Terminology Gap Research Articles

The legal nature of crypto assets and its reflection in the civil and tax legislation of the Russian Federation

The article analyzes the legal nature of crypto assets in Russian legislation and the specifics of their taxation, focusing on the need to form a legal framework that promotes effective protection of the rights of participants in the turnover of crypto assets.The methodological basis of the research is the dialectical method, the formal logical method, the formal legal method and the method of interpretation of law.The lack of a unified terminology base in the field of digital economy in Russian legislation creates additional difficulties in creating comfortable conditions for the development of the crypto asset market. Currently used various terms such as “virtual assets”, “digital assets”, “crypto assets”, “cryptocurrency” are not fixed in the current legislation. At the same time, the terms existing in Russian legislation do not allow for effective regulation in the field of taxation and civil turnover, since they intentionally exclude the most common crypto assets from their scope. Without clear and unambiguous legal regulation, it is difficult to ensure proper control and taxation of transactions with crypto assets, which can lead to significant tax losses and a decrease in budget revenues.Moreover, the concept of “digital currency” used in Russian legislation does not correspond to the generally accepted meaning in international practice and is mainly considered in an economic context, rather than in a legal one. Such a discrepancy in terminology creates additional difficulties for participants in the cryptocurrency market and creates obstacles to the formation of an effective legal framework for the regulation of the digital economy. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the current approaches to the development of the terminological apparatus of the regulation of crypto assets have flaws, since they allow for a mixture of concepts and do not imply the formation of a clear hierarchy. The definition of “the digital asset” is proposed for the purpose of filling existing terminological gaps in the current legislation.

Expert consensus on the terminology, diagnostics and management of persisting symptoms after concussion with a focus on mental health, postural stability, electroencephalogram and balance testing: A cross-sectional Delphi-like survey.

Persisting symptoms after concussion (PSaC) are a pathological manifestation of head injuries that present with symptoms after the acute phase of head trauma has subsided. Insufficient research about PSaC has led to gaps in knowledge and incorrect terminology being applied. Furthermore, gaps exist in standardised assessment protocols and understanding of mental health symptoms associated with sports. The study aimed to; 1) Determine expert consensus on appropriate terminology for symptoms lasting >4 weeks, 2) Investigate associations with mental health and postural stability symptoms, 3) Evaluate experts' views on quantitative balance and electroencephalogram (EEG) testing. A Delphi-like survey was designed in REDCap and sent to identified experts in the field of sports-related concussions (SRC). Expert consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement. Expert consensus identified the following mood and motor control symptoms being associated with PSaC: increases in emotional state (80%), irritability (87%), nervousness (87%), sadness (80%), balance impairment (80%), dizziness (87%) and feeling slow (80%). Numbness and tingling were not considered longer-term effects (80%). Additionally, 93% of respondents acknowledged mental health symptoms as potential longer-term effects, with 80% agreeing on inadequate current management. Respondents indicated PSaC are only somewhat adequately managed (73%) or not managed well enough (27%). The use of EEG and quantitative balance testing remains open for debate. The survey response rate was 21%. Improving mental health management for athletes with PSaC and standardising terminology is crucial. Future research is required to establish effective diagnosis and treatment methods. Addressing these issues may result in better care and safer return to play for athletes.

Epistemic Injustices in Disaster Theory and Management

The present paper argues that the standardised treatment of disaster research and practice perpetuates the production of systematic epistemic injustices against victims of disasters. On the one hand, disaster victims are often prevented from contributing with their opinions and knowledge to the processes of disaster mitigation and disaster conceptualisation. On the other hand, disaster victims tend to lack the hermeneutical resources to make sense of their experiences intelligibly, due to the existence of significant hermeneutical gaps in the hegemonic terminology on the matter. I argue that both forms of epistemic injustice, the testimonial and the hermeneutical, are sustained by an epistemic privilege between the Global North and the Global South in matters of disasters. The second group comprises what I categorise generally as ‘disaster victims’. I identify two forms of structural prejudice that operate against disaster victims: one is the ‘non-expert’ prejudice, and the other is the colonial prejudice. Finally, because of the intercultural nature of disaster environments, I discuss the field of ‘multicultural competencies’ as a useful form of unveiling and counteracting the epistemic injustices contained in both disaster theory and practice.

Temporary lentic water bodies of Latin America and Caribbean: a scientometric study

ABSTRACT Temporary lentic waters, those which alternate wet and dry periods, are globally distributed and highly prevalent on Earth and can be classified according to their hydroperiod. We used a scientometric perspective, to summarize the knowledge about temporary lentic ecosystems in 19 Latin American and Caribbean countries. We conducted a topic search in Web of Science (WoS) using various keyword combinations of hydroperiod type (temporary, ephemeral, intermittent, episodic and seasonal), type of aquatic lentic ecosystem (wetland, pond, pool, lake and lagoon) and the name of the country. Final searches and screenings provided 608 publications. To analyze the data, we used two qualitative approaches. We generated word clouds to ascertain the primary research topics concerning temporary lentic waters in Latin America. In addition, we constructed a bipartite network to visualize the geographical distribution of publications by topics. Knowledge gaps observed were geographical, encompassing disparities between and within countries, and thematic, as certain topics have received limited attention. Moreover, we detected a terminology gap: a lack of consensus about the terms used that are associated with temporary waters and a collaborative gap: the study of temporary waters has historically been fragmented in Latin America. Finally, we attempted to unravel the potential factors contributing to these knowledge gaps. By revealing major gaps in understanding the structure and functioning of temporary water bodies in the region, our study provides a valuable tool for identifying pertinent research areas to be explored in the future.

Concept systems and frames: Detecting and managing terminological gaps between languages

This paper examines the concept of “terminological gaps” and strives to identify suitable methods for dealing with them during translation. The analysis begins with an investigation of the contended notion of gaps in terminology based on empirical examples drawn from a German-Italian terminological database specifically designed for translation purposes. Two macro categories of gaps are identified, conceptual and linguistic level gaps, which only partially correspond to previous observations in the literature. The paper uses examples to explore the advantages of ontological representations for detecting conceptual terminological gaps and identifying appropriate translation strategies. However, limitations are also observed and an attempt is made to resolve these using a frame-based approach. A frame-based analysis reveals that while certain designations may appear to refer to convergent conceptual units with matching distinctive features, differences also emerge due to the way the two language systems build designations. Examples from the corpus make it evident that a frame-based approach is helpful for identifying both kinds of terminological gaps, and then resolving them during translation. An important presupposition for this approach is that larger units of analysis need to be addressed rather than just terms themselves. There is confirmation of the existing idea that methods embracing entire segments or paragraphs as units of investigation are preferable during translation, and this is also seen to apply in terminological studies.

Systematic design and data-driven evaluation of social determinants of health ontology (SDoHO).

Social determinants of health (SDoH) play critical roles in health outcomes and well-being. Understanding the interplay of SDoH and health outcomes is critical to reducing healthcare inequalities and transforming a "sick care" system into a "health-promoting" system. To address the SDOH terminology gap and better embed relevant elements in advanced biomedical informatics, we propose an SDoH ontology (SDoHO), which represents fundamental SDoH factors and their relationships in a standardized and measurable way. Drawing on the content of existing ontologies relevant to certain aspects of SDoH, we used a top-down approach to formally model classes, relationships, and constraints based on multiple SDoH-related resources. Expert review and coverage evaluation, using a bottom-up approach employing clinical notes data and a national survey, were performed. We constructed the SDoHO with 708 classes, 106 object properties, and 20 data properties, with 1,561 logical axioms and 976 declaration axioms in the current version. Three experts achieved 0.967 agreement in the semantic evaluation of the ontology. A comparison between the coverage of the ontology and SDOH concepts in 2 sets of clinical notes and a national survey instrument also showed satisfactory results. SDoHO could potentially play an essential role in providing a foundation for a comprehensive understanding of the associations between SDoH and health outcomes and paving the way for health equity across populations. SDoHO has well-designed hierarchies, practical objective properties, and versatile functionalities, and the comprehensive semantic and coverage evaluation achieved promising performance compared to the existing ontologies relevant to SDoH.

Residual energy dispersal fracturing: A newly proposed term for fractures propagating from sharp‐force trauma

AbstractObjectivesThe identification and interpretation of skeletal trauma is an important topic in osteoarchaeology, forensic anthropology and palaeosciences. Trauma analysis is a fast‐moving sub‐discipline with constantly evolving methodological approaches. This paper describes the process of a particular form of fracturing that propagates specifically from the floor of cut marks and proposes new terminology for this subset of fractures.Materials and MethodsThis terminological gap was identified during the re‐examination of remains from a minimum of 52 decapitated individuals (52 post‐cranial and 47 cranial remains) found in a mass grave from the 10th–11th century CE on Ridgeway Hill near Weymouth in Dorset (UK) in 2009. Originally analyzed by Oxford Archaeology Ltd., all individuals in this collection were re‐appraised using digital technology to test new techniques for this study.ResultsDuring this investigation, it has become apparent that the length of chop marks can be overestimated during some conventional analysis because the chop transitions into a fracture propagating from the floor of the chop mark.DiscussionTo increase awareness of these fractures, the term residual energy dispersal (RED) fractures is proposed as these are distinct from other radiating fractures arising from sharp‐blunt‐force trauma. The ability to distinguish RED fractures from others has the potential to contribute to the identification of previously unidentified chop marks and to the interpretation of events surrounding an injury.

Achieving Sustainable Occupational Safety: Bridging Up Terminological Gaps

The article is devoted to the study of gaps in terminology in the language pair English- Russian thematically belonging to the sphere of occupational safety and health which derive from the differences in understanding the key concepts in two linguocultures. The authors believe that slow development of international cooperation in the sphere of occupational safety prevents the sustainable development of global economy as it hampers the exchange of experience and working out a common policy in dealing with occupational safety-related issues. On the material of thematic glossaries, standards of occupational safety and health in two languages the authors develop concept fields spotting terminological gaps and substantiating the causes of their existence, among which linguocultural factors are of primary importance. Further analysis aimed at the development of a bilingual occupational safety and health glossary will allow finding the most productive ways of interpreting the key terms in the languages under study, which will be beneficial both for the promotion of international cooperation in the sphere of occupational safety and health and sustainable development of global economy.

Open-Source Intelligence, Armed Conflict, and the Rights to Privacy and Data Protection

This paper examines the use of open-source intelligence (OSINT) during armed conflict and in humanitarian-emergency settings by States and non-State actors. It highlights real-world harms that can arise from the misuse of OSINT in such contexts, in particular through the lens of the rights to privacy and data protection, thereby demonstrating gaps in current terminology, regulatory frameworks, and ethical practices governing the use of this technology. Regarding OSINT’s use by States, the paper highlights the limits of existing legal frameworks regulating digital privacy and data protection in conflict settings, drawing on domestic regulatory frameworks and parallels from human rights law to identify key conceptual problems and regulatory limitations. Where non-State actors use OSINT, this paper highlights – via two case-study users, Bellingcat and the OSCE’s Special Monitoring Mission in Ukraine – the ‘doctrinal gap’ that arises from the patchwork of ethical standards and the relative absence of legal restraints. This gap poses a risk of harm to individuals and communities affected by OSINT activities that needs to be rectified, initially through the development of an evidence-based ‘theory of harm’.

Čelni napad ili uzmak: hrvatsko vojno nazivlje nasuprot angloameričkomu terminološkom prodoru

With the accession of Croatia to NATO, Croatian military terminology was confronted with a vast and complex terminological pool in English, for which Croatian equivalents had to be developed. This paper aims to address and investigate both latent and conspicuous mirroring of English term-formation patterns at all linguistic levels, as well as calqueing as a mechanism for creating Croatian equivalents. The research was undertaken on a corpus-verified excerpt of terms that were subjected to terminological analysis. Prima facie observations confirmed the efforts of subject matter experts to develop contemporary Croatian military terminology using Croatian language material. However, multiple criteria revealed the sample was debatable, both from the perspective of the standard Croatian language and of terminological principles. The research demonstrated that Croatian (terminological) term formation – as the most desirable method of term formation – is significantly underrepresented and dominated by latent linguistic borrowing (calques) and multiword term units. Because multiword terms constitute the most prevalent subgroup of terms today, they were given additional consideration, especially as Anglo-American structures and patterns are most closely emulated at this level of term formation. Anglo-American formation patterns frequently take priority, typically under the pretext of their alleged precision and transparency, despite the Croatian language substantial inherent term-formation potential. To systematize military terminology and introduce stability into the conceptual system, the author deemed it beneficial to go beyond the merely descriptive level of research and render solutions for terminological gaps or the terminology requiring revision and normative preference by undertaking concrete normative interventions and providing practical paradigmatic models. Finally, the rendered solutions were designed to both catalyze future interventions in Croatian military terminology and revise the current one.

Decoding Terminological AWARENESS: Developing Terminological Competence

In the dynamically changing scientific and academic environment it is rather difficult to imagine efficient communication among professionals in any field and across domains unless terminological deficiencies are properly addressed and solved. Bridging the existing terminological gap implies considering the issues of availability of terms, terminological work, acceptability of terms, responsibility of the respective authorities, degree of erudition of the actors, the performed needs analysis, term elaboration mechanisms, sensitivity and tolerance of the stakeholders, and last but not least, a well-defined scientific approach to term creation, harmonization and alignment across the languages. Therefore, raising terminological awareness is an essential part of curriculum at all levels of tertiary education, fundamental and/or applied research as well as vocational traineeship. It especially concerns the design of the contemporary technical translator profile, developing terminological competence and addressing the issues of cultural sensitivity and domain knowledge. The present paper aims at discussing the notion of terminological awareness and testing it against the number of the relevant terminological sub-competences a user should possess.

Shifting Interactions and Countershifting Opacity: A Note on Opacity in Harmonic Serialism

This squib proposes to extend the traditional taxonomy of pairwise process interactions (which contains “feeding,” “bleeding,” “counterfeeding,” and “counterbleeding”) to include the classes “shifting” and “countershifting.” A process “shifts” another if it does not feed or bleed it but rather causes it to apply in a different way. “Countershifting” is the opaque counterfactual inverse of shifting, and it fills a terminological gap identified by Kiparsky (2015). The class of countershifting interactions is claimed to be theoretically significant: Harmonic Serialism is able to apply the opaque process in countershifting interactions but generally not in counterfeeding or counterbleeding.

Globe and Adnexal Trauma Terminology Survey

Ocular trauma terminology should be periodically updated to enable comprehensive capturing and monitoring of ocular trauma in clinical and research settings. To update terminology for globe and adnexal trauma. A 2-round modified Delphi survey was conducted from January 1 to July 31, 2021, using an expert panel, including 69 ophthalmologists identified through their membership in ophthalmology (globe and adnexal trauma) societies. Consensus was defined as at least 67% expert agreement. A steering committee developed questions after identifying gaps in the current terminology via a targeted literature review. Round 1 sought consensus on existing and newly proposed terminology, and round 2 focused on unresolved questions from round 1. Experts included ophthalmologists who had managed, on average, 52 globe or adnexal trauma cases throughout their careers and/or published a total of 5 or more globe or adnexal trauma-related peer-reviewed articles. Expert consensus on ocular and adnexal terms. A total of 69 experts participated in and completed round 1 of the survey. All 69 participants who completed round 1 were asked to complete round 2, and 58 responses were received. Consensus was reached for 18 of 25 questions (72%) in round 1 and 4 of 7 questions (57%) in round 2. Existing Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology system terminology achieved consensus of 84% (58 of 69 experts) in round 1 and 97% (56 of 58 experts) in round 2. Experts agreed on the need for further refinement of the definition of zones of injury (55 of 69 [80%]), as the zone affected can have a substantial effect on visual and functional outcomes. There was consensus that the mechanism of injury (52 of 69 [75%]) and status of the lacrimal canaliculi (54 of 69 [78%]), nasolacrimal ducts (48 of 69 [69%]), lens (46 of 58 [80%]), retina (42 of 58 [73%]), and central and paracentral cornea (47 of 58 [81%]) be included in the revised terminology. There was consensus (defined as at least 67% expert agreement) on continued use of the existing Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology system definitions and that additional terms are required to update the current ocular trauma terminology.

Toward a standard formal semantic representation of the model card report

BackgroundModel card reports aim to provide informative and transparent description of machine learning models to stakeholders. This report document is of interest to the National Institutes of Health’s Bridge2AI initiative to address the FAIR challenges with artificial intelligence-based machine learning models for biomedical research. We present our early undertaking in developing an ontology for capturing the conceptual-level information embedded in model card reports.ResultsSourcing from existing ontologies and developing the core framework, we generated the Model Card Report Ontology. Our development efforts yielded an OWL2-based artifact that represents and formalizes model card report information. The current release of this ontology utilizes standard concepts and properties from OBO Foundry ontologies. Also, the software reasoner indicated no logical inconsistencies with the ontology. With sample model cards of machine learning models for bioinformatics research (HIV social networks and adverse outcome prediction for stent implantation), we showed the coverage and usefulness of our model in transforming static model card reports to a computable format for machine-based processing.ConclusionsThe benefit of our work is that it utilizes expansive and standard terminologies and scientific rigor promoted by biomedical ontologists, as well as, generating an avenue to make model cards machine-readable using semantic web technology. Our future goal is to assess the veracity of our model and later expand the model to include additional concepts to address terminological gaps. We discuss tools and software that will utilize our ontology for potential application services.

Terminological Gaps in the Context of Digitalization of English-Language Terminological System of Criminal Law

The present research deals with the analysis of lexical gaps belonging to legal terminology, which emerged in the Russian language due to the processes of digitalization of English-language terminological system of criminal law. Due to insufficient state of knowledge of terminological gaps in institutional discourse, in legal discourse in particular, the problem of developing the mechanisms to overcome terminological lacunarity becomes very significant, setting a task to find the most productive translation methods. Conducting complex linguistic analysis of lacunae in the Russian-language terminological system of criminal law emerged due to the internationalization of law in the conditions of development, enhancement of new information technologies and appearance of new highly-technological kinds of crimes using these technologies, demands employing a series of linguistic methods and approaches, particularly, content-analysis, component and etymological analysis, contrasting analysis aimed at comparing terminological gaps with extra-linguistic phenomena they represent, the research material includes legal online glossaries, reference and analytical materials of USA government agencies and information protection services, translation dictionaries. In the result of the conducted research the authors conclude that terminological gaps belonging to the sphere of criminal law are widely represented in English-language legal discourse. This can be explained by two objective tendencies typical of modern legal discourse, the tendency of internationalization of law and digitalization of English-language legal terminological system. The authors point out that conducting the linguistic analysis of terminological gaps demands applying a complex, multi-aspect, cross-disciplinary approach taking into consideration the data of allied areas of knowledge, particularly, criminal law, cultural studies of English-speaking countries as English-language non-equivalent units denote the concepts typical of English-language legal doctrines.

Mapping layperson medical terminology into the Human Phenotype Ontology using neural machine translation models

In the medical domain there exists a terminological gap between patients and caregivers and the healthcare professionals. This gap may hinder the success of the communication between healthcare consumers and professionals in the field, with negative emotional and clinical consequences. In this work, we build a machine learning-based tool for the automatic translation between the terminology used by laypeople and that of the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). HPO is a structured vocabulary of phenotypic abnormalities found in human disease. Our method uses a vector space to represent an HPO-specific embedding as the output space for a neural network model trained on vector representations of layperson versions and other textual descriptors of medical terms. We explored different output embeddings coupled to different neural network architectures for the machine translation stage. We compute a similarity measure to evaluate the ability of the model to assign an HPO term to a layperson input. The best-performing models resulted with a similarity higher than 0.7 for more than 80% of the terms, with a median between 0.98 and 1. The translator model is made available in a web application at this link: https://hpotranslator.b2slab.upc.edu.

TERMINOLOGICAL GAPS – A CHALLENGE IN SPECIALIZED TRANSLATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION FIELD

The change of higher education paradigm, once the Republic of Moldova has become a full member of European Higher Education Area is reflected within specialized language. A lot of new terminological units penetrate through translations the Romanian education language. The specialized translators have to overcome the translaltion difficulties in good time. The terminological gaps in Romanian represent a significant challenge. Once the source terms do not have standardized target terms in the terminographical sources, the translators suggest translational neonyms, giving rise to the phonomenon of terminological variety.

Knowledge activities applied | towards a holistic knowledge management approach in the software industry

PurposeThis paper aims to close the gap between the generic concept of knowledge activities (KAs) and implementing them in the context of software engineering organisations concentrating on the non-technical aspects, such as team organisation and practices.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative research used a questionnaire with practitioners such as software developers and team leads who were asked to provide feedback on a set of team practices and measures typically used in software engineering projects and assess their relation to the activities of acquiring, codifying, storing, maintaining, transferring and creating knowledge. The obtained results were analysed using frequency analysis and further descriptive statistics yielding a matrix linking the investigated team practices and measures to KAs.FindingsTeam practices and measures commonly applied in software engineering can be facilitated to trigger particular KAs. While most of these team practices and measures originate from agile methods, they are not restricted to these. A purposeful composition can help in assembling a balanced set of KAs aimed at fostering given knowledge goals in software engineering organisations.Practical implicationsBy bridging the communication and terminology gap between knowledge management research and software engineering practitioners, this work lays the foundation for assessing software teams’ knowledge profiles more easily and creating prerequisites for implementing knowledge management by facilitating common practices and measures often already part of their daily work. Hence, overhead can be avoided when implementing knowledge management.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study investigating application and relevance of KAs in the software industry by linking them to practices and measures well-accepted in software engineering, thus providing the necessary vocabulary for the implementation of knowledge management in software development teams.

ON MILITARY STRATEGIES, REVIEW

ON MILITARY STRATEGIES, REVIEW

Defining, teaching, and practising diversity: Another hegemonic discourse?

INTRODUCTION: Respect for diversity is a primary principle of the social work profession; however, the term diversity has been critiqued as meaningless and is often linked with cultural competence. Gaps in terminology, education, and knowledge about how to practise diversity have been identified in health and social practice literature, while attempts to teach diversity have uncertain results. The research question guiding this master’s study was “What are the factors that inform Aotearoa social workers’ practice when engaging with diversity?”METHODOLOGY: Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of four practising social workers to explore what informed their diversity practice. An inductive thematic analysis of the interview data was undertaken. Numerous themes and sub-themes were identified and grouped into seven thematic categories.FINDINGS: For research participants, the term diversity exists only in the discursive; and it “gets in the way” of practice. While acknowledging the importance of education and practice with Te Tiriti, participants could not seem to connect this knowledge with diversity and associated practices. The authors suggest that the definition of diversity for the purposes of social work education and competency frameworks requires a more critical approach: its associations with power, and its tendency to describe and classify otherwise complex, fluid, contextual identities. Aotearoa New Zealand social work education must also engage in critical analysis of monocultural, hegemonic discourse and power relationships through te Tiriti frameworks to prepare all students for practice with diversity in a bicultural context.