Terminal Link Research Articles

Optimizing CNN-LSTM for the Localization of False Data Injection Attacks in Power Systems

As the informatization of power systems advances, the secure operation of power systems faces various potential network attacks and threats. The false data injection attack (FDIA) is a common attack mode that can lead to abnormal system operations and serious economic losses by injecting abnormal data into terminal links or devices. The current research on FDIA primarily focuses on detecting its existence, but there is relatively little research on the localization of the attacks. To address this challenge, this study proposes a novel FDIA localization method (GA-CNN-LSTM) that combines convolutional neural networks (CNNs), long short-term memory (LSTM), and a genetic algorithm (GA) and can accurately locate the attacked bus or line. This method utilizes a CNN to extract local features and combines LSTM with time series information to extract global features. It integrates a CNN and LSTM to deeply explore complex patterns and dynamic changes in the data, effectively extract FDIA features in the data, and optimize the hyperparameters of the neural network using the GA to ensure an optimal performance of the model. Simulation experiments were conducted on the IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus test systems. The results indicate that the GA-CNN-LSTM method achieved F1 scores for location identification of 99.71% and 99.10%, respectively, demonstrating superior localization performance compared to other methods.

Evaluating voluntary abstinence from ethanol self-administration in rats using a concurrent-chains procedure

This pilot study aimed to examine voluntary abstinence from, and relapse of, ethanol seeking following removal of alternative nondrug reinforcement using a concurrent-chains arrangement. Rats first were trained to self-administer ethanol during a baseline condition. Next, they were presented with choices between responding for ethanol and sucrose during the initial link of a concurrent-chains schedule. Following their initial-link choice, they entered a terminal link in which they could respond exclusively for the reinforcer associated with their initial-link choice. To test for relapse, the same concurrent-chains procedure was arranged except that sucrose reinforcement was suspended from the sucrose-correlated terminal link. Overall, four out of the five rats showed a consistent preference for sucrose over ethanol during the voluntary-abstinence phase. When sucrose reinforcement was suspended during the relapse test, ethanol seeking increased for all rats.

Eliminating biased selections during concurrent‐chains schedules: A discovery research example

AbstractWhen an individual has limited language, concurrent‐chains schedules offer an objective means of assessing preference among behavior‐change procedures so that recipients can be incorporated into the treatment selection process. We initially attempted to use a concurrent‐chains schedule to assess children's preference for different types of token systems. However, upon observing children engaging in patterned selections, we evaluated procedures for eliminating biased selections. This was done using simple and salient terminal‐link arrangements with seven children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. For five of seven children, manipulating the number of successive forced‐choice trials to the reinforcement link was sufficient to produce discriminated responding. Removing the academic task in the terminal link was necessary for two children. For all participants, discriminated responding maintained when the initial exposure arrangement was reinstated. Results are discussed regarding the potential effects of a history of errorless teaching biasing selections during concurrent‐chains schedules.

Curcumin Induces Apoptosis by Suppressing XRCC4 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Curcumin is a chemical with various pharmacological activities used for cancer treatment. It inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by inducing apoptosis. Here, the mechanism underlying the effect of curcumin on the apoptosis of HCC cells was studied. Cell counting kit-8 and plate cloning assays were used to assess the proliferation of HCC cells, and acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Annexin V/PI staining were used to analyze their apoptosis. HCC xenograft tumor models were established to validate anti-cancer effects of curcumin. Expression levels of XRCC4 protein in tumor tissues were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Correlation between XRCC4 expression and the prognosis of patients with HCC was analyzed by integrating publicly available gene expression data. Curcumin inhibited HCC cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, curcumin significantly promoted the apoptosis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that curcumin downregulated XRCC4 expression levels in HCC tissues. Prognosis of HCC patients with high XRCC4 expression was poorer than that of patients with low XRCC4 expression. Therefore, curcumin exerts anti-cancer effects by inhibiting cell proliferation and promoting cell apoptosis in HCC. This may be due to curcumin interference in the repair process of the nonhomologous DNA terminal link of HCC cells by downregulating XRCC4 expression.

Peran Sanad Keilmuan Dalam Pengembangan Pondok Pesantren

This study investigates the critical role of scientific Sanad in preserving the authenticity and validity of Islamic religious teachings within the context of Pesantren (Islamic boarding schools). By having a Sanad that is linked to religious scholars or kiai within Pesantren, it ensures that the disseminated knowledge is in strict accordance with authentic religious doctrines. Employing a qualitative research methodology, specifically a Systematic Literature Review (SLR), the study reveals that the tradition of scholarly Sanad in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) is fundamentally centered around the kiai. The Kiai serves as the terminal link in the chain of knowledge transmission, particularly evident in the unique pedagogical methods of Pesantren where specific religious texts are studied. The concept of Sanad Kesains not only strengthens religious teachings but also contributes to the institutional development of Pesantren. It enables the Kiai to align with the vision of the Pesantren, thereby extending its impact beyond individual student development to broader social transformation. The resilience and adaptability of Pesantren in the face of modern challenges substantiate the continuing relevance of the scientific Sanad tradition.

Instantaneous kinematics of a planar two-link open chain in complex plane

This research aims to investigate the instantaneous kinematics of the terminal link of a planar two-link open chain using the canonical coordinate system of planar two-parameter motion. It is based on the complex-number technique. We review the higher-order instantaneous invariants of this motion of the terminal link with reference to the first and second-order instantaneous invariants. We apply these instantaneous invariants in complex number form to curvature theory. Finally, we give some examples by choice of different parameters and exhibit the comparisons.

Stimulus control of a social operant.

Three pigeon dyads were exposed to a two-component multiple schedule comprised of two tandem variable-interval 30-s interresponse time (IRT) > 3-s schedules in the presence of different stimuli. Pecks to keys by both pigeons of a dyad occurring within 500 ms of one another were required for reinforcement under one tandem schedule (the coordination component), and such coordinated responses were not required under the other (the control component). The terminal link of each schedule ensured that the reinforced coordination response was an IRT > 3 s. Rates of coordinated IRTs > 3 s and total rates of coordinated responses (composed of IRTs > 3 s and IRTs ≤ 3 s) were higher in the coordination components than in either of two different control components in which coordination was not required for reinforcement. This difference in coordinated responses in the presence and absence of the coordination requirement under stimulus control transitorily deteriorated and then was reestablished when the relation between the stimulus and the coordination contingency or its absence was reversed. The results show coordinated responding to function as a discriminated social operant.

DELAY DISCOUNTING AND POLYDIPSIA IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE (SHR) AND LEWIS (LEW) RATS

This study compared the performance of the Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR) on a delay discounting task with the performance of the Lewis rat (LEW) to suggest that both strains of rats are potential models of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). It measured choice in the initial link of a concurrentchains procedure with presses on two levers arranging entries to two terminal links, one delivering 1-food pellet after a 0.1-s delay and the other 4-food pellets with delays of 0.1, 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 seconds presented in random order during the session. A bottle with tap water could be available for the rats to drink during the session (B), or it was not available (A) according to an ABABA reversal design. The SHR and LEW rats made impulsive choices producing discounting functions showing discounting rates increasing with increasing training sessions. Early in training the SHR rats produced discounting rates greater than the LEW rats, but at the end of training both strains of rats produced comparable discounting rates. All rats developed polydipsia in condition B, but the SHR rats consumed more water and emitted more licks than the LEW rats. Polydipsia was not linked to discounting rate, nor polydipsia caused the rats’ impulsive choices to decrease.

Evaluation of a break‐to‐choice chained‐schedule intervention for multiply maintained problem behavior

AbstractInterventions for multiply maintained problem behavior often involve developing separate treatment conditions to address each function. Although isolating treatment conditions lead to positive outcomes, developing individual treatments for each identified function may be time‐consuming. Alternatively, synthesizing treatment procedures may allow for more efficient treatment effects. We extended previous research by evaluating functional communication training (FCT) and chained schedules of reinforcement to treat multiply maintained problem behavior in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. First, we conducted a functional analysis that concluded problem behavior was multiply maintained. Next, we taught functional communication responses (FCRs) and implemented a chained schedule of reinforcement. During the initial link, FCRs for a break resulted in the presentation of a choice menu with the other putative reinforcers in the terminal link. The relevant reinforcer was delivered contingent on the emission of subsequent FCRs. Finally, we systematically schedule thinned to caregiver‐informed terminal schedules for each participant. The results of our study demonstrated that FCT, in combination with a sequential compound schedule of reinforcement, effectively decreased multiply maintained problem behavior and increased appropriate alternative responses (FCRs and compliance) even at terminal schedules of reinforcement.

Planar Cable-Driven Manipulators for Inspection of Large Surfaces

Cable-Driven Parallel Manipulators (CDPM) are a type of parallel robots in which the rigid links connecting the base with the terminal link, also called end-effector, are replaced by cables. This kind of system has been introduced during the last two decades, since then many issues have been addressed, but there are still open problems. Thanks to the nature of the cables, lightweight if compared to the overall structure, and the very large workplace, their possible applications are increasing. Recently, Robotics and Automation have been applied to the inspection of structures and infrastructure; therefore, they are starting to be used to substitute personnel in dangerous or unsafe operations. Related to the inspection, autonomous or tele-operated systems can be used for securing the access to the buildings or infrastructure. In this paper, we propose the application of CDPMs for the inspection of large surfaces, constituted by buildings facades, top roofs, and parts of infrastructures. The development of suitable model of the system, also called Digital Twin, allows the managing of the operation in safe conditions. As new application, we propose the use of a planar CDPM for being applied to the inspection and monitoring. The 3D model acts as a Digital Twin of the real prototype that has been developed and used for experimental testing. Since the purpose is to drive the end-effector to point of interest carrying suitable sensors, tests for trajectory planning and experimental tests are proposed. The inspection of structures and infrastructures has become a very important issue for the security of critical infrastructures, not only at European level but worldwide.

THE IMPACT OF HORMONE-VITAMIN COMPLEX ON FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF DESCENDANTS OF IRRADIATED ANIMALS.

The aim: To determine the hormone-vitamin complex impact on the terminal links of glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acids cycle, and the initial stage of glucone¬ogenesis in the muscle tissue in descendants of irradiated animals. Materials and methods: Pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenasee and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activities, the content of lactate, pyruvate, malate and oxaloacetate were determined in the blood, myocardium and thigh muscles of 66 rats after exposure to ionizing gamma-radiation. Rats were injected by a hormone-vitamin complex which efficacy was determined using the abovementioned indexes. Results: Hormone-vitamin complex administration to descendants of irradiated animals exposed to 1.0 Gy results to pyruvate kinase activity increase in the myocardium and skeletal muscles of descendants from animals irradiated by 0.5 Gy and exposed to 1.0 Gy irradiation. Blood serum pyruvate kinase activity in descendants from animals irradiated by 1.0 Gy and exposed to 1.0 Gy radiation after the pharmacological correction was higher compared with the same index before pharmacological correction. The lactate dehydrogenase activity in the myocardium, skeletal muscles and blood in descendants born from animals irradiated by maximal dose exposed to 1.0 Gy radiation was less in these tissues after pharmacological correction. Conclusions: The hormone-vitamin complex use in the descendants of irradiated animals led to muscle tissue energy resources improvement. Our data are the experimental background for theoriginal hormone-vitamin complex efficacy further evaluation in the aspect of vital organs and body systems functional activity restoration under the influence of ionizing radiation.

Layout optimization of distribution automation terminals based on FPAG and power supply reliability analysis

The electric power industry is a public basic industry related to the national economy and an important energy industrial system. The reliable and stable operation of the power system is an important guarantee for the sustainable development of the national economy and social stability. As the terminal link of the entire power system, the power distribution system is directly connected to the power load. Once the power distribution system fails, it will inevitably lead to a power outage for the power load, which will have an important impact on the national economy and people's lives. It is an important part of power system research. This paper designs the transformer hardware of the distribution automation terminal equipment through FPAG, and establishes the distribution network loop model to keep the power system stable during the power supply process, and then analyzes the optimization results of the distribution automation terminal layout through three examples of the power system. The reliability of the power supply is improved after the reliability index evaluation results are optimized.

Active Disturbance Rejection Controller for a Flexible Walking Bioinspired Inchworm Mobile Robot Actuated With Shape Memory Alloy Devices

This study presents the development of a hybrid active disturbance rejection control (H-ADRC) implementing a homogeneous extended state observer (ESO) to solve the trajectory tracking problem of an inchworm bioinspired flexible robotic device (IBFRD) with partially unknown dynamics. The proposed controller is implemented on a self-designed IBFRD instrumented with shape memory alloys (SMAs) operating as actuators in each joint of the robotic mobile device. The set of SMAs constitutes an agonist–antagonist mechanism together with regular springs that counteract the SMA displacement. The characteristic two-anchor crawling of an inchworm is modeled as a hybrid system and exerted by a bistable pneumatic circuit that switches suction cups at the terminal links of the IBFRD to exert the inchworm walking. The corresponding reference trajectories emulate an inchworm in a regular gait cycle. Experimental results compare the H-ADRC with a proportional derivative and a proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller. The obtained results show that the proposed H-ADRC enforces a reduced tracking error than the other controllers used for validation.

Variation Analysis Considering the Partial Parallel Connection in Aero-Engine Rotor Assembly

The rotation precision of rotors determines the efficiency and quality of the overall aero-engine, as well as its long-term and reliable operation ability. As the terminal link of aero-engine manufacturing, the assembly is the last guarantee of precision control. Rotor assembly relates to the accurate expression of the connection form and design optimization of the assembly scheme. The existing variation model cannot adequately handle the partial parallel chain problem, ignoring the bayonet circular connector between the rotor parts, and it is still deficient in multistage gyration error control. In this paper, the partial parallel connection and multistage revolving characteristics of rotors were discussed, and a novel modeling and optimizing method for a partial parallel dimension chain was proposed. On the one hand, the variation expression of the connection features for the revolving components considering the partial parallel structure was researched. Contact point-based torsors were represented, and a system for locating points was regarded as an assembly to describe the partial parallel chain. On the other hand, the variation propagation modeling and control for the stacking of the multistage revolving components was researched. A revolution joint was introduced in the unified Jacobian–Torsor model, and a novel assembly technique for concentricity control was proposed. Therefore, a unified variation analysis and control method for rotor assembly has been developed. Experimental results show that through this method, the final concentricity variation is 0.0539 mm, far less than the 0.1595 mm of the traditional model, and is closer to the true value range of 0.030–0.040 mm. Moreover, the optimum installed angles can be calculated as 3.153 rad, 6.025 rad, and 2.590 rad, to obtain the highest concentricity of 0.040 mm, which has strong practical guiding significance.

IMPULSIVE CHOICE IN SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE (SHR) AND LEWIS (LEW) RATS

The Spontaneously Hypertensive rat (SHR), the most widely accepted rodent-model of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), usually is compared with its normotensive control, the Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat, seeking differences in impulsivity between strains. The utilization of the WKY as a control strain for the SHR, however, has been questioned. Dopamine deficits in nucleus accumbens may cause low tolerance to delayed consequences in the SHR. Locomotion and dopamine activities in the Lewis (LEW) rat are comparable to those in the SHR, suggesting that both strains will develop similar levels of impulsivity. This possibility was examined with SHRs and LEWs responding to concurrentchains procedures. Choice was measured in the initial link where two random interval schedules operating concurrently on two levers arranged entries to two terminal links, one delivering 1-food pellet immediately and the other 4-food pellets with several delays randomly presented during the session. Both strains learned to choose impulsively with training, but the SHRs developed faster changes in preference and more impulsive choices than the LEWs. The Hyperbolic-decay Model and the Generalized Matching Law described choice well. Positive correlations between estimates of discounting rate and sensitivity to the immediacy of reinforcement confirmed some consistencies between these models of choice.

Bringing the past into the present: Control by exteroceptive stimuli and key-peck location in a concurrent-chains procedure

We recently found that initial-link stimuli signaling trial outcomes (signals) in a concurrent-chains procedure exerted imperfect control during initial and terminal links. Here, we conducted a follow-up experiment to investigate further such imperfect control. Five pigeons worked on a concurrent-chains procedure in which one alternative led to a terminal link ending in a smaller-sooner reinforcer delivery, and the other in a larger-later reinforcer. During initial links of some trials, compound stimuli (signals) signaled the trial outcome. We assessed control by signal dimensions in Conflicting trials, in which the dimensions signaled conflicting outcomes. Unlike our previous experiment, signals remained present during terminal links. During initial links, preference favored the signaled key in Signaled trials, and the key signaled by the dimension exerting stronger control in Conflicting trials, suggesting strong signal control. Initial-link choice also depended on trial outcomes; preference was overall biased towards the smaller-sooner key. Terminal-link responding was primarily controlled by the key peck producing terminal-link entry, although some weak signal control was also evident. Thus, signal control during initial and terminal links was enhanced, and control by key-peck location during terminal links persisted, when signals remained present during terminal links. This suggests that our previous findings were partly related to temporal separation between signals and trial outcomes, and to history effects producing strong control by key-peck location.

A Joint Optimization Model considering the Product User's Risk Preference for Supply System Disruption

Logistics distribution is the terminal link that connects the manufacturer and product user and determines the efficiency of the manufacturer’s service. Therefore, the disruption risk of the joint system is an essential factor affecting the product user experience. In this paper, while considering the product user’s supply disruption risk preference (PUSDRP), a biobjective integer nonlinear programming (INLP) model with subjective cost-utility is proposed to solve the manufacturer’s combined location routing inventory problem (CLRIP). According to the user’s time satisfaction requirement, a routing change selection framework (RCSF) is designed based on the bounded rational behavior of the user. Additionally, the Lagrange Relaxation and Modified Genetic Algorithm (LR-MGA) is proposed. The LR method relaxes the model, and the MGA finds a compromise solution. The experimental results show that the biobjective cost-utility model proposed in this paper is effective and efficient. The RCSF based on user behavior is superior to the traditional expected utility theory model. The compromise solution provides a better solution for the manufacturer order allocation delivery combinatorial optimization problem. The compromise solution not only reduces the manufacturer’s total operating cost but also improves the user's subjective utility. To improve the stability of cooperation between manufacturers and users, the behavior decision-making method urges manufacturers to consider product users’ supply disruption risk preferences (PUSDRPs) in attempting to optimize economic benefits for the long term. This paper uses behavior decision-making methods to expand the ideas of the CLRIP joint system.

The role of inhibition in the suboptimal choice task.

Given a choice, pigeons prefer an initial-link stimulus that is followed by reliable signals that food will be delivered (S+) or not (S-) after a delay, over an alternative initial-link stimulus that is followed by unreliable signals of food, even when the former yields a lower overall probability of food. This suboptimal preference has been attributed to the combination of a biased attraction to the S+ and ignoring the S-. We evaluated the inhibitory properties of the S- in three experiments to investigate its role in suboptimal choice. In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained in an autoshaping procedure with the four terminal link stimuli of the suboptimal choice task; S+ was continuously reinforced, S3 and S4 were each partially reinforced on a 50% schedule, and S- was never reinforced. Summation tests showed that S- acquired inhibitory properties during training. Experiment 2 replicated the summation tests after training on the full suboptimal choice procedure and found that S- inhibition was not attributable to external inhibition. In Experiment 3, pigeons were trained on the suboptimal choice procedure and the development of inhibition was assessed throughout training. An analysis of individual differences across birds revealed that the response rates to S- were negatively correlated with the strength of suboptimal preference, both within subject as each bird acquired suboptimal preference, and across subjects once all birds had reached asymptotic levels of suboptimal preference. Thus, rather than ignoring the S-, we found evidence that birds attended to S- as an inhibitory stimulus. Future models explaining performance in the suboptimal choice task should consider inhibition to the S- as a factor in suboptimal choice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Behavioral ephemera, difficult discriminations, and behavioral stability.

Every species possesses abilities for successfully interacting with its environment. These result from phylogeny. In the laboratory, one may arrange artificial conditions that thwart an organism's abilities. The result may be a "phenomenon." With sufficient training, however, the phenomenon may prove to be ephemeral, as the organism's basic abilities reassert themselves. Pigeons respond extremely well to differences and nondifferences in rate of obtaining food. This ability may be thwarted in a variety of ways, but the results tend to be ephemeral. An example is an experiment that pitted pigeons' preference for unimpeded responding against their ability to respond to food rate. In a concurrent-chains procedure, the terminal links were identical variable-interval schedules, but in one terminal link, every response produced a timeout. The duration of the timeout varied, and preference varied with it, but the relation vanished with training, in keeping with the equality of food rate across the 2 terminal links. Some other examples of "phenomena" that tend to disappear with sufficient training and sufficient variation in experimental parameters are behavioral contrast, conditioned reinforcement, resistance to extinction, and suboptimal choice. These "phenomena" depend on pigeons' failing to make difficult discriminations. They appear to be behavioral ephemera.

Behavioral effects of changeover delays in a concurrent-chains schedule with different delays and magnitudes of reinforcement

The present study examined the effects of a changeover delay (COD) on the choice between smaller, shorter delayed reinforcement and larger, longer delayed reinforcement in a complex concurrent-chains schedule. Four pigeons were exposed to three conditions in an ABA or BAB reversal design. A COD of 2 seconds was included in the initial links during condition B. The concurrent-chains schedule had identical variable-interval schedules in the initial links and different delays and magnitudes of reinforcement that were programmed according to a fixed-ratio 10 (FR10) schedule in the terminal links. Each experimental condition lasted for two long sessions and five short sessions. Changeover rates were lower, and preference for the larger, longer delayed reinforcer was more pronounced during conditions with the programmed 2-second COD. The analysis of initial pauses and running rates during the FR10 schedules of the terminal links revealed no systematic effects of the COD on behavior in the terminal links. The COD had similar effects on choice performance in this modified concurrent-chain procedure as on simple concurrent performance.Keywords: Choice behavior, concurrent-chains, COD, self-control paradigm, pigeons.