle. However, knowledge regarding the observed climatology of the cloud vertical structure (CVS) over Beijing is still poor. Based on high-resolution radiosonde observations at Beijing Nanjiao Weather Observatory (BNWO) during the period 2010–2017, the method for identifying CVS depending on height-resolved relative humidity thresholds is improved, and CVS estimation by radiosonde is compared with observations by millimeter-wave cloud radar and ceilometer at the same site. Good consistency is shown between the three instruments. Then, the CVS climatology, including the frequency distribution and seasonal variation, is investigated. Overall, the occurrence frequency (OF) of cloudy cases in Beijing is slightly higher than that of clear-sky cases, and the cloud OF is highest in summer and lowest in winter. Single-layer clouds and middle-level clouds are dominant in Beijing. In addition, the average cloud top height (CTH), cloud base height (CBH), and cloud thickness in Beijing are 6.2 km, 4.0 km, and 2.2 km, respectively, and show the trend of reaching peaks in spring and minimums in winter. In terms of frequency distribution, the CTH basically resides below an altitude of 16 km, and approximately 43% of the CBHs are located at altitudes of 0.5–1.5 km. The cloud OF has only one peak located at altitudes of 4–8 km in spring, whereas it shows a trimodal distribution in other seasons. The height at which the cloud OF reaches its peak is highest in summer and lowest in winter. To the best of our knowledge, the cloud properties analyzed here are the first to elucidate the distribution and temporal variation of the CVS in Beijing from a long-term sounding perspective, and these results will provide a scientific observation basis for improving the atmospheric circulation model, as well as comparisons and verifications for measurements by ground-based remote sensing equipment.

Knowledge on Post Exposure Prophylaxis of HIV among Nurses in a Hospital of Pokhara

Health care providers are at risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection from occupational exposure, with nurses being the most vulnerable. Post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) of HIV is the only way to reduce risk of HIV after potential exposure. A study was conducted on Nurses Knowledge on PEP of HIV at Gandaki Medical College (GMC), Pokhara to find out the knowledge on PEP of HIV among nurses. Descriptive cross sectional research design was used for the study. Probability stratified systematic random sampling technique was used for sampling and self administered questionnaires was used for data collection with sample size of 90 nurses working in GMC. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 software programme and presented in terms of frequency distribution, percentage, mean and standard deviation. For inferential statistics, chi square test was used at 5% level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that mean age of the respondents was 24.57 with standard deviation 3.43. Out of 90 respondents majority (83.3%) of the respondents were PCL passed and 47.8% of the respondents had adequate knowledge regarding PEP of HIV. The study found no significant association between demographic variables and knowledge level. It can be concluded that the nurses need to improve their level of knowledge on PEP of HIV by participating in different training programs. Health institution should also conduct continue nursing education programme to improve and update knowledge among the employees.

Methane Ebullition From Subtropical Peat: Testing an Ebullition Model Reveals the Importance of Pore Structure

AbstractThe role of subtropical peatlands as a source for methane gas is not well understood, partly due to uncertainties surrounding environmental controls on gas ebullition patterns. Past studies have pointed to an array of environmental factors controlling ebullition, although we have found that ebullition patterns can be replicated by a model considering only physical parameters of the peat matrix. Here we tested a computer model for gas ebullition and storage against a natural system for the first time, using a suite of field measurements in the Florida Everglades. Modeled ebullition showed patterns similar to those observed in the field in terms of frequency distribution and magnitude, specifically from areas of higher density peat fabric. These results suggest that the internal structure of the peat soil is an important control on spatial and temporal patterns of ebullition in the Everglades and should be considered when investigating environmental controls on ebullition patterns.

Categorization of weathering stresses for photovoltaic modules

AbstractSolar energy conversion requires permanent outdoor operation of essential components such as photovoltaic modules, solar collectors, or reflectors. They are exposed to weathering stresses. The stress levels depend on the local climates. Monitoring of climatic properties and sample properties in different climatic zones (alpine, arid, maritime, moderate, and tropical) during several years provided the base for categorization of these climates. The local climate does not differ very much from year to year in terms of frequency distributions, but big differences are found for different regions or climatic zones. Especially, the solar irradiation is very location‐dependent. The alpine location shows the highest UV irradiation. The UV fraction of the solar irradiation is varying between 2.2% (tropics) and 4.7% (alps). The temperature histograms can be modeled by Gaussian distribution functions. The maritime histogram is very slim and high, showing the cooling by the sea and the wind. Several approaches for a categorization of these local climates can be applied: Mean temperatures, effective temperatures, or the corresponding constant testing time for fictive degradation processes with arbitrary activation energy. The categorization of the relative humidity revealed humid climates in the alpine and the tropical test site, when considering the time of wetness (rh > 80%). Obviously, the humidity stress or the corrosivity would be very different at those sites. Therefore, a more holistic approach considering more stress factors simultaneously would be more appropriate for the categorization. The interaction between the samples and the climate creates the so‐called micro‐climate which is the real stress on the samples, such as surface temperature, daily temperature cycles, surface humidity, or temperature‐enhanced photo‐degradation. The conditions for accelerated life testing (ALT) modeled on the base of monitored climatic data and sample temperatures are different for the different locations. They offer another possibility for categorization of the climatic stresses and the option for designing climate‐adapted components.

STANCE BUNDLES IN ENGLISH-TO-POLISH TRANSLATION: A CORPUS-INFORMED STUDY

In this paper, we make an attempt to improve the textual fit of English-to-Polish translation of a peculiar type of multi-word units known in corpus linguistic literature as lexical bundles (Biber et al. 1999). Inspired by a study conducted by Grabar and Lefer (2015), we used the English-Polish parallel corpus Paralela (Pezik 2016) and the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP) to extract and explore the use - in terms of frequency distributions - of the Polish equivalents of selected English lexical bundles expressing attitudinal and epistemic stance. More precisely, we used the NKJP corpus to check whether the Polish equivalents are typical of contemporary Polish as found in native texts. The results of this corpus-informed study revealed a high number of Polish equivalents, both single- and multi-word units, expressing stance. Also, the results showed that the majority of Polish equivalents are frequently used in native Polish texts and therefore they can potentially help enhance the textual fit of translations. Finally, we discussed limitations of the methods and corpora used in this preliminary study and presented suggestions on how it can be pursued further in the future to better explore the usefulness of lexical bundles for translation teaching and translation practice. To that end, we also presented proposals of in-class translation activities.