Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Research Articles

Does political conflict hurt immigration? Evidence from the South Korea–China THAAD dispute

AbstractWe estimate the impact of political conflict on immigration using economic sanctions imposed by China on South Korea as a natural experiment. Due to the deployment of the Terminal High‐Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system in South Korea in 2016 (in cooperation with the United States), China started a series of retaliatory actions that could potentially hurt immigration by increasing anti‐immigrant sentiment among Koreans. We use the synthetic control method and find no evidence suggesting a significant decline in the number of Chinese immigrants in South Korea. To explore the mechanism of this null effect, we also examine the impact of the dispute on attitudes toward China among Koreans and experiences of discrimination among Chinese people in South Korea. While negative perceptions of China greatly increased, experiences of discrimination did not increase. Taken together, this suggests that negative views of a country do not necessarily lead to a decrease in immigration from that country.

Correction of Aero-Optical Effect with Blow–Suction Control for Hypersonic Vehicles

High-speed turbulence induces significant aero-optical effects that severely disrupt the functionality of imaging systems of hypersonic vehicles. In this study, the aero-optical correction of various jet cooling modes is investigated using a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD)-like seeker model and the imaging impact of high-speed flow field and flow control on the optical window is analyzed by the Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES) method. The findings reveal that a jet mode parallel to the window exhibits better cooling effectiveness compared to a perpendicular jet mode along the body axis; however, it introduces additional wavefront distortion, leading to degraded imaging quality. Although micro-vortex generators (MVGs) can reduce density fluctuations near the window from a refractive index perspective, they do not effectively mitigate wavefront distortion or improve window cooling efficiency. Finally, incorporating suction control, a comprehensive flow control solution, significantly improves the flow field structure near the window, resulting in a more uniform temperature distribution and reduced wavefront distortion. Applying this flow control method results in a 14.7% reduction in wavefront distortion at 3 Ma and an approximately 20% maximum value reduction at 5 Ma. This study proposes a novel and comprehensive flow control method to effectively mitigate the aero-optical effect in hypersonic flows, providing a new avenue for subsequent researchers in this field.

Surrogate multi-objective optimization of missile RCS performance in hypersonic rarefied flow of the near space

This study focuses on optimizing the lateral jet efficiency of THAAD-like (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) missiles operating under hypersonic rarefied flow conditions. We employ the DSMC-QK algorithm to simulate the three-dimensional lateral jet flow field, accounting for thermochemical non-equilibrium effects. The analysis investigates how the force/momentum amplification coefficient varies with the angle of attack, jet pressure ratio, jet Mach number, and jet gas composition. Subsequently, we develop an artificial neural network (ANN) proxy model using the pyrenn toolbox, achieving an average prediction error of 0.866% and a maximum error of 1.60%. Utilizing this ANN model, we perform single- and multi-objective optimizations with a genetic algorithm to determine the optimal jet parameters. The results reveal that in multi-objective optimization, the proportion of helium in the jet gas composition increases, leading to a slight reduction in the force amplification coefficient but a substantial 61.4% decrease in the mass flow rate. This demonstrates that a judicious selection of jet gas composition can significantly reduce mass flow while maintaining high jet efficiency, thus achieving efficient lateral jet control.

China's Motivation to Improve Bilateral Relations with South Korea After the Polemic of THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense)

North Korea's aggressiveness in launching ballistic missiles has threatened the security stability of East Asia. As a state under threat, South Korea formed a joint security partnership with the United States through the deployment of THAAD in 2016. However, China has opposed it by arguing that THAAD would threaten domestic and regional security stability. As a result, China's rejection led to the presence of the phenomenon of economic retaliation which resulted in a decrease in the value of South Korea-China bilateral trade and distrust. Nevertheless, after negotiations, the two countries decided to improve bilateral relations in 2017. This paper aims to determine China's motivation in improving bilateral relations with South Korea as a foreign policy decision after rejecting the deployment of THAAD under the guise of threatening to trigger bilateral polemics. This research will be analyzed through qualitative methods with the conceptual framework of foreign policy determinants by Shannon L. Blanton and Charles Kegley. In this conceptual framework, there are five determinants that influence foreign policy decision making namely military capabilities, economic conditions, type of government, global distributions of power, and geopolitical factors. Furthermore, Blanton & Kegley's conceptual framework identifies that each of these determinants influenced China's motivation to improving bilateral relations with South Korea after the THAAD polemic.

Economic Sanctions by Non-Democracies: A Study of Cases from China and Russia

Abstract Do political institutions matter in explaining how economic sanctions are used? The current understanding of sanctions imposed by non-democratic sender countries is limited in the literature, as existing theories predominantly focus on the behaviors and strategies of democratic sender countries, leaving a notable gap in systematic comprehension. Using the existing dataset on sanctions, we theoretically and empirically distinguished characteristics of sanctions by non-democracies in terms of their motivating issues, types, and objectives. We also assessed our arguments based on recent data on Chinese and Russian sanctions since 2005 and a case illustration of China's de facto sanctions on South Korea for the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense deployment beginning in 2017.

The China Daily’s framing of THAAD deployment: “A New Cold War in East Asia”

This study analyzed the presentations of the deployment of THAAD (Terminal High-Altitude Area Defense) on South Korean territory by conducting a qualitative framing analysis of editorials and columns in The China Daily. This media organ of the Chinese government largely condemned the United States and South Korea as falling captive to the mindset of the Cold War. This antagonistic coverage was surely influenced by the Chinese government, which views the THAAD deployment can damage China’s national security interests. The China Daily viewed the United States as a competitor and adversary to China. According to this newspaper, the United States is eager to wage a new Cold War and refuses to consider China as a potential partner in finding a solution to the North Korean crisis. In the opinion pages of The China Daily, Samuel Huntington’s “clash of civilization” paradigm is repeatedly invoked as the proper framework through which a globalized world should be viewed.

The Technopolitics of THAAD in East Asia

The decision by South Korean authorities to deploy a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile battery in 2016 unleashed a storm of protest, both domestically and internationally. Attempts to resolve these debates by showing the ‘truth’ of the THAAD system obscure the considerable investment of time and resources needed to stabilize technological meanings in the face of rival interpretations. This article synthesizes work in the field of Science and Technology Studies (STS) to present an integrated model of technopolitics explaining how doing politics through ‘things’ consists of interlinked rhetorical, performative, and material stabilization techniques each seeking to make the object simple, nonpolitical, and ultimately invisible or banal. In the case of THAAD, the single battery deployed to South Korea was the tip of a broader US technopolitical project to materially bind together its regional allies and contain North Korea and China. However, opponents inside and outside of the Korean peninsula tried to destabilize this project by employing their own rhetorical, performative, and de-materialization strategies. This resulted in a partial victory for both sides insofar as the broader US missile defense technopolitical project on the peninsula was paused but not defeated.

Disentangling Trade Effects of the Korea: China FTA: Trade Liberalization or Political Conflicts?

Purpose – This paper investigates the trade effect of the Korea-China Free Trade Agreement (KCFTA) which coincides with political conflicts between the two countries due to the deployment of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) in Korea. The two events occurred in the same year and both are likely to affect trade between two countries but in opposite directions. Therefore, it is crucial to distinguish between the trade effects from the KCFTA event and those from the THAAD event to evaluate the true FTA effects. However, this would be difficult when using only annual data. Accordingly, ex post studies to examine the trade effects of KCFTA are lacking in trustworthiness while many ex ante studies that conjecture the positive trade effects neglect the THAAD deployment impact. This paper aims to fill that gap. Design/methodology – Given that the KCFTA and THAAD events occurred in the same year but in different months, we use the monthly data from 2000 to 2019 of Korea’s exports to bracket this period. We employ the difference-in-difference (DID) method within a gravity equation specification that uses hi-dimensional fixed effects to address various endogeneity issues and seasonal effects. We identify the net impact of KCFTA ratification from these two near-simultaneous events to quantify the effects of trade liberalization between these two countries. Findings – After isolating the THAAD effects on trade, the analysis creates a positive and statistically significant coefficient estimate of the KCFTA impact. In contrast, failing to isolate the THAAD effect produced a negative and statistically significant coefficient estimate of the KCFTA impact. Our results indicate that KCFTA independently increased Korea’s exports to China by 10.2%, but that this increase was fully mitigated by the THAAD event. Further, our results verify that unobserved heterogeneity and multilateral resistance are technically difficult to account for in those estimations as that rely solely upon annual data, as this type of data are inadequate to control for the potential for endogeneity. Originality/value – This paper is one of the first studies to carefully evaluate the net trade effects of the KCFTA on Korea’s largest trading partner while isolating the impact of simultaneously occurred political events that may influence trade in opposing directions. Our findings indicate that the lack of prior evidence of positive trade effects of the KCFTA when using annual data may be attributed to a failure to identify the impact of each event separately. This analysis supports using the correct modeling specification to avoid misleading conclusions when evaluating any important international trade policy.

The limits of pressure: China’s bounded economic coercion in response to South Korea’s THAAD

ABSTRACT In the context of economic interdependence, South Korea, like other countries with asymmetrical trade relations with China, is often seen by its citizens as vulnerable to China’s use of economic power to gain political influence. However, South Korea’s deployment of the THAAD (Terminal High Altitude Area Defense) offers the opposite perspective on South Korea’s vulnerability. Despite China’s coercive policies against South Korean businesses and great leverage over Korea’s economy, China failed to generate a concession regarding Korea’s decision to deploy the THAAD. The question is why? Drawing on the 2016–17 THAAD crisis between South Korea and China, I argue that influence of coercive power will depend on the coercive state’s willingness to pay a cost, the target state’s level of stateness, and the relative intensity of interests related to the policy. This case study helps us understand the circumstances under which China’s use of economic coercion against target countries may be successful.

Does External Threat Unify? Chinese Pressure and Domestic Politics in Taiwan and South Korea

Abstract Since 2009, China's growing geopolitical assertiveness has triggered or exacerbated conflicts with many of its neighbors. External threat is often believed to produce domestic cohesion, such as bipartisanship or a rally-‘round-the-flag effect. However, this study uses the cases of Taiwan and South Korea to show that political parties have sometimes united around a response to Chinese pressure but at other times have been sharply divided. Despite Beijing's aggression toward Taiwan since 2016, the Kuomintang and the Democratic Progressive Party remain at odds over cross-strait policy. In contrast, South Korean conservatives and progressives united in response to Chinese economic sanctions over the deployment of Terminal High Altitude Area Defense. I argue that a country is less likely to unite against a foreign threat when a “formative rift” in its history divides political groups over national identity issues and causes them to perceive the threat differently, as in Taiwan but not South Korea. This study is based on a multilingual analysis of Taiwanese and South Korean political parties’ statements on China policy. Its findings contribute to scholarship on how international factors affect domestic politics and our understanding of China's rise.

지역주민운동을 통한 주민되기: 성주사드배치철회운동을 중심으로

In 2016, the Korean Defense Ministry and the U. S. Forces in Korea announced that the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense system(THAAD) would be deployed in the Seongsan Artillery Base located in Seongju-eup [city], Seongju-gun [county], Korea. Residents of Seongju county would be direct victims exposed to the harmful effects of THAAD radars. But, when the strong resistance of Seongju residents forced the authorities to decide to move the site to deploy the missile system to Lotte Skyhill Seongju Country Club in the far north of the Seongju county, most Seongju county residents got out of the harmful effects of THAAD. Even though most of the residents were out of danger from THAAD, Some residents continued to resist. Seongju gun was a rural county where residents were politically very conservative, and closely connected to one another by old family and other relationships and ties. However, participants in the Seongju candlelight protest formed ‘inhabitant liminality’ defined as the overthrow of the existing power structure and blurred identification of residents. The inhabitant liminality made migrants acquire local identity and transformed them into the political and economic agency of Seongju-gun.

Assessing coastal ecosystem carrying capacity by a comprehensive economy-resources-environment system: A case study of South Korea

Ocean warming, acidification, oxygen loss, marine pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction have put significant stress on both ocean health and coastal ecosystems. However, as coastal ecosystem carrying capacity (ESCC) is vital to sustainable coastal ecosystem development and societal and environmental well-being, to engender a more harmonious human-ocean coexistence, this paper developed a comprehensive coastal ESCC evaluation index system based on economic development, resource utilization, and environmental governance, which was then employed to analyze South Korea's coastal ESCC from 2009 to 2019. It was found that South Korea's coastal ESCC slightly improved over the 11-year study period, although there were fluctuations. There was a decrease in coastal ESCC health in 2014 because of the Sewol ferry event and in 2019 because of the Hanjin Shipping bankruptcy and the impact of the 2018 Terminal High Altitude Area Defense deployment. Based on the findings, several policy development suggestions are given.

The Reason South Korea Approved The Placement of A High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) Terminal System in 2016

The United States counts South Korea as one of its most significant allies. Relations between the two countries began when the US and South Korea became military allies in the early 1950s, with the US promising to assist South Korea in defending itself against any North Korean assault. Since 2014, the US has attempted to include South Korea in the East Asia region's anti-missile defense system, but it has always been refused. There are several causes for this, including disagreements among South Koreans, relations with China, and complaints from neighboring countries such as China, North Korea, and Russia. South Korea, on the other hand, stated on July 8, 2016, that the United States would be placed in a special category. However, on July 8, 2016, South Korea stated that the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) anti-missile defense system from the United States would be stationed in the country. This oddity piqued the writer's interest, prompting him to investigate the reasons behind South Korea's approval of THAAD placement in 2016. This research is expected to have an impact on decision-makers in choosing a defense strategy that reduces the risk of security dilemmas as has happened in South Korea.

IMPLEMENTASI STRATEGI BISNIS SM ENTERTAINMENT DI PASAR TIONGKOK MELALUI WAYV PADA TAHUN 2019-2021

SM Entertainment is the largest multinational company in the entertainment industry in South Korea, which founded in 1995 by Lee Soo Man. SM Entertainment as the first entertainment company to export K-POP music abroad, one of which is the Chinese market. SM Entertainment started to enter the Chinese market in the early 2000s by holding concerts as one of the promotions of their music. SM Entertainment is still developing and distributing the Hallyu products despite the difficulties for foreign companies to enter the Chinese market. SM Entertainment maintains their business in China with a strategy that has been adapted to the market environment there. This paper discusses SM Entertainment's marketing mix strategy through the boy group named WayV in order to maintain its business in China after the conflict of Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD). Using a qualitative research approach, this study aims to analyze SM Entertainment's marketing mix strategy implemented through WayV in 2019-2021 through three stages; segmenting, positioning, and targeting. This study explores how SM Entertainment's marketing mix strategy as the MNC's can maintain their market in China through WayV.

How Do Economic Sanctions Affect Public Opinion and Consumer Behavior in Target States? Evidence from China's Economic Sanctions on South Korea

Abstract Previous research shows that economic sanctions affect three facets of public opinion in target states: support for the policy at issue, support for the target government, and hostility toward the sanctioner. We explore the dynamics between the facets of opinion and link them to consumer behavior. How do supportive opinions of the policy and the target government lead to hostility? How does this hostility affect consumers’ propensity to buy the sanctioner's branded products? We examine a case in which China imposed economic sanctions on South Korea in opposition to South Korea's decision to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defense. We collect comments from relevant newspaper articles and conduct attitude analysis using machine learning. We conduct difference-in-differences analyses using barcode-level data regarding monthly beer sales, for which we argue boycotts are more likely to occur. We find that a backlash effect in public opinion occurred with respect to two facets of opinion. However, despite the public antagonism, we observe no significant backlash in consumer behavior. These findings imply that effects of economic sanctions in target states are multidimensional and thus it is too simplistic to assess the effectiveness of economic sanctions only by looking at public opinion in target states.

Dilema Aliansi Keamanan Korea Selatan-Amerika Serikat: Studi kasus penempatan THAAD di Korea Selatan

The research conducted as following below purposed to provide the explaination behind South Korea's rational decision in conducting the Three No's Policy agreement with Tiongkok as an effort to achieve normalization of relations between the two countries after the boycott of the entry of South Korean products into China because of China's rejection of the cooperation of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) between South Korea and the United States. This research is analyzed using a conceptual framework called Rational Actor Model. Based on Graham T. Allison, Rational Actor Model is divided into four main indicators that is being considered during taking a decision, which are Goals and Objectives, Alternatives, Consequences, and Choice. This research analyze South Korea's rational reasons for approving the policy through a literature study using the four elements described by Allison above. According to the Rational Actor Model itself, this research found that the economic factor is the main reason why South Korea finally decided to take the Three No's Policy agreement moreover considering the entire boycott towards South Korea's products that is being done by Tiongkok beforehand. This research found that South Korea's reason for agreeing to Three No’s Policy regarding the issue of a boycott by China against South Korea was due to economic factors. Although also confronted with alternatives regarding security policies, maintaining relations with China is more rational for South Korea because of the large economic interests of South Korea towards China. That is because China is the main trading partner and the biggest market for South Korea.

Consumer nationalism in digital space: A case study of the 2017 anti-lotte boycott in China

This study advances the understanding of consumer nationalism through an analysis of a Chinese boycott of South Korean goods. In early 2017, Chinese internet users expressed their strong aversion to the South Korean conglomerate Lotte and coordinated a folk boycott against it on the grounds that Lotte supported South Korea’s deployment of the U.S. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense missile system, which China considered a threat. We explored the increasing convergence of consumer activities in the form of consumer nationalism with commercial entities’ marketing strategies and also with the state’s interests with respect to security and promoting national pride. The internet and new technologies have facilitated grassroots nationalist activities in terms of the ready circulation of information and mobilization of collective actions. We investigated a digital discursive space in the communicative interactions among stakeholders through which digital media not only amplify the scale and intensity of the mundane and everyday practice of nationalism but also blur the boundaries among the participating actors. Our research documented the multilateral relationships among stakeholders – individual consumers/media users, commercial entities, and the state – in practicing nationalism and reproducing the nation through (non)consumption.

Effectiveness of Reaction Control System in Hypersonic Rarefied Reactive Flow

The present study completes the simulation of a Terminal High Altitude Area Defense–like missile’s lateral jet flowfield at a rarefied high-altitude atmosphere using the in-house parallel direct simulation Monte Carlo–quantum kinetic method. For the simulation conditions, the flight speed and the flight altitude are set as 20 Ma and 80 km, with the real gas effect and rarefied gas effect considered. The influence of different impact factors, including angle of attack, angle of sideslip, jet pressure ratio, and jet Mach number, are investigated. The normal force coefficient and amplification factors are taken as indicators to evaluate the control performance. It is found that the gain effect of lateral jet interaction will drop when increasing angle of sideslip, jet pressure ratio, and jet Mach number, whereas the normal force coefficient of the missile will rise when raising jet pressure ratio and jet Mach number.

Klaster Industri Budaya sebagai Dasar Manuver Politik Korea Selatan

In July 2016, South Korea agreed with its military alliance, the United States to install Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) on its territory. This agreement is the embodiment of the interests of the two countries that were integrated. The United States's interests in spreading influence in the East Asian region and South Korea's interests in protecting the country from North Korea's nuclear test practices on the Korean Peninsula. But the THAAD installation was rejected by China, which considers the instrument as the trigger of tensions in the region and hampering China’s dominance. In expressing its disapproval, China imposed economic sanctions by boycott on South Korean-owned cultural industrial products, namely hallyu. In October 2017, South Korea approved China's request to change its THAAD policy through points listed in the Three NOs. The significant changes in South Korean foreign policy are questionable in this study. This study uses the theory of neorealism as a logical thinking and suggests that hallyu as the main reason for the political maneuvering chosen by South Korea as a boycott of China as the main market share of the hallyu has crippled the South Korean economy. South Korea chose a bandwagoning strategy in the midst of threats in order to be able to maintain the production and distribution of cultural products which are currently the main source of foreign exchange for the country. This research uses qualitative research methods with data collection by literature study.
 
 Keywords: South Korea, China, United States, THAAD, Boycott, Cultural Industry, Hallyu.

Political, economic and social influences on Moon Jae-In's policy changes in THAAD deployment

This research discusses the attitude of President Moon Jae-In in THAAD placement. THAAD is a defense system against short and medium-range missiles. In February 2016, South Korea and the United States reached an agreement on the plan to deploy Terminal High Altitude Area Defense or THAAD in South Korea. In the process of reaching this agreement, South Korea faces complex considerations that are both internal (increasing national security) and external (possible resistance from China and Russia). Moreover, in the middle of the process of implementing THAAD placement, there was a change of government from Park Geun-Hee to Moon Jae-In. China used several official and unofficial media to pressure South Korea during Park Geun-Hee's reign. This problem continued until the government changed to Moon Jae-In, but in the end the THAAD problem was resolved. This background leads to the research question: what factors are contributing behind Moon Jae-In's attitude regarding THAAD placement? By applying the descriptive-analysis method with data sources in the form of online media, this study aimed to explain the background that drove Moon Jae-In to resolve conflicts related to THAAD placement. The results of the analysis showed that there were political, economic, and social factors that drived changes related to the conflict over the placement of THAAD during the reign of Moon Jae-In.