Scientific Terms Research Articles

Emerging Psychotropic Drug for the Treatment of Trigeminal Pain: Salvinorin A

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is chronic pain caused by damage to the somatosensorial system on the trigeminal nerve or its branches, which involves peripheral and central dysfunction pain pathways. Trigeminal pain triggers disruptive pain in regions of the face, including within and around the mouth. Besides clinical experiences, translating the language of suffering into scientific terminology presents substantial challenges. Due to the complex and multifactorial pathophysiology underlying trigeminal pain, elucidating its social impact presents significant difficulties. Carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine are first-line treatments for TN, achieving approximately 50% pain reduction in 60–70% of treated patients. However, their efficacy is often limited by common side effects, such as dizziness, vertigo, nausea, seizures, and cognitive symptoms. In some cases, patients experience severe side effects, including myelosuppression, hyponatremia, hormonal imbalances, liver toxicity, suicidal ideation, teratogenicity, and other adverse reactions. Given these clinical limitations, the search for new painkiller candidates continues. Hence, we focused this review on salvinorin A (SalA), a natural agonist of κ-opioid receptors (KORs), which demonstrated anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-neuropathic properties in various experimental models of the spinal sensory system. Furthermore, preclinical evidence indicates that SalA does not induce dependence and demonstrates a favorable toxicological and safety profile in comparison with currently marketed opioid drugs. We propose Salvinorin A as a promising candidate for treating trigeminal neuralgia, offering the potential for reduced adverse effects.

The use of peer questioning in foreign language classes at university

Students currently studying at universities are representatives of generation Z, who have been accustomed and adapted to communication online since childhood using instant messengers and smartphone applications. In the age of digital technology, one of the pressing tasks in educating the younger generation is teaching them personal communication. The aim of this research is theoretical substantiation of the importance, description of the practice of application and experimental test of the peer questioning technique in foreign language classes with information technology students. Peer questioning refers to techniques used as interactive methods of teaching a foreign language. Interactive learning is a mandatory requirement of the Federal State Educational Standard for higher professional education of the latest generation. The main results of this work were: the structure design, the preparation stages, methodology for conducting and evaluating the technique of peer questioning of lexical material as a form of teaching a foreign language to students the of Mathematics and Information Technologies Institute at the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education «Volgograd State University». The paper describes the main features of conducting a peer questioning and its advantages in the development of professional foreign language competence of students. Methods such as review and theoretical analysis of scientific literature, generalization of scientific information, and experimental method were used as research tools. As a result of the study, the use of peer questioning technique was proposed as one of the forms of interactive teaching a foreign language, which contributes to more effective learning of scientific and technical terminology.

From Terrain Vague to Vague Farm: Cultivating Urban Vacant Land through Practices of Commoning

Different strands of scientific literature use various terminologies to refer to types of urban spaces without productive function, abandoned and legally uncontrolled. These include at least the following three: “Terrain Vague”, “vacant lot”, and “urban voids”. Although different, they all similarly evoke spaces where emptiness prevails over fullness and is in a perpetual state of suspension. These spaces, because of their characteristics and their temporary complete availability, are used daily by different communities, spontaneously and informally, through different appropriations and uses, and by nature, where species not allowed elsewhere and in the absence of human control find refuge, unusual encounters can occur. Over the last twenty years, a series of projects, activities and practices have begun to emerge in these spaces, such as especially recent park and garden projects in Europe, that retain or incorporate spontaneous vegetation, undefined functions, and a wild aesthetic, reflecting a growing interest in and new appreciation of these spaces, particularly among landscape architects. Among these types of projects and initiatives, those that we will define here as Vague Farm, undoubtedly stand out. By this term, we refer to projects and initiatives that, while mainly based on the creation and management of urban garden and activities related to agriculture and local food production, also aim to preserve some of the informal and spontaneous characteristics of the previous Terrain Vague. This paper proposes a first attempt at defining Vague Farms, through the analysis of five case studies intentionally chosen from different European cities, to show the simultaneous emergence of these practices. To achieve this, it proposes: i) a brief theoretical introduction to Terrain Vague and its relationship with agriculture and communing (theoretical background); ii) a reading of these community urban gardens projects through the lenses of Urban Commons (observed experiences and results); iii) a proposal of a definition of vague farms projects and their characteristics (discussion).

Looking Behind the Curtain: Exploring Ecosystem and Social-Ecological Management as Ideology

ABSTRACT Conservation efforts in countries like Mexico tend to follow a dominant scientific narrative that is frequently imported from the United States. Such is the case of the terms Ecosystem Management (EM) and Social-Ecological Systems Management (SESM), two ideas that are highly popular among scientists in Mexico. However, these concepts are seldom problematized and are not analyzed from a critical perspective. Without a clear understanding of these notions, conservationists and researchers often reproduce political and economic strategies that run opposite to their initial intention. Therefore, it is important to examine these concepts in order to ascertain their internal contradictions and develop attainable expectations. The theoretical scaffold used is the classical notion of ideology proposed by Louis Althusser in 1970. Ideology offers a powerful explanation of how scientific terminology is embedded in a political and economic structure. In order to illustrate this, we look at the word management and how it was adopted in the field of industry and in public policy. We also trace back forest management by looking at the history of the U.S. Forest Service. Lastly, we detect some apparent inconsistencies when comparing the SESM theory as it was developed in the U.S. to local communities in Mexico.

Geomatics: Technology and Applications - A Training Programme for Women Scientists

Abstract. Geomatics, also known as geospatial technology and geomatics engineering, analyzes spatially referenced geographical information. Geomatics is a scientific term. It consists of tools and techniques. Technology is advancing, and modern Geomatics has the utility of maps by analyzing it with many coverages, each with interrelated themes combined to give meaningful answers for decision-makers. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to analyze spatial and nonspatial parameters together for decision-making at the local and global levels. Spatial information represented in the form of thematic maps about the respective attribute data, the system called, Geographical Information System (GIS), has been more popular during the last decades in government and private sectors. The decision support system can take input of data from these sources and analyze multiple parameters together to plan and manage available resources. This training program was intended for women scientists, researchers, academia, and professionals who were engaged and using spatial information, and who wanted to add and upgrade their skills. It was anticipated that a proportion of the trainee participants would come from research and academia. This training program helped participants generate interest in the use of GIS technology in their respective research and professional domains. This paper elaborately describes the process, and structure of the short-term capacity-building training program, and its usefulness for young scientists and professionals, specifically a target group is ‘women in science’ who have not been able to remain in the continue its use and are interested in building a career in geospatial technology field.

Types of Intratextual Glosses in the Charter of Military, Cannon and Other Matters Relating to Military Science

Purpose. The aim of the article is to describe intratextual glosses in the Charter of Military, Cannon and Other Matters Relating to Military Science, the reasons for and ways of introducing them into the text.Results. Three sources of gloss were identified: the author of Kriegsbuch L. Fronsperger, the translators (A. Radishevsky, M. Yuryev and I. Fomin) and the publishers of the text. The glosses in the German text were formed using the conjunctions oder (in the Russian translation it corresponds to the conjunctions syrech and ili), das ist (in the Russian syrech and to yest’) and mainly served to explain the borrowed vocabulary from the Latin, in isolated cases from the Italian and the Greek. The publishers' glosses are a few bracketed inclusions, inside which an explanation is given for some obsolete nominations or variants of words. Approximately 50 glosses entered by translators explain spatial measurements, chemicals and materials, names of persons by occupation or duties, military affairs. Syntactically, they are more often formed using the conjunctions syrech and to yest’, rarely the conjunction ili.Conclusion. Fronsperger’s rare glosses were oriented to the German reader of the second half of the 16th century, who was well acquainted with military and scientific terminology, numerous translators' glosses – to the Russian reader of the early 17th century, who was not familiar with European scientific texts of the New Age, publishers' glosses – to the reader of the second half of the 18th century, who no longer knew some Russian words of the 17th century.

Historian Ilya Evgenyevich Zelenin as shown through his scientific library

The article analyses the scientific biography of Ilya Evgenyevich Zelenin – an outstanding agrarian historian, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, leading researcher of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The main source used are copies of books presented to Zelenin, devoted to the agrarian and political history of Russia in the twentieth century. On their basis, a conclusion is made about the key elements of the historian's research credo, namely: painstakingness in working out the historiography of the issue, a wide archival search, accuracy of scientific terminology and understanding of the formality of ideological stamps. There are two stages in the author's scientific work, connected with the study of the history of state farm construction in the USSR and the history of agrarian policy of I. V. Stalin and N. S. Khrushchev, in each of which the historian achieved serious successes.

DEVELOPING LANGUAGE COURSES TO PREPARE STUDENTS FOR INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCES

This article explores the design and implementation of specialized language courses aimed at preparing students for participation in international scientific conferences. These events serve as vital platforms for presenting research, networking, and fostering global collaboration. However, many students face challenges due to limited linguistic proficiency, a lack of confidence, and cultural barriers. The proposed courses focus on integrating scientific terminology, developing skills in academic writing, oral presentations, and listening comprehension, and building cultural awareness. The methodology emphasizes task-based learning, interactive activities, and continuous assessment, with the incorporation of digital tools and multimedia resources to enhance engagement. Practical strategies for implementation, including teacher training, pilot programs, and flexible scheduling, are discussed. The article highlights the importance of such courses in empowering students to overcome language-related obstacles and succeed in the global academic arena.

The Emergence of Arabic Scientific Terminology at the Eastern Contact Zone: Calque and Loanword in Early ʿAbbāsid Time (750–800 CE)

The Emergence of Arabic Scientific Terminology at the Eastern Contact Zone: Calque and Loanword in Early ʿAbbāsid Time (750–800 CE)

Inaccurate communication in health sciences: the case of ‘partial artemisinin resistance’ for the treatment of malaria

BackgroundAccurate scientific terminology is crucial in health sciences to avoid misinterpretations. The use of ‘artemisinin resistance’ to describe delayed parasite clearance may be inaccurately equated with full resistance, as is typically the case when ‘resistance’ is used with other pathogens, leading to potential confusion. In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced ‘partial artemisinin resistance’ to more accurately reflect the delayed parasite clearance observed with artemisinin-based therapies. MethodsWe analyzed whether articles in PubMed accurately convey the concept of ‘partial artemisinin resistance’ using GPT-4 to generate related search terms. AntConc was employed for corpus analysis of retrieved articles to examine terminology in titles and abstracts. A manual review evaluated the use of the WHO concept of ‘partial artemisinin resistance’ in the full text of a subset of high-impact articles. ResultsOut of 4,041 articles retrieved, only 7% (n=281) used ‘partial’ or ‘delayed’ in titles or abstracts. Even after 2018, when WHO introduced the term ‘partial artemisinin resistance’, only 10% of articles included this. Manual analysis of 161 full-text articles revealed that 94% did not use ‘partial artemisinin resistance’, and 59% did not explain the concept of delayed parasite clearance. ConclusionThe delayed introduction of the term ‘partial artemisinin resistance’ may have contributed to continued use of the scientifically questionable term ‘artemisinin resistance’. This term may be misunderstood as full resistance, as is common with antibiotic resistance. Accurate terminology is essential for clear scientific communication, and precise terms should be established and consistently used from the outset by scientists and clinicians.

Generating Biomedical Hypothesis With Spatiotemporal Transformers.

Generating biomedical hypotheses is a difficult task as it requires uncovering the implicit associations between massive scientific terms from a large body of published literature. A recent line of Hypothesis Generation (HG) approaches - temporal graph-based approaches - have shown great success in modeling temporal evolution of term-pair relationships. However, these approaches model the temporal evolution of each term or term-pair with Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) independently, which neglects the rich covariation among all terms or term-pairs while ignoring direct dependencies between any two timesteps in a temporal sequence. To address this problem, we propose a Spatiotemporal Transformer-based Hypothesis Generation (STHG) method to interleave spatial covariation and temporal progression in a unified framework for constructing direct connections between any two term-pairs while modeling the temporal relevance between any two timesteps. Experiments on three biomedical relationship datasets show that STHG outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.

TRACING THE LINGUISTIC JOURNEY OF GEOLOGICAL TERMS - A PHILOLOGICAL STUDY OF STRATIGRAPHY AND MINERALOGY

The paper discusses the etymological history of "stratigraphy" and "mineralogy," two critical geological terms, from their ancient roots in Latin and Greek to modern times. In fact, such scientific terms represent not only the steps of scientific advancement but also the general trend of cultural interaction and close interrelation between linguistic, scientific, and technical developments. It thereby indicates how scientific progress and cross-cultural interactions have influenced the way one describes Earth's processes when these terms are put through philological development from medieval to Renaissance and modern times. Indeed, this is a technologically advanced science that has introduced terminologies such as radiometric dating and X-ray diffraction into geology, while recent times have seen many countries collaborating together on geological grounds with consequent efforts toward standardization in the use of geological terminology. The result is an instructive analysis of how language and science grow together, predictably changing as needed to accommodate an increasing knowledge base.

Scientific terms as a part of comparative tropes of modern Russian prose

Modern Russian prose is characterized by the active use of scientific terms from different fields of knowledge, which act as images of comparison for comparative tropes. Such tropes are marked by stylistic emphasis, as they contain new information for the addressee. Comparative tropes are defined as metaphors and similes of various structural types. The purpose of our work is to analyze the use of scientific terms as images of comparison for comparative constructions and determine their functions in the texts of modern Russian prose. The material for the study is the works of E. Vodolazkin, A. Ivanov, A. Ilichevsky, A. Matveeva, V. Pelevin, D. Rubina, A. Salnikova, O. Slavnikova, M. Stepnova, O. Vasyakina and others. The article discusses terms in tropes representing different fields of science: physics, chemistry, mathematics, medicine, biology, physiology, linguistics, literary criticism, art history, and computer science. The most active in the comparative tropes of modern prose are biological, medical, physical and computer terms. The productivity of these terms is associated with the rapid development of these areas of knowledge and their role in modern society. Regarding parts of speech, most of them are substantives. By metaphorizing, terms are subject to determinologization. In prose texts, terms often have distributors that clarify, specify or modify the image of comparison. In modern prose, scientific terms as part of tropes perform a number of functions: the function of figurative characteristics of a person, object or phenomenon, the evaluative function, the text-forming and conceptualizing functions. Scientific terms as part of metaphors and similes replenish and update the literature language.

A Review to Illustrate the Concept of Krimi in Ayurveda

Background: Knowledge of Krimi and its description in Vedas and Ayurvedic Samhitas is very unique and different from the concept of worm in modern medical science. Krimi is a broad terminology in ancient Indian science which encompasses various types of helminths, microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa causing a large variety of diseases. Materials and Methods: A narrative review was conducted and result was presented under the result. Result and Discussion: Krimi Roga is one among the various diseases which must be paid prime attention in terms of Ayurveda management. Drugs and formulations from herbal sources play key role in management of these helminthic and parasitic infections. A majority of patients being from pediatric age segment, the knowledge of Krimi Roga management may bring a boon to pediatric ailments. Conclusion: Ayurveda believes in Prakriti (specific body constitution of the individual), if we can change the internal environment of the intestine (Kostha) through Apkarshana, Prakriti Vighata and Nidana parivarjana using appropriate drugs as well as enhancing the strength of Agni; then, affinity towards production and multiplication of Krimi may be arrested and hence, the ailments can be treated. Krimi is a condition, affecting all age groups, but children have always been at risk due to their playful activities and lack of maintenance of adequate personal hygiene. Once infected, the entire family may eventually get affected from the infected children.[1] If we consider Drishya Krimi as worm infestation, In India, more than 200 million children are infected on an average with roundworm, hookworm, etc. In Ayurveda, several causes (nidanas) have been mentioned for development of Krimi (microbes/worms) in human body like Ajirna (indigestion in GIT), Adhyashana (eating even when the previous meal has not been digested), Asatmyaahara, Virudhasana, Malinasana (incompatible foods or unhygienic meal habit), Avyayam (sedentary lifestyle), Diwaswapna (sleeping during the daytime), Guru (heavy), Atisnigdha (excessively fatty diet), Atisheet Ahara-Vihara (cold

Science, Fiction, and Contemporary Media: Blurred Borders in Knowledge Dissemination in Michael Crichton’s The Andromeda Strain

This study examines the technical methods used by Michael Crichton to blur the lines between factual information and fictional elements in his novel The Andromeda Strain. The creative use of scientific terminology and artistic documentation that supports a sense of reality plays a role in creating a certain blurring that works to enhance the blurring of the boundaries between reality and imagination. The study aims to explore the novel within the framework of postmodern literary theory, questioning the concept of absolute truth, and emphasizing the role of language and literary discourse in constructing reality. Through a critical analysis of the novel, this study seeks to clarify the methods followed by Crichton to employ language and discourse to create an atmosphere of authenticity that contributes greatly to blurring the line between reality and imagination. In addition, the study comprehensively analyses modern media platform technologies that are used to erode the boundaries between objective reality and fictional narratives, and their consequent effects on the dissemination of information. The study concluded that Crichton's novel The Andromeda Strain embodies the successful integration of scientific concepts with fantasy elements, which resulted in a captivating and intellectually stimulating narrative.

An etymologically based lexicographic approach for developing encyclopaedic pedagogical dictionaries in African languages

Bilingual dictionaries in previously marginalised indigenous African languages often provide lemmata equivalents without definitions as is the nature of most bilingual dictionaries. The structure of bilingual dictionaries needs to be improved to include definitions and etymological information. To this end, this paper investigates how bilingual dictionaries can be enhanced through a qualitative content analysis of lemmata from the Scholar’s IsiZulu Dictionary by G.R Dent and C.L.S. Nyembezi (2009). A simple random sampling strategy was employed to select subject-specific lemmata that would contribute to the data analysed for the study. The microstructure of the resource was analysed using the Theory of Lexicographic Functions (Bergenholzt & Tarp, 2003) which considers the user profile, user needs, user situation, and lexicographic function. The element of user needs from this theory was used for this study, postulating that etymological data can enhance the acquisition of epistemological knowledge of users who speak African languages. This study revealed that an etymology-based dictionary structure does not only clarify scientific terminology to the user but also enhances the intellectual power of languages in education, thus increasing their potential of producing better education outcomes for students.

Conoce Tus Opciones: The Challenges of Communicating Rip Current Information in Spanish

Abstract Rip currents are poorly understood by the public and thus a leading cause of weather-related fatalities in the United States. Individuals who speak languages other than English, such as Spanish-speaking communities, have been historically underserved by communication efforts for natural hazards and thus are at additional risk from rip currents. In response, the National Weather Service (NWS) has developed rip current outreach tools translated into Spanish in recent years, though their efficacy has not been systematically tested. We therefore surveyed members of the Spanish-speaking community in the New York City area to gain insights into how the NWS two-page rip current informational brochure is working and possible improvements to be made. The English version of the brochure was also tested, and the results from the two languages were compared. Quantitative survey results indicate that while both brochures are generally effective, several changes could be made to improve clarity, especially for Spanish speakers, who found more issues with the Spanish version. For example, the translation of the term rip current itself used by the NWS, “corrientes de resaca,” was determined to be confusing by some Spanish speakers, as were other pieces of text with complex scientific terms. Moreover, certain graphics contained in the brochure were difficult to understand for users in both languages. The results of this work can be used by the NWS and other agencies to improve their Spanish risk communication tools and can also be used as a guide when translating scientific information into other languages. Significance Statement Rip currents, narrow channels of fast-moving water that can pull swimmers away from the shore, are among the leading weather-related killers in the United States yet are poorly understood by the public. Recent efforts to reduce society’s vulnerability to rip currents include the translation of outreach materials from English to Spanish. This study evaluated a new National Weather Service Spanish rip current informational brochure and compared it to the English version. The results show that while both the English and Spanish brochures were generally effective at communicating risk, the Spanish version had more issues, primarily surrounding the translation of scientific terms and phrases. Findings from this research can help guide scientists in designing improved non-English severe weather outreach products.

Identifying Semantic Shift Reasons of Domain Entities Using Diachronic Embedding

ABSTRACTIn academic literature, the semantic evolution of scientific terms reflects the development of domain knowledge. While there have been studies using diachronic word embeddings to reveal cultural and social shifts, research on the semantic evolution of scientific terms remains limited. This paper proposes a method utilizing diachronic semantic vectors to elucidate the semantic evolution of scientific entities. Firstly, diachronic semantic vectors of entities are trained using incremental learning to compute the semantic shift (ΔA) of a given entity A between periods t1 and t2. Secondly, entities similar to ΔA in periods t1 and t2 are defined as leading reasons and accompanying reasons, respectively. The experiment result shows that the leading reasons can capture the shifts of entities in the nascent stage, and the accompanying reasons can capture the shifts of words in the mature stage. The proposed method offers a better quantitative insight into the details and reasons behind domain knowledge evolution.

QURANIC VERSES RELATED TO HALAL SCIENCE: A STUDY APPLYING THE TAFSIR AL-MAWDUIYMETHOD

To achieve success in the science and technology of halal, numerous kinds of stakeholders, including academics, industry players, and governmental entities, are making a major contribution. Simultaneously, there exists an interest in the discipline of philosophy that includes the discourse on epistemology, ontology, and axiology. This aims to inhibit the publics comprehension of halal science, which is fundamentally factual and scientific. As a result, the fundamental framework for comprehending halal science is through the study of the Quran. This paper analyzes the concept of halal science as presented in the Quran. This literature study employs a systematic approach of Tafsir al-Mawduiyto delineate and then examine the terminology of halal science in the Quran. The study identified three principal topics of halal science terminology in the Quran: first, the truth of the natural worlds creation second, revelation as the foundation of knowledge and third, human ethics and values. These three themes are the philosophy of Islamic science that are the basic paradigm in facing the theoretical issues of the halal science industry.

Artificial neural networks in economics: mathematical tool, model or methodology?

The purpose of this article is to assess the current interaction between artificial intelligence (AI) and economic science and to identify promising interdisciplinary areas of research that can significantly influence the methodology of understanding economic phenomena. To achieve this goal, the vague and partly even mystical term AI was replaced with а more scientific term «artificial neural networks» (ANN). The article uses methods of scientometric, epistemological and comparative analysis of the processes of ANN penetration into economics and other academic disciplines. The authors reveal the epistemological commonality and difference between AI and ANN and justify the shift in epistemological focus in research from general AI to ANN. The paper systematizes the use of ANN in economics: 1) ANN as a mathematical tool for solving economic problems; 2) ANN as a model of economic phenomena; 3) ANN as a methodology for understanding economic patterns. It shows the interaction of economics with neurosciences which occurs in two significantly different directions: from neurobiology, i.e. real nerve networks in living organisms, and, on the other hand, from ANN theory. The first direction is associated with neuroeconomics, the second has not yet been articulated, but shows an exponential growth in publications and is associated primarily with forming a new economic paradigm. The ANN paradigm in economics (and not only in economics) changes both the subject of cognition, introducing radically new forms/types of evidence and new research methods, and the object of cognition, changing the focus of study from individual economic behavior to the collective economic behavior of mega-subjects.