Terminological Conventions Research Articles

Self-assessment, self-evaluation, or self-grading: What’s in a name?

The ability of judging one’s own performance seems to be an increasingly attractive topic in foreign language learning and teaching research. Although there have been numerous studies confirming the positive impact of such a competence of students at various levels of education on the improvement of the foreign languageacquisition process, questions regarding terminology conventions remain and discussions continue. The aim of this article is, therefore, to respond to some of those questions, namely: What should we call this ability, self-assessment? Is self-assessment the same as self--evaluation? What does it mean to self-grade? This article provides an insight into the origins of the terms self-assessment and self-evaluation and their development in the fields of psychology and pedagogy, before focusing on their use in the area of teaching and learning a foreign language.

Was it a Syro-Ephraimite War?

Abstract 2Kings 16:5 describes a siege, laid by Rezin king of Aram-Damascus and Peqah son of Remalia king of Israel, on the Judean capital Jerusalem in the days of Ahaz son of Jotham king of Judah. This siege is known in the research literature as the ›Syro-Ephraimite war‹, named so after the two allies who joined forces against Judah: Aram-Damascus, located in Syria, and Israel, whose power base is traditionally identified with the central hill country of Mount Ephraim. The aim of this short paper is to question the appropriateness of the name given to this war and specifically the power structure it represents. It does so by examining regional power relations and the local Israelite power structure at the time, as well as relevant terminological conventions. This examination sheds new light on Israel’s power base at the time, and produces two more suitable options for naming this biblical event, by identifying the real political power structure and by bringing Judah into the picture.

Parenthood of Deaf mothers of hearing CODA children: Overview of selected research

The aim of this article is to attempt to present the issue of parenthood of Deaf mothers of hearing, underage children (KODA). The presented subject is important from a scientific and cognitive point of view due to the important role of a mother in the family, and also due to the deficit of empirical research and scientific studies in the area of parenthood of Deaf mothers of KODA children. This article consists of five parts. Part one introduces the adopted terminological conventions and also draws attention to the issue of Deaf mothers from mixed-hearing status families as a rarely described or explored area. Part two and three form an attempt at synthetic description of the situation of Deaf mothers, as well as the situation of their hearing children (KODA). The main part of this article focuses on selected empirical studies carried out both in Poland and abroad. The article concludes with the author's summary and conclusions, highlighting that Deaf mothers, in their parental role, encounter a number of barriers regarding, among others, communication, access to information or social perception of parenthood of people with a damaged hearing.

The divergent histories of Bose-Einstein statistics and the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937)

This article investigates the forgotten achievements of Władysław Natanson (1864–1937) related to the creation of Bose-Einstein statistics. The introductory part of the article presents considerations regarding the methodology of history and the history of exact sciences, and then the divergent research perspectives that can be taken in the description of the history of Bose-Einstein statistics, as well as the author’s integrated approach to this issue, which eliminates the disadvantages of these divergent views. This integrated approach is then used to describe the achievements of Władysław Natanson related to the creation of Bose-Einstein statistics. These achievements are presented against the background and in the context of discussions which – relatively sporadically – took place among various groups of researchers: historians and philosophers of science, physicists, sociologists of scientific knowledge in the 20th and 21st centuries. These discussions have now been reordered here. They are followed by a presentation of the complete list of Natanson’s publications regarding the subject. Also shown is his strategy to quote reliably the bibliography with regard to the explanation of the distribution of blackbody radiation and related issues. Additionally, a list of scientists who knew Natanson’s publications has been supplemented in the article and the precursorship of Natanson’s achievements is explained. This is followed by a rebuttal of many erroneous or simplified statements about him and his achievements. The already well-known terminological conventions have been recalled: “Bose statistics” and “Bose-Einstein statistics”, as well as recently introduced: “Planck-Bose statistics” (1984), “Natanson’s statistics” (1997)”, “Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics” (2005), “Planck-Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics” (2011), and “Natanson statistics” (2013). New terminological conventions have been introduced: “Boltzmann-Planck-Natanson statistics” and “Boltzmann-Planck-Natanson-Bose-Einstein statistics”. A side effect of this research is a discovery that Robert K. Merton – the author of the label ‘Matthew effect’ – chose the name of the effect using erroneous premises and the effect should therefore be named after its actual discoverer. The article is accompanied by four appendixes: the first presents reflections on the methodology of historiography and historiography of exact sciences, the second – a commentary on the use of the terms: “Bose statistics”, “Bose-Einstein statistics”, “Einstein-Bose statistics” and “Planck-Bose statistics”, the third – a very important letter by Max Planck to Władysław Natanson (of 25 January 1913), and the fourth – the excerpts of two letters from Sommerfeld to Rubinowicz (of 1 October 1919 and 1 November 1919). Rozbieżne historie statystyki Bosego-Einsteina i zapomniane osiągnięcia Władysława Natansona (1864–1937) Abstrakt Artykuł bada zapomniane osiągnięcia Władysława Natansona (1864–1937) związane z powstaniem statystyki Bosego-Einsteina. W części wstępnej artykułuwskazano rozbieżne perspektywy badawcze, jakie przyjmowano w opisie historii statystyki Bosego-Einsteina, a także autorskie zintegrowane ujęcie tego zagadnienia, które eliminuje wady tych rozbieżnych perspektyw. Wspomniane zintegrowane ujęcie zastosowano następnie do opisania osiągnięć Władysława Natansona (1864–1937), związanych z powstaniem statystyki Bosego-Einsteina. Dokonania Natansona przedstawiono na tle i w kontekście dyskusji, jakie toczyły się (stosunkowo sporadycznie) wśród różnych grup badaczy: historyków i filozofów nauki, fizyków, socjologów wiedzy naukowej w XX i XXI w. Dyskusje uporządkowano oraz przedstawiono kompletną listę publikacji Natansona dotyczących omawianego zagadnienia. Wskazano także strategię rzetelnego cytowania przez Natansona bibliografii dotyczącej wyjaśnienia rozkładu promieniowania ciała doskonale czarnego i pokrewnych zagadnień; uzupełniono listę naukowców, którzy znali publikacje Natansona; skorygowano wiele błędnych lub uproszczonych stwierdzeń na temat Natansona i znaczenia jego publikacji, wyjaśniono kwestię prekursorstwa jego osiągnięć etc. Przypomniano już znane konwencje terminologiczne: „statystyka Bosego” i „statystyka Bosego-Einsteina”, jak również niedawno wprowadzone: „statystyka Plancka-Bosego” (1984), „statystyka Natansona” (1997, 2013), „statystyka Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina” (2005) oraz „statystyka Plancka-Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina” (2011). Wprowadzono nowe konwencje terminologiczne: „statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona” i „statystyka Boltzmanna-Plancka-Natansona-Bosego-Einsteina”. Skutkiem pobocznym tych badań jest odkrycie, iż socjolog Robert K. Merton – autor określenia „efekt św. Mateusza” – wybrał tę nazwę, posługując się błędnymi przesłankami i dlatego należy nazywać ten efekt nazwiskiem jego faktycznego odkrywcy. Do artykułu dołączone są cztery dodatki: pierwszy – przedstawia rozważania z zakresu metodologii historii i historii nauk ścisłych, drugi – komentarz dotyczący użycia terminów: „statystyka Bosego”, „statystyka Bosego-Einsteina”, „statytyska Einsteina-Bosego” oraz „statystyka Plancka-Bosego, trzeci – bardzo ważny list Maxa Plancka do Władysława Natansona z 25 stycznia 1913 r, a czwarty – fragmenty dwóch listów Sommerfelda do Rubinowicza z 1 października 1919 i 1 listopada 1919.

Conditional constructions in African languages

This paper serves as an introduction to the special issue of Studies in African Linguistics devoted to conditional constructions in African languages. I first describe the motivation for this volume and the common terminological conventions used in the papers, before discussing some of the more influential attempts to categorize conditional constructions together with some of the functions of conditional constructions. I then present an overview of conditional constructions in African languages, noting the various kinds of conditional meanings that are distinguished grammatically in different languages, and types of isomorphism between conditional constructions and other categories. I conclude with a note on concessive conditionals.

From Byzantine to Islamic Egypt: Religion, Identity and Politics after the Arab Conquest by Maged S. A. Mikhail

Reviewed by: From Byzantine to Islamic Egypt: Religion, Identity and Politics after the Arab Conquest by Maged S. A. Mikhail Lev Weitz From Byzantine to Islamic Egypt: Religion, Identity and Politics after the Arab Conquest. By Maged S. A. Mikhail. [Library of Middle East History, vol. 45.] (London: I. B. Tauris; distrib. Palgrave. 2014. Pp. xiii, 429. $100.00. ISBN 978-1-848-85938-8.) Maged Mikhail’s From Byzantine to Islamic Egypt examines the transformations in Egyptian society, religion, and politics occasioned by the Arab-Muslim conquests of the seventh century. It is an ambitious undertaking. In twelve chapters spanning the seventh to the tenth centuries, the book seeks to examine an extensive range of historiographically significant subjects. These include relations between the conquerors and indigenous Christian elites; religious conversion; linguistic change; Muslim rulers’ reforms to the Byzantine administrative system; law and justice in the cities and countryside; the settlement and evolution of Egypt’s Muslim population; relations with the churches of Nubia, Ethiopia, and Syria; the reconstitution of ecclesiastical authority under Muslim rule; and the practical and discursive construction of Coptic, Melkite, and local Muslim religious identities. In many respects, the book succeeds in accomplishing its ambitious goals. Its greatest strength is its full use of the exceptionally wide range of textual sources Egypt has to offer—narrative texts in both Coptic and Arabic, as well as Greek, Arabic, and Coptic documentary papyri—in the service of its broad historical vision. The source material and historiographical debates related to Egypt are extensive enough that the subject of any of the book’s chapters could be a monograph of its own. Mikhail’s signal contribution is to bring such a diverse array of material together to offer both compelling and coherent syntheses of his chosen topics and a number of new arguments of his own. Chapter 9’s discussion of the Coptic Church’s relations with Nubia and Ethiopia is noteworthy; Mikhail ably makes the case that those relations fundamentally structured the Coptic hierarchy’s political position vis-à-vis the Muslim rulers back in Egypt. Although other provinces of the early Islamic caliphate have received treatments comparable in their breadth (Michael Morony’s seminal Iraq after the Muslim Conquest [Princeton, 1984] comes to mind), Egypt was surely in need of one. Mikhail has made an important contribution in this regard. From Byzantine to Islamic Egypt will be most readily accessible to specialists in late antiquity and early Islam. On the whole, its chapters tend to dive straight into historiographical debates; students or nonspecialists might want to read a more general history before engaging with Mikhail’s arguments. Certain limitations arise in the book’s approach to the formation of communal religious identities. Mikhail frequently and laudably objects to primordialist narratives of Egyptian history (although which contemporary scholars actually hold such views is not always clear), and tends to emphasize the constructedness of religious identities. Despite this framework, however, the book uses the terms Coptic and Melkite interchangeably with anti-Chalcedonian and pro-Chalcedonian throughout. This becomes problematic at times. For example, Mikhail justly argues that Coptic religious elites began to portray Byzantine rule as exclusively persecutory only in the [End Page 379] ninth century and that doing so was an effort to define the Church’s place in both the Egyptian past and the Islamic order (p. 36). It would have been useful, however, to consider whether indigenizing discourses like this played some role in producing the very idea of Coptic Christianity as a discrete religious tradition and in transforming anti-Chalcedonian Egyptians into Copts as an ethno-religious category. In this respect, the book’s terminological conventions sometimes obscure the cultural transformations it otherwise documents so well. These limitations are not an indictment of the book’s overall quality. It is a very impressive success to provide both broad syntheses and detailed examinations of a topic so vital to the history of the Middle East and Christianity. From Byzantine to Islamic Egypt is a welcome contribution to the historiography of the early Islamic world, Coptic Christianity, and late-antique and medieval Egypt. Lev Weitz The Catholic University of America Copyright © 2016 The Catholic University of America Press

How a national vegetation classification can help ecological research and management

The elegance of classification lies in its ability to compile and systematize various terminological conventions and masses of information that are unattainable during typical research projects. Imagine a discipline without standards for collection, analysis, and interpretation; unfortunately, that describes much of 20th-century vegetation ecology.

Crowdsourcing, corpus use, and the search for translation naturalness

This paper argues that corpus use in translation and the Facebook non-professional crowdsourcing model both aim to create more natural-sounding translations. A number of studies on corpus use support this hypothesis, but, to date, there have been no empirical studies on whether crowdsourcing translations produces texts that comply with the conventions users expect, consequently appearing more natural. After a theoretical discussion on how corpus use and Facebook crowdsourcing both intend to achieve more naturally sounding translations, the empirical study contrasts the crowdsourced Peninsular Spanish version of Facebook to original Spanish social networking sites. The methodology is based on a comparable corpus (Baker 1995) and compares all the interactive segments, such as navigation menus and dialog boxes, in this version of Facebook to a similar corpus extracted from the top 25 social networks locally produced in Spain. The contrastive analyses focus on verbal use and terminological conventions. The results confirm that the linguistic features examined in Facebook and produced through a crowdsourced non-professional model match those found in the corpus of non-translated networking sites.

Zervikale, inguinale und abdominelle Lymphknotendissektion

Diagnostic lymph node dissections can be defined as a form of oncological service surgery. These procedures aim at clarification of differential diagnoses of local or systemic lymph node pathologies or contribute to tumor staging. Procedure implementation can either involve incisional biopsy, selective lymph node extirpation or regional systematic lymph node dissection. Sentinel lymph node lymphadenectomy is a focused form of selective lymphadenectomy. Both surgeon and oncologist must have a preoperative consensus and mutual understanding about the detailed purpose of the procedure in the individual patient setting. Terminology conventions must be considered in communication. Potential reasons to extend surgery should be strategically reflected prior to surgery. Interventional techniques and minimally invasive forms of surgical lymph node dissection must be technically taken into account in order to reduce procedural morbidity. Clinically indicative scenarios, pathophysiological concepts and technical options of surgical lymph node dissection are described and discussed for various anatomical regions.

Intrinsic Linear Heterogeneity of Amyloid β Protein Fibrils Revealed by Higher Resolution Mass-per-length Determinations

Amyloid β proteins spontaneously form fibrils in vitro that vary in their thermodynamic stability and in morphological characteristics such as length, width, shape, longitudinal twist, and the number of component filaments. It is vitally important to determine which variant best represents the type of fibril that accumulates in Alzheimer disease. In the present study, the nature of morphological variation was examined by dark-field and transmission electron microscopy in a preparation of seeded amyloid β protein fibrils that formed at relatively low protein concentrations and exhibited remarkably high thermodynamic stability. The number of filaments comprising these fibrils changed frequently from two to six along their length, and these changes only became apparent when mass-per-length (MPL) determinations are made with sufficient resolution. The MPL results could be reproduced by a simple stochastic model with a single adjustable parameter. The presence of more than two primary filaments could not be discerned by transmission electron microscopy, and they had no apparent relationship to the longitudinal twist of the fibrils. However, the pitch of the twist was strongly affected by the pH of the negative stain. We conclude that highly stable amyloid fibrils may form in which a surprising amount of intrinsic linear heterogeneity may be obscured by MPL measurements of insufficient resolution, and by the negative stains used for imaging fibrils by electron microscopy.

Sprechapraxie: Symptome und Erklärungen

Apraxia of speech is considered as an impairment of the translation of phonological into movement information. In this article the symptoms of apra- xia of speech are reviewed and the syndrome is delineated from the dysarthrias and from apha- sic-phonological impairment. Terminological conventions borrowed from articulatory phono- logy are introduced as a tool to explain apraxic error mechanisms, and the role of conventional tasks probing a patient ' s phonological aware- ness is discussed. In a fi nal paragraph, apraxia of speech is considered on the background of neu- rological models of movement pathologies.

Emergence of terminological conventions as a searcher–indexer coordination game

AbstractIn the traditional model of information retrieval, searchers and indexers choose query and index terms, respectively, and these term choices are ultimately compared in a matching process. One of the main challenges in information science and information retrieval is that searchers and indexers often do not choose the same term even though the item is relevant to the need whereas at other times they do choose the same term even though it is not relevant. But if both searchers and indexers have the opportunity to review feedback data showing the success or failure of their previous term choices, then there exists an evolutionary force that, all else being equal, will lead to helpful convergence in searchers' and indexers' term usage when the information is relevant, and helpful divergence of term usage when it is not. Based on learning theory, and new theory presented here, it is possible to predict which terms will emerge as the terminological conventions that are used by groups of searchers and the indexers of relevant and nonrelevant information items.

What the <0.70, 1.17, 0.99, 1.07> is a Symbol?

The notion of a `symbol' plays an important role in the disciplines of Philosophy, Psychology, Computer Science, and Cognitive Science. However, there is comparatively little agreement on how this notion is to be understood, either between disciplines, or even within particular disciplines. This paper does not attempt to defend some putatively `correct' version of the concept of a `symbol.' Rather, some terminological conventions are suggested, some constraints are proposed and a taxonomy of the kinds of issue that give rise to disagreement is articulated. The goal here is to provide something like a `geography' of the various notions of `symbol' that have appeared in the various literatures, so as to highlight the key issues and to permit the focusing of attention upon the important dimensions. In particular, the relationship between `tokens' and `symbols' is addressed. The issue of designation is discussed in some detail. The distinction between simple and complex symbols is clarified and an apparently necessary condition for a system to be potentially symbol, or token bearing, is introduced.

FÉCAMP AND VERNACULAR HISTORIOGRAPHY

Peter Damian-Grint's study of Anglo-Norman historiography, with its subtitle 'Inventing vernacular authority',1 sets out to depict authorial consciousness and self-presentation in a series of pioneering chronicle texts.2 At the end of his consideration of 'dynastic histories' he makes a passing reference to the Geste de Burch and the Histoirie de l'abbaye de Fecamp,3 but they receive no further consideration. The truth is that the Histoirie de l'abbaye de Fecamp (first half of the thirteenth century) has been totally neglected since it was first published in 1928,4 although it offers an instructive and substantial contribution to the subject of Damian-Grint's investigation, as well as raising a number of more general issues connected with translation. There is an undeniable need, therefore, for an appreciation of the work to appear in print.Students of medieval adaptations and compilations of source texts arc familiar with the problem of the ambiguous nrst person: does it represent the voice of the source or of the adaptation?5 Embarrassing mistakes have been made through failure to recognize that a nrst-person anecdote in a medical compilation may not involve the compiler at all but simply be a feature of the source, unacknowledged. This raises the question of how, without the source to hand, a medieval or modern reader could be expected to interpret correctly the nature and status of the authority being utilized. Such problems can only be clarified by detailed study of the individual text as a micro-system, important in such study will be the evidence of authorial awareness, that is, the manner in which the author demonstrates his conception of his task, expresses his approach to his source, and, more particularly, seeks to distinguish his own voice from that of his predecessor(s). Are there any medieval terminological conventions which help to clarify the distinction? What is the function of source references? How is the first-person pronoun to be contextualized? Does the translator want any relationship to the source-author to be clearly defined or is there a planned ambiguity in the relationship as part of a rhetorical strategy? Inevitably, these issues acquire particular prominence in historiographical texts and the question of sources plays a prominent part in characterizing the nature and value of such texts.In the present study of what is a previously unexplored text by an anonymous Norman historiographer-translator my intention is to examine the self-consciousness of the writer, who utilizes at least three different Latin sources, to see how clearly he defines, or wishes to be defined, his relationship to, and dependence on, his sources. How does he envisage his relationship with his audience, and what help does he give them to chart their way through the chronology of his narrative?In his monograph on the Norman abbey of Fecamp, which he published in 1840, Leroux de Lincy edited an Old French poem of 750 octosyllabic lines from a fifteenth-century manuscript (Paris, Bibliotheque Nationale de France, MS f. fr. 1555) on the legend of the Precious Blood which was associated with the foundation of the abbey.6 Almost forty years later, Paul Meyer identified a much longer poem (6,068 lines, incomplete), also in Old French octosyllables, in MS 9446 (olim Ee 150) of the Biblioteca Nacional in Madrid, a much earlier manuscript, dated to the middle of the thirteenth century.7 Half a century after Meyer's discovery a Finnish scholar, Oskari Kajava, studied the longer poem in Madrid and published detailed notes on the work with a full summary of its contents in modern French together with a new edition of the shorter poem already published by Leroux de Lincy.8 This paved the way for the edition of the long poem which was published by Kajava's mentor, Arthur Langfors, himself a distinguished pupil of Meyer, who established the Old French text and identified the poem's major sources.9Langfors saw that the vernacular work fell into three parts, or books, corresponding to three distinct sources. …

Electrical Stimulation: A Reflection on Current Clinical Practices

This paper briefly reviews the basic principles of several clinical applications of electrical stimulation for therapeutic purposes. It is intended to facilitate the integration of electrical stimulation into routine clinical practice by clarifying the terminology and standard conventions of the field, explaining the delivery capabilities of common electrical stimulators commercially available for clinical use, summarizing several examples of evidence-based therapeutic applications, and providing guidelines for selection of most commonly used treatment parameters. Rather than an exhaustive survey of the field, the presentation touches broadly on guidelines for use of transcutaneous electrical stimulation employing surface electrodes for the purposes of analgesia (TENS), drug delivery (iontophoresis), or neuromuscular rehabilitation (NMES), as well as other selected clinical applications. The paper is a general review of common clinical practices of electrotherapy and should serve as an introduction to the important factors for clinicians to consider when contemplating electrical stimulation as a treatment option.

Stability of Supply Coefficients and Consistency of Supply-Driven and Demand-Driven Input — Output Models: A Comment

Recent literature dealing with supply-side and demand-side Input — Output models appears to contain some confusion or at least imprecision in the use of ‘stability’, ‘joint stability’, and ‘consistency’. This comment contains a tentative proposal for terminological conventions with respect to the three concepts. These thoughts are offered against the backdrop of a recent paper by Deman which illustrates the definitional problems.

La lengua tlapaneca de Malinaltepec By Jorge A. Suárez (review)

BOOK NOTICES 223 ters, but no indication of what principles underUe the distinction between permissible and impermissible clusters. One ofhis few analytical statements—that vowel and consonant length is non-phonemic (29, 67)—would have benefited from more detailed justification; if it is valid, it seems strange that pt and ptt are listed as distinct permitted consonant clusters. [Bernard Comrie, USC] The grammatical hierarchy ofMalayan Cantonese. By Siew-Yue Killingley . Newcastle upon Tyne, England : Grevatt & Grevatt, 1982. Pp. xxiv, 231. £5.70. This work, a revision of K's University of London doctoral thesis, is an extensive catalog of Cantonese sentence, clause, phrase, and word types, presented in a tagmemic model. It contains a great deal of data, presented in a format which makes it relatively accessible; however , most readers wiU probably have to work with the book for an hour or two to famiUarize themselves with the organization and some terminological conventions before they wiU be able to use it easily as a reference tool. Among the strengths of the book are the extensive exemplification, the exhaustive inventory of clause types and syntactic categories, and the unusually careful attention given to intonation and sentence-final particles. Certain weaknesses are inherent in the nature of the work; in particular, the admirable breadth of coverage precludes discussion in depth ofmany of them. Thus, whüe the treatment of interrogative constructions wiU satisfy many readers whose interest lies in that area, the material on sentential complementation (which is, of course, a much larger topic) is less comprehensive . The book wiU be extremely useful to anyone planning to undertake work on Cantonese syntax; typologists and students of Southeast Asian areal phenomena will find much of interest here, but cannot be sure of finding all the detail which their work may require. The physical format of the volume is quite unsatisfactory—a problem acknowledged by K: it is a lithographed typescript, reduced so as to fit two pages onto an 8 x 11" sheet, bound with fragüe and short-Uved tape. There is an exhaustive subject index, but no morpheme index. [Scott DeLancey, University of Oregon.] La lengua tlapaneca de Malinaltepec. By Jorge A. Suárez. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1983. Pp. xxiii, 641. Suárez, who unfortunately died in 1985, has here given us the first detailed monograph description of Tlapanec, an Otomanguean language of southwestern Mexico with about 30,000 speakers. A general introduction is followed by individual chapters on phonology (phonemes, including tones, and their aUophones, phonotactics, general morphophonemic alternations; 5-62), grammatical categories (63-97), morphology (of nouns, verbs, and other grammatical categories; 98-222), and syntax (of phrases and simplex and complex sentences; 223-364). There is also a sample text with morpheme glosses and translation. The second major part of the monograph is an extensive Tlapanec-Spanish vocabulary (377582 ), accompanied by a Spanish-Tlapanec index. FinaUy, there is a bibUography of previous work on Tlapanec. The entire description is comprehensive and on a high level. Tlapanec nominal and verbal morphology is extremely complex, not least in its tonal alternations, and those more interested in general theory may remain dissatisfied with S's essentiaUy word-and-paradigm analysis. But for a hitherto virtually undescribed language, it is essential that the data necessary for an analysis be presented, and S has certainly provided a wealth of data for anyone interested in re-analysing Tlapanec phonology and morphology. After struggling through so many descriptive grammars, trying to make sense out of vague statements about tense and aspect, I found it a pleasure to see S's clear demonstration that Tlapanec operates in terms of a relative tense opposition (75). The discussion of syntax is particularly extensive, and includes some topics that seem tojustify further monographic study. For instance, there are different forms depending on whether a 3rd person inflection refers to an NP mentioned expUcitly in the clause (S caUs this remission; 69, 89, 322-5). Since Tlapanec is a PRO-drop lanaguage, for 'he left' one can either include the subject pronoun (with remission ) or omit it (without remission). S emphasizes that remission is essentiaUy a syntactic phenomenon—although in appropriate cases it can...

The grammatical hierarchy of Malayan Cantonese By Siew-Yue Killingley (review)

BOOK NOTICES 223 ters, but no indication of what principles underUe the distinction between permissible and impermissible clusters. One ofhis few analytical statements—that vowel and consonant length is non-phonemic (29, 67)—would have benefited from more detailed justification; if it is valid, it seems strange that pt and ptt are listed as distinct permitted consonant clusters. [Bernard Comrie, USC] The grammatical hierarchy ofMalayan Cantonese. By Siew-Yue Killingley . Newcastle upon Tyne, England : Grevatt & Grevatt, 1982. Pp. xxiv, 231. £5.70. This work, a revision of K's University of London doctoral thesis, is an extensive catalog of Cantonese sentence, clause, phrase, and word types, presented in a tagmemic model. It contains a great deal of data, presented in a format which makes it relatively accessible; however , most readers wiU probably have to work with the book for an hour or two to famiUarize themselves with the organization and some terminological conventions before they wiU be able to use it easily as a reference tool. Among the strengths of the book are the extensive exemplification, the exhaustive inventory of clause types and syntactic categories, and the unusually careful attention given to intonation and sentence-final particles. Certain weaknesses are inherent in the nature of the work; in particular, the admirable breadth of coverage precludes discussion in depth ofmany of them. Thus, whüe the treatment of interrogative constructions wiU satisfy many readers whose interest lies in that area, the material on sentential complementation (which is, of course, a much larger topic) is less comprehensive . The book wiU be extremely useful to anyone planning to undertake work on Cantonese syntax; typologists and students of Southeast Asian areal phenomena will find much of interest here, but cannot be sure of finding all the detail which their work may require. The physical format of the volume is quite unsatisfactory—a problem acknowledged by K: it is a lithographed typescript, reduced so as to fit two pages onto an 8 x 11" sheet, bound with fragüe and short-Uved tape. There is an exhaustive subject index, but no morpheme index. [Scott DeLancey, University of Oregon.] La lengua tlapaneca de Malinaltepec. By Jorge A. Suárez. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 1983. Pp. xxiii, 641. Suárez, who unfortunately died in 1985, has here given us the first detailed monograph description of Tlapanec, an Otomanguean language of southwestern Mexico with about 30,000 speakers. A general introduction is followed by individual chapters on phonology (phonemes, including tones, and their aUophones, phonotactics, general morphophonemic alternations; 5-62), grammatical categories (63-97), morphology (of nouns, verbs, and other grammatical categories; 98-222), and syntax (of phrases and simplex and complex sentences; 223-364). There is also a sample text with morpheme glosses and translation. The second major part of the monograph is an extensive Tlapanec-Spanish vocabulary (377582 ), accompanied by a Spanish-Tlapanec index. FinaUy, there is a bibUography of previous work on Tlapanec. The entire description is comprehensive and on a high level. Tlapanec nominal and verbal morphology is extremely complex, not least in its tonal alternations, and those more interested in general theory may remain dissatisfied with S's essentiaUy word-and-paradigm analysis. But for a hitherto virtually undescribed language, it is essential that the data necessary for an analysis be presented, and S has certainly provided a wealth of data for anyone interested in re-analysing Tlapanec phonology and morphology. After struggling through so many descriptive grammars, trying to make sense out of vague statements about tense and aspect, I found it a pleasure to see S's clear demonstration that Tlapanec operates in terms of a relative tense opposition (75). The discussion of syntax is particularly extensive, and includes some topics that seem tojustify further monographic study. For instance, there are different forms depending on whether a 3rd person inflection refers to an NP mentioned expUcitly in the clause (S caUs this remission; 69, 89, 322-5). Since Tlapanec is a PRO-drop lanaguage, for 'he left' one can either include the subject pronoun (with remission ) or omit it (without remission). S emphasizes that remission is essentiaUy a syntactic phenomenon—although in appropriate cases it can...

Fundamental remarks on so‐called reaction equations

Summaries English The author develops the premise that the emergence of interdisciplinary relations between different fields of learning requires terminological conventions to be made consonant. He explores this issue with reference to two themes from the field of chemistry where strong relations exist with mathematics: the use of the equals sign and the (double) reaction sign, and the notions of reaction equation and reaction symbol.

On weak Agassiz systems of algebras

In [2] we dealt with the concept of normal Agassiz system of algebras being a modification of Agassiz system introduced by G. Gratzer and J. Sichler in [1]. Now we want to discuss a generalization of the concept of normal Agassiz system in the direction suggested by the definition of naming functor given by Gratzer and Sichler in [1]. The present paper is a continuation of [2] and thus all notational and terminological conventions of [2] will be used freely. For the sake of convenience in some situation we shall use the notation p ≡K q interchangeably with p ≡ q ∈ Id(K). In several cases, to make evident the length of a sequence of polynomial symbols we shall use the notation (p, . . . ,p) for k-termed (k > 1) sequence of p− s. Given a naming functor N : P(τ) → P(%) (see [2]), we say that an algebra B of type % belongs to the weak structurality class of N (B ∈ WSC(N)) if and only if for every n-ary (n > 1) polynomial symbol p ∈ P(τ) and every q1, . . . ,qn ∈ P(τ), N(p(q1, . . . ,qn)) ≡ N(q)(N(q1), . . . , N(qn)) ∈ Id(B).