Terminalia Chebula Fruit Research Articles

Influence of age of fermented Terminalia chebula fruit extract in shell lime: An ancient lime putty production technique adopted in Indian heritage structures

The study examines the influence of fermentation age of 5% w/v extract (K5%) of Terminalia chebula fruit in shell lime, using a 0.75 K5%-to-binder ratio. The carbon dioxide evolution, UV-Spectrometric analysis of K5% followed by Gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) of the slaked putty variants, identified the predominance of organic acids, fatty acids, and esters. The 90th day physical, mechanical, and durability testing confirmed the lowest water-accessible porosity at 31.07 ±0.11% v/v in K5%-4-90, with capillary porosity trending as K5%-4-90<K5%-7-90<K5%-14-90<R-90<K5%-1-90, affecting compressive strength. Mineralogical and morphological studies confirmed the formation of calcite (CaCO3) polymorphs and calcium oxalates via the oxalate-carbonate pathway. Further, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed the highest %CaCO3 in K5-4-90 and K5-7-90 samples, linked to carbonation extent. The study specifies that K5% at the 4th and 7th days of fermentation age significantly alters putty characteristics, supporting its widespread application and internal and external finishes in heritage structures.

Post-I-Halela Zard (Terminalia Chebula Retz.): An Overview of the Key Medicinal Plant and Therapeutic Uses in the Unani System of Medicine

The Unani System of Medicine (USM) has long employed terminalia chebula, a significant medicinal plant in pharmaceutics, to treat a wide range of illnesses and infections. The distinctive phytoconstituents (chebulenic acid, corilagin and casuarinin) found in this herb are thought to be a valuable and affordable source. These phytoconstituents are commonly used in the production of medications with higher safety margins and fewer harmful effects against various ailments. The mature dried fruits of terminalia chebula belong to the combretaceae family. It is also referred to as Halīlaj Asfar in Arabic, Halela Zard in Persian, Haritāki in Hindi and Chebulic Myrobalan in English. According to their level of maturation, each of these varieties can take on different forms, making this categorisation well-known in the USM. Halela has been used in Unani medicine for a very long period, either alone or in different compound formulations like Itrīfal or Triphala. The entire plant, with its great medicinal potential, has been used by Unani physicians to treat a wide range of conditions in humans. It is used as a blood purifier, astringent, cholagogue, carminative, brain tonic, eye tonic, cardiotonic, stomach tonic, gastrointestinal motility, kidney tonic and digestive anthelmintic. Terminalia chebula possesses a multitude of pharmacological and therapeutic qualities, including hepatoprotective, wound-healing, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic effects. In an effort to clarify further research in this field, this study aims to shed light on T. chebula by describing its widely recognised medicinal benefits. KEYWORDS: Halela Zard, H

Profiling of phytochemical constituents of terminalia chebula fruit extract by different solvent effects and synchronized analysis of FTIR and GCMS

BackgroundDetecting the Teminalia chebula best extract-enriching bioactive compounds using four different solvents; Ethanol, water, chloroform and petroleum ether for medicinal applications. MethodsQualitative analysis of phytochemicals of T. chebula (such as Tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids); Quantitative Determinations (Condensed tannins; total flavonoids, and phenolics), also, determination of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. GC–MS and FT-IR analysis of ethanolic extract were investigated. ResultsThe assays for phenolics, tannins and total flavonoids indicated an extensive difference in the total phenolic content ranging from 26 to 104, 13 to106 and 106 µg/g of extract. It was found that, the highest phenolics, tannins and total flavonoids content were found in the ethanolic extract and the lowest by petroleum ether extract. In examining the amount of total protein content also, high amount of total proteins observed in the ethanolic extract as 67 µg/g whereas, in contrast, the high amount of total carbohydrates observed in the aqueous extract with 103 µg/g. Further, the level of the different enzymatic antioxidant markers (SOD, Catalase and Gpx) and non-enzymatic antioxidant markers (vitamin C and vitamin E) produced by the ethanolic T. chebula fruit extract were 0.46 µg, 97 µg and 127 µg and 39.08 µg and18 mg/liter. The DPPH and reducing power assay radical scavenging activities of different solvent extracts of T. Chebula exhibited free radical scavenging properties up to 96 % of inhibition. The functional groups of the components were separated based on its peaks through FTIR analysis showed the existence of alcohol, alkanes, carboxylic acid, alkenes, alkanes, ethers, halogen respectively. The active compounds identified based on GCMS analysis showed the presence of furaldehyde, 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde Dodecanoic acid, ethylester n-pentadecanol, 1,2,3-Benzenetriol pyrogallol, 3,4,5trihydroxy benzoic acid, Octadecanoicacid,ethyl ester and Hentriacontane. ConclusionAmong four solvent screened, the ethanol extract of T. chebula revealed variety of bioactive phytochemicals. In addition to higher antioxidant activities and highest level of radical scavenging activity. Accordingly, it can be inferred that T. chebula may serve as an antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agent in addition to being a plant-based antioxidant.

Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled supplementation of a standardized Terminalia chebula fruit extract alters the gut microbiome, phageome, and increases short chain fatty acids in High-BMI, borderline diabetic females

Terminalia chebula (TC) is an Ayurvedic herb containing polyphenolic compounds that interact with gut microbiota to modulate bioactivity. To examine how TC supplementation modulates the gut microbiome and associated metabolic pathways, a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study that screened 58 and enrolled 43 females aged 25–55 with a BMI of 25–35 kg/m2 and HbA1C between 5.5–7. Subjects were randomized to standardized preparation of TC (250 mg, Synastol® TC) capsules or oral placebo twice daily for 8 weeks. Stool sample collections and venipuncture were performed. Α-diversity of the gut microbiome increased in the TC group at week 8 versus placebo (p < 0.05). Akkermansia muciniphila, Alistipes_putredinis, Bacteroides_u_s, Ruminococcaceae_u_s, Waltera_intestinalis, Lachnospira_eligens, Parabacteroides phage YZ-2015b and Uncultured_crAssphage increased at week 8 versus baseline following TC supplementation. Circulating acetic acid (p < 0.05), propionic acid (p < 0.01), and butyric acid (p = 0.12) increased at week 8 in the TC group versus placebo. Chenodeoxycholate and tauro-beta-muricholate increased following TC supplementation (p < 0.05). TC supplementation increases beneficial gut bacteria, phages, and circulating SCFAs, which may modulate bile acid synthesis. Future studies on how TC extract supplementation influences the metabolome in an expanded population are warranted.

Evaluation of Some Medicinal Plant Crude Extracts (Aqueous, Ethanol, and Acetone) Against Several Pathogenic Bacteria

Abstract Background: The Terminalia chebula fruit extract possesses various biological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and protoparasite. Objective: This study aimed to detect the active compounds in the aqueous, ethyl alcoholic, and acetone extracts of the seeds of Terminalia chebula, Pimpinella anisum, and Artemisia herba-alba against the bacterial species that will be isolated from bacterial skin infections. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 pathological isolates were isolated from patients with bacterial skin infections; aqueous, alcoholic, and acetone extracts were prepared; the efficiency of these plant extracts against bacterial species was evaluated; and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. Results: A total of 100 bacterial isolates were obtained out of 120 samples, which included 42 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 33 isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae and 25 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The alcoholic extract of the seeds of the Terminalia chebula plant was the best plant extract in inhibiting the isolated bacterial species. Conclusions: The Iraqi environment is rich in medicinal plants such as Terminalia chebula, Pimpinella anisum, and Artemisia herba-alba. Conclusion: It was also found that the alcoholic extracts of the seeds of the Terminalia chebula showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of bacteria species under study, and all studied plants contain most of the active compounds.

A standardized combination of Terminalia chebula and Withania somnifera extracts enhances immune function in adults: a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study.

The use of botanical medicine has been demonstrated as a potential strategy to manage or treat a variety of health issues. Terminalia chebula (Retz) fruit and Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal roots are important medicinal herbs described in Ayurveda and traditional therapy for diverse health benefits. This pilot study aimed to evaluate the immune function-enhancing potential of a unique blend of T. chebula fruit and W. somnifera root extracts, LN20189, in healthy men and women. Forty healthy volunteers (age: 35-60 years) were randomized into two groups receiving either LN20189 (500 mg per day) or a matched placebo over 28 consecutive days. The total T-cell population was the primary efficacy measure in this study. The secondary efficacy measures included counts of CD4, CD8, natural killer (NK) cells, serum levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), total immunoglobulin-G (IgG), and Immune Function Questionnaire (IFQ) scores. Safety parameter assessments were also conducted. Post-trial, in LN20189-supplemented subjects, T cells, CD4, NK cells count, and the CD4:CD8 ratio were increased by 9.32, 10.10, 19.91, and 17.43%, respectively, as compared to baseline. LN20189 supplementation increased serum IFN-γ and IgG levels by 14.57 and 27.09% from baseline and by 13.98 and 21.99%, compared to placebo, respectively. Also, the IFQ scores in the LN20189 group were 84.68% (vs. baseline) and 69.44% (vs. placebo) lower at the end of the trial. LN20189 improved the study volunteers' cellular and humoral immune functions. In summary, LN20189 supplementation was found tolerable and improved the key cellular and humoral factors of the immune system and helped improve immune function of the trial volunteers.

A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of poly-herbal traditional decoction for the management of type 2 diabetes in comparison with standard Western treatments

Abstract Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) known as Mathumegam is a significant health concern in the twenty-first century. Despite great advances in contemporary science, there is a lack of moderately safe and effective drugs for treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a poly herbal traditional decoction containing 10 herbs such as Senna auriculata (root &amp; bark), Cissampelos pareira (root), Ficus racemosa (bark), Terminalia arjuna (bark), Acacia arabica (bark), Syzygium cumini (bark), Curcuma longa (rhizome), Terminalia chebula (fruit pulp), Phyllanthus emblica (dry fruit), and Terminalia bellirica (fruit pulp) in the management of T2DM. Materials and Methods: It was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial involving 100 T2DM patients who were not well managed by diet or exercise. For a period of 12 weeks, 50 patients in group A were administered 5g of the test medication mixed with 100ml (one tumbler) of hot water for 10 to 15 min, as well as standard Western therapy. Group B patients (n=50) received a placebo in addition to normal Western therapy. The main focus of the study was to achieve a 3-month decrease in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from the starting point, with additional objectives including lowering fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and observing changes in diabetic symptoms. Results: At the end of the trial, mean fasting blood glucose levels decreased to 119.04 ± 11.52 and 176.90 ± 13.91 mg/dL in the test and control groups, respectively. Group A showed a more significant decrease in mean fasting blood glucose levels compared to group B. This indicates that the daily use of poly herbal traditional decoction along with standard allopathic medical therapy for 3 months led to notable reductions in FBG levels. Similarly, group A showed greater improvement in the measured signs and symptoms of diabetes, such as polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weariness, and burning sensation in the hands and feet compared to group B throughout the trial. At baseline, the mean HbA1c (%) in group A and group B was 7.47 ± 0.70 and 7.39 ± 0.66, respectively. After 12 weeks of investigation, the levels of glycated hemoglobin were lowered to 5.03 ± 0.53 and 6.79 ± 0.51 respectively. There were no adverse events reported during the trial period. Conclusion: This study found that the experimental medication was beneficial in T2DM, radically lowering FBG and HbA1c levels in diabetic individuals after 12 weeks of treatment.

Isolation and Characterization of Chemical Compounds from Terminalia Chebula for Anti-Diabetic Evaluation Through In-Silico Approach

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder affecting millions of people and needs to be addressed. Alternativestrategies are required for better diabetes management, as evidenced by the high costs of modern medicines. The field of herbalmedicine research has been gaining significant importance in the last few decades, and the demand to use natural products in thetreatment of diabetes is increasing across the globe. Traditional plant medicines are used worldwide for a range of diabeticcomplications. Terminalia chebula is one of the widely used traditional medicine by diabetic patients. In this present work,Terminalia chebula fruits were used for the potential of anti-diabetic activity. The phytochemical investigation revealed that itsfruit contains high amounts of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and glycosides. The percolation method was followed byusing T. chebula fruit for the extraction, further fractionating with different solvents, n-Hexane, Ethyl acetate, n- Butanol, andwater. When ethyl acetate extract of T. chebula was tested, it was found to have significant effects on blood glucose levels. Itsuggests that it can be used as an antidiabetic agent. Gallic acid and quercetin were compounds identified by NMR, MS, andUPLC analysis. Molecular docking studies of designed compounds were carried out through Auto Dock Vina [1.1.2] toinvestigate the interaction with PPAR-γ associated with diabetes, and pkCSM software was used for ADMET analysis. Thus, theresult of the study proved that the ethyl acetate extract of T. chebula had good potential as an antidiabetic, and this plant can beused to discover natural bioactive compounds that may serve for the advances of novel pharmaceutical development. Moreover,the compounds found in the extract could be used to develop new pharmaceuticals for diabetes treatment.

Implications of Asparagus racemosus and Terminalia chebula extracts on oxazolone induced inflammatory bowel disease in Danio rerio (zebrafish)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) occurs in the human intestine without any definitive etiology for which there is no cure yet. The present study analyses the anti-inflammatory and anti Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) potentials of the methanol extract of Indian herbal plants Asparagus racemosus (AR) and Terminalia chebula (TC). First, we prepared methanolic extracts of AR root and TC fruit using the Soxhlet procedure and analyzed their phytochemical composition by GC-MS. Second, the extracts were used against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus cultures and observed for growth and biofilm inhibition. Third, the anti-oxidant assays were performed for the same extracts. Finally, we studied pathological and hematological analysis to study a reduction in the number of inflammatory cells following oxazolone-induced IBD in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Both extracts contain steroids, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, and carbohydrates as active ingredients with moderate antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.5 μg/ml (TC) and 25 μg/ml (AR) against both bacteria. AR extract showed high biofilm inhibition on E. coli (80.8 ± 0.81%) and B. cereus (92.8 ± 1.08%) at 800 μg/mL and showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity IC50 value of 139.9 μg/mL. Further in IBD zebrafish, AR (14 mg/L) and TC (60 mg/L) exhibited a significant reduction in inflammatory cells in blood and improved pathological scores in the gut compared with positive drug Prednisolone (50 mg/L). Moreover, T. chebula showed a greater reduction in the number of inflammatory cells recruited in the intestine of IBD-induced fish compared to A. racemosus at the time point and dose examined.

Inhibition mechanisms of four ellagitannins from terminalia chebula fruits on acetylcholinesterase by inhibition kinetics, spectroscopy and molecular docking analyses

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the development of natural AChE inhibitors as candidates has played a significant role in drug discovery. In this study, the inhibition mechanisms of four ellagitannins, punicalagin, chebulinic acid, geraniin and corilagin, from Terminalia chebula fruits on AChE were investigated systematically by a combination of inhibition kinetics, multi-spectroscopic methods and molecular docking. The kinetic results showed that punicalagin, chebulinic acid and geraniin exhibited strong reversible inhibitory effects on AChE in an uncompetitive manner with the IC50 values of 0.43, 0.50, and 0.51 mM, respectively, while corilagin inhibited AChE activity in a mixed type with the IC50 value of 0.72 mM. The results of fluorescence and UV–vis spectra and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) revealed that four ellagitannins could significantly quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of AChE though a static quenching along with non-radiative energy transfer. Thermodynamic analyses showed that values of ΔG, ΔH and ΔS were negative, indicating that all binding processes were spontaneous, and the hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces might make a great contribution to the formation of inhibitor-AChE complexes. The synchronous fluorescence, three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence, UV–vis, and FT-IR spectra studies suggested that four ellagitannins could lead to alterations in the micro-environment and secondary structure of AChE, and thus the conformational change of AChE. Moreover, molecular docking demonstrated that four ellagitannins could interacted with main amino acid residues of AChE with affinity energies ranging from −9.9 to −8.7 kJ/mol, and further confirmed the above experimental results. This study provided valuable findings for the potential application of four ellagitannins as promising candidates in the exploration of natural AChE inhibitors for the treatment of AD.

Antioxidant, photo-catalytic activities of biogenic Cu-Ni nano-composite using Terminalia chebula extract

Copper-nickel (Cu-Ni) Bimetallic nanoparticless have been synthesized in an eco-friendly manner using an aqueous extract of the polyphenol-rich Terminalia chebula fruit. The UV–Visible spectral analysis showed that a characteristic peak at λ max 530 nm which confirms the formation of Copper-Nickel (Cu-Ni) Bimetallic nanoparticles and that it was monodisperse. The FTIR and EDX studies revealed that polyphenols in the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula were utilized for producing the Cu-Ni Bimetallic nanoparticles. The XRD studies confirmed the resultant Copper-Nickel (Cu-Ni) compound was FCC. The sphere shape was confirmed by TEM analysis, with an average size of 20.6 nm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the photocatalytic and antioxidant properties of the biosynthesized Copper-Nickel (Cu-Ni) Bimetallic nanoparticles. Both Congo red dye and Eosin-Y are known to cause cancer. They were broken down by a catalyst in 30 and 60 min, respectively, and their degradation was found to follow first-order dynamics. Maximum antioxidant activity against DPPH was observed at 150 µg/ml, with an EC50 of 78.51 and an EC90 of 65.01 µg/ml.

Effect of ultrasound, microwave, and enzymatically pre-treated Terminalia chebula pulp on extraction of bioactive compounds using supercritical CO2

Terminalia chebula fruit pulp was subjected to three different pre-treatments viz. microwave (360 and 720W), ultrasound (50 and 100% amplitude) and cellulase (200 and 400U) and their combinations then subjecting the best pre-treated pulp to supercritical CO2 (ScCO2) for extraction of bioactive compounds. It was observed that ultrasound at 50% amplitude, microwave at 360 Watts, and enzyme with 400 Unit resulted in maximum yield bioactive compounds for the different pre-treatments. The selected levels of the pre-treatments were now evaluated for combined treatment. In the combined pre-treatment, microwave-assisted ultrasound extraction resulted in maximum extraction of bioactive compounds. The total phenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant capacity (DPPH) were found to be 346.05 mg GAE/g, 116.93 mg QE/g and 91.57% respectively. This best pre-treated pulp was then subjected to ScCO2 extraction, which further increased the recovery. The final extract was characterized and analysed using LC-MS.

1369 Terminalia chebula fruit extract from PSR™ technology demonstrates strong anti-aging and antioxidant properties

1369 Terminalia chebula fruit extract from PSR™ technology demonstrates strong anti-aging and antioxidant properties

Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Arthritic Activities of AV11-03 in Female Rats

Rheumatiod arthritis is a systemic auto-immune disease characterized by chronic inflammation at multiple synovial joints, cartilage destruction and bone erosion. Currently available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, cortico-steroids and disease modifying anti-rheumatic therapies have severe side effects on prolonged use and thus throw a challenge for development of safe, effective alternatives. Of the many plant drugs claimed to be effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, in depth studies were carried out on the fruits of Terminalia chebula (Haradae) and the oleo-gum resin of Boswellia serrata (Sallaki). Glucosamine was shown to be chondrio-protective and effective in osteo-arthritis. Hence, we tested ‘AV-11 03’ which is a combination of the extracts of haradae, salliki an maize glucosamine on acute and chronic inflammatory models by studying a battery of physical, biochemical, histological and radiological parameters.

Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Supplementation with Standardized Terminalia chebula Fruit Extracts Reduces Facial Sebum Excretion, Erythema, and Wrinkle Severity

Terminalia chebula (TC) is a medicinal plant that exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties and that is widely used in Ayurveda and herbal formulations. However, the skin effects of TC as an oral supplement have not been studied. The objective of this study is to determine if oral TC fruit extract supplementation can modulate the skin's sebum production and reduce the appearance of wrinkles. A prospective double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted on healthy females aged 25-65. Subjects were supplemented with an oral placebo or Terminalia chebula (250 mg capsule, Synastol TC) capsules twice daily for eight weeks. A facial image collection and analysis system was used to assess the facial appearance of wrinkle severity. Standardized, non-invasive tools were used to measure facial moisture, sebum production, transepidermal water loss, melanin index and erythema index. For those who had a baseline sebum excretion rate >80 ug/cm2, TC supplementation produced a significant decrease in forehead sebum excretion rate compared to the placebo at four weeks (-17 decrease vs. 20% increase, p = 0.07) and at eight weeks (-33% decrease vs. 29% increase, p < 0.01). Cheek erythema decreased by 2.2% at eight weeks, while the placebo treatment increased cheek erythema by 1.5% (p < 0.05). Facial wrinkles decreased by 4.3% in the TC group and increased by 3.9% in the placebo group after eight weeks of supplementation (p < 0.05). TC supplementation reduces facial sebum and improves the appearance of wrinkles. Future studies should consider evaluating oral TC as adjuvant therapy for acne vulgaris.

ORAL HEALTH PROTECTION THROUGH AN AYURVEDA POLY HERBAL FORMULATION- AN IN VITRO STUDY

Introduction: Natural medicines prescribed by the traditional Ayurvedic medical system of Sri Lanka have been extensively used to treat and prevent oral diseases.Objective: Here, we investigated the antimicrobial effect of Ayurveda polyherbal formulation, mentioned in authentic text as Gandusha (mouth wash) consisting of Jasminum officinale leaves, Terminalia chebula fruits, Tinospora cordifolia stem, Desmodium triflorum whole plant and Glycyrrhiza glabra roots.Methods: Anti-microbial susceptibility of the poly herbal preparation against common oral pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis) was tested using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory (MIC) was expressed in mg of freeze-dried extract per millilitres of agar solution.Results: The plant extract has considerable antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. The lowest MIC of 250mg/ml was shown against Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus.Conclusions: The polyherbal formulation is effective in mitigating the bacterial growth and hence enhance the oral health protection.

Phytochemical study and pharmacological activity of Terminalia chebula fruit extracts activity as Dihydrofolate Reductase enzyme inhibitors associated with antioxidant effect: In vitro study

Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a fundamental enzyme in producing the precursor of purines and pyrimidines for biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and amino acids at various stages. It is considered the key target for both anticancer and antimicrobial drug design.&#x0D; Terminalia chebula has unique phytoconstituents which are employed broadly in the development of medications against different diseases. It has been established that Terminalia chebula fruit could be used as therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The aim of study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of T. chebula fruit extract against DHFR enzyme activity and assessment the antioxidant and scavenging activity of T. chebula fruit extract, using DPPH and reducing activity tests Terminalia chebula fruits where extracted. The anti- DHFR enzyme activity was assessed in vitro for the four extracts of Terminalia chebula fruit and MTX. Phytochemical analysis of screening test, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was done for the extract with highest biological activity. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of the extract with highest biological activity were evaluated via DPPH [1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl] and reductive ability test. The percent of DHFR inhibiting activity for the cold methanolic extract was the highest and it was higher than that of MTX (96.0±1.4% vs. 89.0±1.1%, respectively), therefore, it was selected for the proceeding assay. Phytochemical analysis showed that the cold methanolic extract of T. chebula, showed a positive reaction for alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids and saponins. Besides, GC-MS analysis showed the presence of pyrogallol compound, while HPLC analysis recorded 3 major peaks with different retention times that were semi-identical to gallic acid, rutin and quercetin standard. The highest radical scavenging activity of T.chebula cold methanolic extract and ascorbic acid according to DPPH were (80.1±2.04% and 85.83±2.1%, respectively) at the maximum studied concentration (200μg/ml), where the activity of ascorbic acid was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than that of T.chebula. Meanwhile, the reductive ability of the cold extract was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that of vitamin E (0.72±0.15 and 0.41±0.08, respectively) at the maximum studied concentration (250μg/ml). These results suggesting the cold extract of Terminalia chebula has in vitro prominent anti-dihydrofolate reductase activity which is better than that of MTX.&#x0D;

Evaluation of The Antidepressant Properties of Aqueous Extract Terminalia Chebula Fruit Pulp in Wistar Albino Rats.

Between 9 and 46% of those being treated for major depressive disorder had a partial or no response to antidepressants. Research is needed to produce a more effective and safer antidepressant. Terminalia chebula stimulates the CNS. The major goal of this research is to determine whether chronic administration of aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula fruit pulp dosages of (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) have antidepressant effects. Terminalia chebula behavioural model of rats when supplied over three to four months in experimental rats. Wistar albino rats weighing 200 to 300 grams and one to two months old were utilized. For all experiments, healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were separated into six groups with equal numbers of animals. The antidepressant properties of Terminalia chebula fruit pulp were investigated using two different experimental methods. Both the forced swimming and the tail suspension tests fall into this category. Terminalia chebula fruit pulp was given at doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg. To treat depression, a standard dose of antidepressant medication (10 mg/kg) of imipramine was administered. Each group of rats was tested one hour after treatment. A rat behavioural stress paradigm found that Terminalia chebula had a nephroprotective effect. Antioxidant phytochemicals like Terminalia chebula were extracted and quantified. The abundance of phytochemicals implies that this might be a good source for antioxidants and depression therapy. The current evidence is intriguing and may be employed as a medicine candidate after additional study and clinical tests.

Green-Routed Carbon Dot-Adorned Silver Nanoparticles for the Catalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes

Herein, a simple, cost-effective, and in-situ environmentally friendly approach was adopted to synthesize carbon dot-adorned silver nanoparticles (CDs@AgNPs) from yellow myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) fruit using a hydrothermal treatment without any additional reducing and or stabilizing agents. The as-synthesized CDs@AgNP composite was systematically characterized using multiple analytical techniques: FESEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, ATR-FTIR, XPS, and UV-vis spectroscopy. All the results of the characterization techniques strongly support the idea that the CDs were successfully made to adorn the AgNPs. This effectively synthesized CDs@AgNP composite was applied as a catalyst for the degradation of organic dyes, including methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). The degradation results revealed that CDs@AgNPs exhibit a superior catalytic activity in the degradation of MB and MO in the presence of NaBH4 (SB) under ambient temperatures. In total, 99.5 and 99.0% rates of degradation of MB and MO were observed using CDs@AgNP composite with SB, respectively. A plausible mechanism for the reductive degradation of MB and MO is discussed in detail. Moreover, the CDs@AgNP composite has great potential for wastewater treatment applications.

THE STUDY OF THE ANTIOXIDATIVE AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES OF NI NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIZED FROM TERMINALIA CHEBULA EXTRACT

The catalytic activity of Ni NPs can be utilized to alleviate environment pollution caused by industrial effluents containing organic dyes. In the present work, a green method was employed for the synthesis of Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles using Polyphenolic rich Terminalia Chebula fruit aqueous extract and evaluated its catalytic activity against carcinogenic congo red dye along with antioxidant activity. The UV-Vis peak at 395 nm revealed the formation and monodispersed nature of nanoparticle. FTIR studies confirmed that polyphenolic and alkaloids were utilized in the formation of nanoparticles. The XRD established formation of Ni nanoparticles of FCC. SEM indicated the agglomeration of nanoparticles and TEM established the spherical shape with an average size about 6-8 nm. This study also evaluated the catalytic and antioxidant activities of green synthesized Ni NPs. Catalytic degradation of carcinogenic congo red dye completed within 20 mints, degradation of the congo red dye found to be first order kinetics, antioxidant activity against DPPH found maximum to 100 μg/ml and EC50 as 65.01.