Translation Of Terminology Research Articles

TCM-Centric Innovations in WHO's International Standard Terminologies: A Qualitative Exploration

Abstract: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is increasingly recognized worldwide as a valuable complementary and alternative medicine. To facilitate global research and collaboration in this field, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine on March 3, 2022. This international terminology translation standard, IST 2022, goes beyond conventional translation by embracing three innovative features: 1) It reflects TCM's foundational philosophy of unity and opposition, emphasizing the interconnectedness among TCM terms during translation. This approach transcends individual term translations to explore the interrelationships among them. 2) It meticulously preserves the integrity of TCM theory. It achieves this by retaining transliterations for unique TCM terms that possess distinct features, thus upholding the essence of TCM. 3) It employs innovative Xiang (Image) cognition, a concept rooted in traditional Chinese thought by helping readers grasp visual and mental imagery associated with each term. This study presents a qualitative analysis based on interviews with 11 TCM translation experts, examining their perspectives on these features and their translational preferences across IST 2007 and 2022 versions. The findings contribute to the standardization and global harmonization of TCM terminology, advocating for clarity, precision, and the advancement of TCM in the international healthcare arena.

The Challenges of Achieving Dynamic Equivalence in the Arabic Translation of Medical Terminology for Heart and Brain Diseases: Difficulties and Recommendations

The Challenges of Achieving Dynamic Equivalence in the Arabic Translation of Medical Terminology for Heart and Brain Diseases: Difficulties and Recommendations

Accuracy and Cultural Sensitivity in the Translation of Legal Terminology

Accuracy and Cultural Sensitivity in the Translation of Legal Terminology

On the Application of Machine Translation in Legal Terminology Translation

On the Application of Machine Translation in Legal Terminology Translation

Cancer Care Terminology in African Languages

Effective communication between patients and health care teams is essential in the health care setting for delivering optimal cancer care and increasing cancer awareness. While the significance of communication in health care is widely acknowledged, the topic is largely understudied within African settings. To assess how the medical language of cancer and oncology translates into African languages and what these translations mean within their cultural context. In this multinational survey study in Africa, health professionals, community health workers, researchers, and scientists involved in cancer care and research and traditional healers were invited to participate in an online survey on a voluntary basis through online platforms. The survey provided 16 cancer and oncologic terms used in cancer diagnosis and treatment (eg, cancer, radiotherapy) to participants, mostly health care workers, who were asked to provide these terms in their local languages (if the terms existed) followed by a direct or close translation of the meaning in English. The survey was open from February to April 2023. Patterns of meaning that recurred across languages were identified using thematic analysis of 16 English-translated terms categorized into 5 themes (neutral, negative, positive, phonetic or borrowed, and unknown). A total of 107 responses (response rate was unavailable given the open and widespread distribution strategy) were collected from 32 countries spanning 44 African languages, with most participants (63 [59%]) aged 18 to 40 years; 54 (50%) were female. Translations for cancer were classified as phonetic or borrowed (34 [32%]), unknown (30 [28%]), neutral (24 [22%]), and negative (19 [18%]), with the latter category including universal connotations of fear, tragedy, incurability, and fatality. Similar elements connoting fear or tragedy were found in translations of terms such as malignant, chronic, and radiotherapy. The term radiotherapy yielded a high percentage of negative connotations (24 [22%]), with a prevailing theme of describing the treatment as being burned or burning with fire, heat, or electricity, which may potentially hinder treatment. In this survey study of cancer communication and the translation of oncology terminology in African languages, the findings suggest that the terminology may contribute to fear, health disparities, and barriers to care and pose communication difficulties for health professionals. The results reinforce the need for culturally sensitive cancer terminology for improving cancer awareness and communication.

Functioning and translation of English and Russian architectural terms in academic discourse

The study provides the analysis of architectural terminology in English and Russian in academic discourse. The object of the study is the terminological system of architecture. The subject of the study is the specifics of the use, functioning and translation of English and Russian architectural terminology in academic discourse. The classification and systematization of architectural terms, their hierarchical structure and functional types in academic texts are considered. In addition, the interdisciplinary nature of the architectural sublanguage is emphasized, which intersects with terms from the fields such as engineering, architecture, construction, art and design. The paper also identifies existing difficulties and problems that arise when translating English and Russian-language architectural terms, including differences in the linguistic structure of languages, semantic ambiguity, the need for a high degree of specialization of the translator for the correct interpretation of the term, the use of idiomatic and figurative language to describe some architectural terms, etc. The study uses a comprehensive methodology, in particular, methods of comparative and component analysis, as well as methods of corpus linguistics used to study semantic fields, hierarchical relationships and functional types of terms. The research results emphasize the importance of standardization of architectural terminology, understanding of cultural and historical background, as well as technical knowledge to ensure effective communication in the global architectural community. Analyzing the corpus of texts, including dictionaries, architectural reviews and academic articles, the author explains how specific terms function in academic discourse. This study makes a special contribution to the development of linguistic research in the field of architecture, offering an in-depth analysis of semantic fields and their role in structuring architectural vocabulary. The novelty of the research lies in an integrated approach to the study of the functioning and translation of architectural terms, which allows to identify the difficulties associated with the interdisciplinary character of the terminology. The results of the study will be useful not only for teachers and translators, but also for international experts in the field of architecture.

Comparative Study of Google Translate and Yandex of English Latin-Originated Legal Phraseology into Arabic: A corpus-based approach

The use of machine translation has become ubiquitous across various translation practices, especially with the advent of neural machine translation and the integration of deep learning and artificial intelligence in translation program development. While the accuracy and quality of machine translation outcomes have significantly improved, challenges persist particularly in legal translation from English to Arabic. The unique nature of legal discourse and structural differences between English and Arabic make accurately translating legal language features a daunting task. This study aims to evaluate the quality of neural machine translation in rendering legal Latin phraseology into Arabic by comparing two websites: Google Translate and Yandex. A corpus-based approach was adopted where 270 Latin-origin legal terms and phrases were collected, scrutinised, and translated using both platforms. The evaluation focuses on four criteria: inappropriate translations, no translations provided, borrowing (phonetic transliteration into Arabic), and equivalence—the culturally and functionally suitable translation. Key findings indicate that despite significant advancements in machine translation technology, accuracy remains a critical issue, with approximately half of the terms not translated correctly. While Google Translate is widely used, Yandex demonstrated higher accuracy in this context. Furthermore, the majority of phrases selected for this study were not accurately translated by either website. The solution to this problem lies in enhancing the training process. Arabic users and translators should contribute more translations to enrich Arabic corpora online. Additionally, it's been observed that there is a lack of English-Arabic dictionaries or databases dedicated to Legal Language Processing (LLP). Therefore, initiating a research project addressing this issue could be of utmost importance. Regarding specialized language, improving the quality of Neural Machine Translation (NMT) raises questions about its reliability for both learners and professional translators. Accordingly, the study recommends further research on assessing machine translation quality, improving neural machine translation terminology accuracy, and enhancing machine learning models with more Arabic content and corpora.

Pedagogy in Legal Terminology Translation: A Corpus-based Approach

This paper explores effective pedagogical practices to train high-end foreign legal professionals in China’s Greater Bay Area by answering two research questions. First, can corpus-based teaching be applied as a productive pedagogical method? Second, how can beginner professionals be cultivated in legal translation capabilities in the legal domain? The paper proposes a module entitled “Introduction to Legal Terminology Translation,” which includes sessions on legal systems and legalese, corpus approach, and group presentation. A sequential mixed-method survey was conducted using qualitative methods, such as focus groups and interviews, followed by quantitative research using a questionnaire. A preliminary pilot study involved a focus group, questionnaire, and interview. Two identical questionnaires were distributed to two groups of students: one control and one experimental. In the ten-student experiment group, an instructor taught legalese and distributed a follow-up questionnaire. In the twenty-two-student control group, the instructor (more knowledgeable other) did not teach legalese but used a corpus-based questionnaire to assess student entry into the zone of proximal development. In the questionnaire, entry-level Latin legalese examples were provided. During interviews, junior university students preferred a mixture of all three pedagogical methods, while senior university students preferred the corpus approach due to its enhanced efficiency and accuracy.

The Application of Parallel Texts in the Process of Proofreading: A Case Study about the Proofreading Practice in Transn

Parallel texts refer to the texts that originate from different languages and cultural environments but share similar or identical communicative functions. As a vital resource for bilingual research, parallel texts provide normative references for translation practice.In the proofreading practice commissioned by Transn Company (a famous translation company in China), in order to ensure consistency in translating terminologies, the author makes use of parallel texts to accumulate terminologies in source language and target language. Before proofreading, the author guides students to search for official translations of high-frequency terminologies on authoritative websites. During the proofreading process, the author instructs students to compare different types of parallel texts to determine the appropriate translation of Chinese culture-loaded words. After proofreading, students are divided into groups to evaluate their classmates' work and find the inconsistent expressions of terminologies. Then, the author will revise these inconsistencies and ensure the uniform translation of terminologies. Through this practice, the author explores how to use parallel texts to help students produce authentic translation that aligns with the reading habits of target language audience, thereby enhancing the quality of proofreading.

Translation Peculiarities of Religious Terminology in L.N.Tolstoy's Novel "Resurrection" into English

The subject of the study is L.N. Tolstoy's novel "Resurrection" and its translations into English. As part of this work, two English translations will be analized, one of them (“The Resurrection”) was made in 1899 by Louise Yakovlevna Mood and published by "Alice and Books". The second translation titled “The Awakening" was translated by William Smith and published in 1900 by "New York Street Publishing House". The subject of the study is to identify ways of interlanguage translation of religious terminology from Russian into English. The main focus of the work is on the lexical and semantic analysis of religious lexical units, as well as the analysis of types of translation transformations, of which the most frequent are the selection of equivalent correspondence, descriptive translation and transliteration. The work uses a comparative method that allows us to establish similarities and differences of lexical units in the text of the original novel "Resurrection" and its translations. By means of the contextual analysis method, the dependence of the meaning of these units on the context is analyzed. Using the continuous sampling method, religious terminology is selected and divided into thematic groups: "Names of the sacraments and lexemes associated with them", "Elements and forms of worship", "Elements of the church calendar", "Objects of worship", "Names of the Church hierarchy", "The Temple and its structure, parts", "Vestments of the clergy, their individual parts", "Prayers, texts of prayers and hymns and their components", "Names of church holidays", "Names of books of church content", "Names of ritual food" and "Names of persons of spiritual guarantors". The main difficulty in translation is the rather wide and diverse use of religious nominations, for which the translator needs to understand in detail the features and differences of religious terminology.

The specificity of legal terminology in implementation of the competence approach in learning English

Legal terminology is considered one of the most significant branch terminologies and is a complex aspect of foreign language learning. Legal terminology is an intermediate link between different fields of knowledge and spheres of human activity. Therefore, the system of higher education took a course to train specialists capable of translating legal texts in both written and oral forms, thus implementing a competency-based approach to teaching foreign languages. The relevance of the research is determined by the study of modern approaches to teaching the translation of legal terminology within the framework of the implementation of the competence approach. The implementation of a comprehensive and balanced approach to mastering communicative linguistic, intercultural, as well as primary professional competences will undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of English in purely professional communication situations at each subsequent stage of education. Thus, while following a comprehensive approach, we give priority to the formation of communicative linguistic competences, as well as a number of professional communicative competences in general and professional communication situations in accordance with level B2 of the European standard, while special attention is paid to the ability to correctly select the meaning of special terms. At the same time, one of the important tasks remains the development of professional competences through the mastery of legal terminology in English, which is a complex and multifaceted process. Difficulties arising in the process of its study, of course, are not limited to the problems described above. However, the competence approach and cross-cultural perspective of the presentation of the material will undoubtedly contribute to a deeper, meaningful and creative study of English legal terminology.

Compilation of Dictionaries and Scientific and Technological Translations by Western Protestant Missionaries in China in the Nineteenth Century

The 19th century saw the important transformation of modern Western concepts into Chinese lexical resources. The missionaries were the initiators and important driving force for the translation of Western books into Chinese in modern China. They promoted ‘translating terms’ and ‘coining terms’ in their translations of Western books and the compilation of dictionaries with the cooperation of Chinese intellectuals. Their work provided a tangible ‘word’ carrier of ‘concepts’ for disseminating modern knowledge from the West to the East. Compiled by missionaries, the English–Chinese bilingual dictionaries introduced a brand-new concept of dictionary compilation and changed China’s history of having zidian (字典, character dictionaries) but no cidian (辞典, specialized dictionaries). In particular, John Fryer applied the translation method of creating new words or characters in the translation of chemical terminology. Members of the School and Textbook Series Committee, including John Fryer and Calvin Wilson Mateer, made great contributions to theories and strategies for translation, which keep inspiring Chinese–English translation of terminology and its theoretical construction.

Assessing the usefulness of publications on terminology and economic translation for professional purposes. A bibliometric and content analysis

La terminología económica ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios de investigación desde diversas perspectivas comparativas y descriptivas, reconociendo su importancia en la calidad de las traducciones. Sin embargo, es preocupante que muchos de estos valiosos estudios no lleguen a manos de quienes podrían beneficiarse directamente de ellos: los traductores y traductoras. A menudo, estos recursos quedan descuidados cuando podrían ser de gran interés e impacto si se incorporaran en bases de datos terminológicas accesibles y herramientas específicas para traductores y traductoras. Esto es especialmente relevante en un contexto donde la evolución de la traducción automática subraya la importancia de que los traductores y traductoras desarrollen conocimientos altamente especializados. Ante este panorama, el presente estudio persigue un doble objetivo: en primer lugar, llevar a cabo un análisis bibliométrico y de contenido de la literatura existente en terminología económica; en segundo lugar, evaluar, a partir de este análisis, las contribuciones existentes considerando diferentes criterios y reflexionar sobre su utilidad práctica para la profesión de la traducción en el ámbito económico.

PROBLEMS OF TERMINOLOGY AND PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION IN THE POST-SOVIET SPACE (CASE STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN)

Terminology and professional communication in post-Soviet states are analyzed, as exemplified by the Republic of Kazakhstan. An excursus into the history of linguistic development of Eurasia and Central Asia, achievements of Turkic and Iranian countries in compiling dictionaries, imperial and Soviet periods. The groundbreaking terminological works and dictionaries in the Kazakh SSR are presented. The founders of Kazakh linguistics considered the term as a means of scientific communication, transfer of complex thought, new information, elevation of human reason; the term should be created not from artificial symbols and obscured foreign language morphemes, but from the morphological material of national languages, taking into account the factors of the cultural code and continuity of the memory of the people. The principle of localization of terminology in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods of the Kazakh language was nearly inviolately observed. The methods of borrowing terminology in Kazakh rank as follows: calque (including explication and equivalent); internationalism-semicalque; hybridization of internationalisms with genuine native or deeply assimilated affixes; calque translation of abbreviations and acronyms; full transliteration/transcription. The lexicon of the Kazakh and Russian segments of the bilingual dictionary of military-aviation terminology was analyzed on the subject of original words and borrowings. 3223 (65 %) Russian words and 1751 (35 %) phonographic internationalisms were identified in the Russian segment of the dictionary against 4920 (82 %) Kazakh words and 1032 (17 %) internationalisms in Kazakh. The example comes to prove that the degree of forenization of the Russian terminology is significantly higher than that of the Kazakh one. Problems of the development of Kazakh science and professional communication sub-languages in high-tech areas (aviation) are constated. The main obstacle that calls into question the expediency of the korenization of professional communication is the limitation of the functioning of sub-languages by the borders of the Republic of Kazakhstan. There is also a problem with the selection of national equivalent words denoting new technologies or concepts; code switching in the communication of multilingual specialists; duration of standards development for terminology use and translation, their coordination with practice; high costs when introducing new terms and professional cliches, retraining personnel, changing documentation and information systems, etc.

Beyond the Translation of Initial Meaning: The Localization of Yoruba-bound ICT Terminologies

Research in translation is often centred on issues that bother on literature, language teaching, style, processes, etc. This study examines the translation of Yoruba-bound ICT terminologies beyond their raw meaning as presented by the English language and culture. It deploys localization, the third in the GILT arrangement of Globalization, Internationalization, Localization, and Translation in modern technology translation. The objectives of this study are to: identify certain ICT terminologies in English, describe adoptable strategies for translating the terminologies for Yoruba end-users, examine how the terminologies are understood in the Yoruba locale as intended by the initial meaning, highlight the difficulties involved in the interpretation of the terminologies into Yoruba, propose cultural and linguistic models for translating ICT terminologies from English into the Yoruba language and enable Yoruba end-users of computer system for ICT access information in Yoruba language. The study adopts Bell’s linguistic and psycholinguistic model (1991) to analyze and synthesize the structural organization of linguistic materials of the ICT terminologies and their translation beyond their surface meaning. The study finds out that: the traditional approach of translating Euro-based terminologies by loanwords may yield little result; localizing ICT terminologies will enhance the appreciation of ICT materials by Yoruba end users; difficulties involved in the interpretation of ICT are both linguistic and cultural, and that ICT terminology translators are technical and cultural mediators. The study concludes that the marketing and purchase of ICT products are likely to be more embraced by Yoruba end users with the use of localized expressions to translate them. It recommends that in the world of GILT, translating beyond the initial meaning of the structure of linguistic materials of the ICT terminologies is a snapshot.

Beyond the Translation of Initial Meaning: The Localization of Yoruba-bound ICT Terminologies

Research in translation is often centred on issues that bother on literature, language teaching, style, processes, etc. This study examines the translation of Yoruba-bound ICT terminologies beyond their raw meaning as presented by the English language and culture. It deploys localization, the third in the GILT arrangement of Globalization, Internationalization, Localization, and Translation in modern technology translation. The objectives of this study are to: identify certain ICT terminologies in English, describe adoptable strategies for translating the terminologies for Yoruba end-users, examine how the terminologies are understood in the Yoruba locale as intended by the initial meaning, highlight the difficulties involved in the interpretation of the terminologies into Yoruba, propose cultural and linguistic models for translating ICT terminologies from English into the Yoruba language. The study adopts Bell’s linguistic and psycholinguistic model (1991) to analyze and synthesize the structural organization of linguistic materials of the ICT terminologies and their translation beyond their surface meaning. The study finds out that: the traditional approach of translating Euro-based terminologies by loanwords may yield little result; localizing ICT terminologies will enhance the appreciation of ICT materials by Yoruba end users; difficulties involved in the interpretation of ICT are both linguistic and cultural, and that ICT terminology translators are technical and cultural mediators. The study concludes that the marketing and purchase of ICT products are likely to be more embraced by Yoruba end users with the use of localized expressions to translate them. It recommends that in the world of GILT, translating beyond the initial meaning of the structure of linguistic materials of the ICT terminologies is a snapshot.

Popularization and scientization in terminology translation

Abstract San Ti (Three Body, better known to English readers as The Three-Body Problem) stands out as the most successful Chinese literary work introduced to international audiences through translation. Previous studies have primarily focused on translating culture-specific terms and fictive terms in the work, arguing that the strategy of foreignization alongside occasional footnotes significantly contributes to its tremendous success. Techno-scientific terms, on the other hand, have received relatively little attention because their rendering seemed to be a straightforward matter of back translation. However, our case study reveals that the source-text-oriented translation strategy for culture-specific terms and fictive terms presents only a partial picture of the science fiction (SF) terminology translation in San Ti. It demonstrates that translating techno-scientific terms needs to be considered alongside culture-specific and fictive terms. Moreover, it provides proof that translating techno-scientific terms cannot be simplified to a process of back translation only. The translator sometimes deviated from the principles of equivalence, resulting in three different types of interlingual terminological shifts, which are discussed and analyzed in the current study. Given the heterogeneity of the target readers and the interesting paradox of San Ti as hard SF, these different types of deviation serve two divergent purposes: popularization and scientization. In addition to explaining the success of San Ti in the English-speaking world, the findings of this case study also provide insights into the unfaithful facets, contextual factors and research scope of terminology translation in this specific genre.

Features of the translation of military terminology from English into Russian

Features of the translation of military terminology from English into Russian

Translation of Ontological Concepts from English into German Using Commercial Translation Software and Expert Evaluation.

Medical ontologies are mostly available in English. This presents a language barrier that is a limitation in research and automated processing of patient data. The manual translation of ontologies is complex and time-consuming. However, there are commercial translation tools that have shown promising results in the field of medical terminology translation. The aim of this study is to translate selected terms of the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) from English into German using commercial translators. Six medical experts evaluated the translation candidates in an iterative process. The results show commercial translators, with DeepL in the lead, provide translations that are positively evaluated by experts. With a broader study scope and additional optimization techniques, commercial translators could support and facilitate the process of translating medical ontologies.

English-Hausa Translations of Legal Terminology

Abstract:
 This paper analyzes the translation of legal terminology from English to Hausa, focusing on how the technical register reflects the evolution of the legal system in Northern Nigeria. The study suggests that the technical register of each profession in the lexicon serves as a historical tapestry, revealing the development narrative. Traditional vocations in Hausa exhibit limited loan words, highlighting their enduring roots in Hausa heritage. In contrast, modern professions like science and technology incorporate numerous English loan words, reflecting globalization's impact. Religious terminology in Hausa contains Arabic loan words, indicating the predominant religious influence. Notably, legal terminology in Hausa shows a unique linguistic fusion, blending indigenous terms with loan words from Arabic and English. This linguistic interplay reflects a balanced tapestry, where the three languages contribute proportionately to the legal terminology and, therefore, mirror the cultural and historical dynamics of Northern Nigeria.