Terminal Floret Research Articles

Investigation of Finger Millet Floral Structure and Hand Emasculation

The knowledge of floral structure, floral biology and pollination behavior are pre-requisite for understanding the system and its manipulation for developing a proper crossing in which is largely lacking in small millets. The variability in floral structure and biology was studied in various finger millet genotypes. The inflorescence consisted of a cluster of variable number of spikes called fingers. Each finger has two opposite rows of spikelets. A spiklete contains variable number of florets. The florets are hermaphrodite, perfect except for the terminal florets. The floret is covered by two large glumes, enclosed between a pair of palea. The florets are in the axil of lemma. The androecium consists of three stamens. The gynoecium is bicarpellary, unilocular with superior ovary. Near the base of ovary two lodicules are present. There was a wide range of variation in the length of anther, filament, stigma and style. Anthesis occurred between 1.00 a.m. to 6.00 a.m., the peak period of anthesis being between 3.00 to 5.00 a.m. the pollen viability at the time of dehiscence of anthers ranged from 76.92 to 100 percent. Keywords: Emasculation, Finger millet, floral structure DOI: 10.7176/JNSR/13-14-01 Publication date: July 31 st 2022

Sinosasa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new genus from China

AbstractSasa is a taxonomically problematic genus of bamboos mainly distributed in Japan and China. Recent phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that Sasa is polyphyletic, with Chinese species of Sasa being distantly related to species from Japan. Based on newly collected flowering materials from China, it was found that the Chinese species hitherto placed in Sasa subg. Sasa have racemose synflorescences, 2–3 florets per spikelet with a rudimentary terminal floret, and 3 stamens and 2 stigmas per floret. This distinguishes them from the type of Sasa and other species of that genus, which have paniculate synflorescences, 4–10 florets per spikelet, and 6 stamens and 3 stigmas per floret. Together with several differences in vegetative characters between these two groups, this morphological distinction warrants recognition of a new genus for the Chinese species hitherto placed in Sasa subg. Sasa. The results of our molecular phylogenetic analyses also strongly support the monophyly of the Chinese representatives of Sasa subg. Sasa. The new genus Sinosasa is described to accommodate the Chinese species, including three previously recognized species and four new species.

The C2H2 zinc-finger protein LACKING RUDIMENTARY GLUME 1 regulates spikelet development in rice

Rice (Oryza sativa) spikelets are a unique inflorescence structure and their development directly determines grain size and yield. Although many genes related to spikelet development have been reported, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we identified a new recessive rice mutant, lacking rudimentary glume 1 (lrg1). The lrg1 spikelets only formed one rudimentary glume, which, along with the sterile lemmas, was homeotically transformed into lemma-like organs and acquired lemma identity. The transition from the spikelet to the floral meristem was delayed in the lrg1 mutant, resulting in the formation of an ectopic lemma-like organ between the sterile lemma and the terminal floret. In addition, we found that the abnormal lrg1 grain phenotype resulted from the alteration of cell numbers and the hull size. LRG1 encodes a ZOS4-06-C2H2 zinc-finger protein with the typical EAR motifs, and is expressed in all organs and tissues. LRG1 localizes to the nucleus and can interact with the TOPLESS-RELATED PROTEINs (TPRs) to repress the expressions of their downstream target genes. Taken together, our results reveal that LRG1 plays an important role in the regulation of spikelet organ identity and grain size.

Postharvest senescence of florets from primary and secondary broccoli inflorescences

The shelf-life of fresh-cut vegetables may be markedly affected by the type and quality of the raw materials. In this work we evaluated the influence of the type of inflorescence used for processing (primary and lateral) on the postharvest senescence of refrigerated fresh-cut broccoli. Florets from primary and lateral heads were cut and washed with chlorinated water, rapidly cooled to 4°C, packed in plastic trays covered with perforated PVC and stored at 4°C for 0, 14 or 21d. During storage we evaluated floret deterioration, respiration rate, weight loss, color, chlorophyll content, sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), antioxidant capacity against ABTS+ and DPPH radicals, ascorbic acid and Folin–Ciocalteu-reacting substances. Florets from lateral inflorescences were more perishable than fresh-cut broccoli obtained from primary heads. Terminal florets retained higher chlorophyll levels and showed delayed yellowing. Already at harvest primary-broccoli showed lower respiration rate. Florets form terminal heads showed lower weight and sugar loss during storage and maintained higher visual quality throughout the storage period at 4°C. The inflorescence type also had large impact in the initial level of antioxidants as well as in their metabolism during storage. This information may be useful for vegetable processors.

Dendrocalamus menglongensis sp. nov. (Poaceae-Bambusoideae) from Yunnan, China

A new species Dendrocalamus menglongensis Hsueh & K. L. Wang ex N. H. Xia, R. S. Lin &Y. B. Guo is described and illustrated from Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. It differs from D. giganteus by e.g. shorter internodes, 4–5 florets, a perfect terminal floret and persistent culm sheaths. A key to the new species and the other 7 species of Dendrocalamus known from Xishuangbanna is provided.

Evidence for distinct roles of the SEPALLATA gene LEAFY HULL STERILE1 in Eleusine indica and Megathyrsus maximus (Poaceae)

LEAFY HULL STERILE1 (LHS1) is an MIKC-type MADS-box gene in the SEPALLATA class. Expression patterns of LHS1 homologs vary among species of grasses, and may be involved in determining palea and lemma morphology, specifying the terminal floret of the spikelet, and sex determination. Here we present LHS1 expression data from Eleusine indica (subfamily Chloridoideae) and Megathyrsus maximus (subfamily Panicoideae) to provide further insights into the hypothesized roles of the gene. E. indica has spikelets with three to eight florets that mature acropetally; E. indica LHS1 (EiLHS1) is expressed in the palea and lemma of all florets. In contrast, M. maximus has spikelets with two florets that mature basipetally; M. maximus LHS1 (MmLHS1) is expressed in the palea and lemma of the distal floret only. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that LHS1 plays a role in determining palea and lemma morphology and specifies the terminal floret of basipetally maturing grass spikelets. However, LHS1 expression does not correlate with floret sex expression; MmLHS1 is restricted to the bisexual distal floret, whereas EiLHS1 is expressed in both sterile and bisexual floret meristems. Phylogenetic analyses reconstruct a complex pattern of LHS1 expression evolution in grasses. LHS1 expression within the gynoecium has apparently been lost twice, once before diversification of a major clade within tribe Paniceae, and once in subfamily Chloridoideae. These data suggest that LHS1 has multiple roles during spikelet development and may have played a role in the diversification of spikelet morphology.

シュッコンカスミソウ切り花における「黒花」の発生機構とつぼみ収穫による発生の回避

Inflorescences of Gypsophila paniculata L. 'Bristol Fairy', harvested with 30% of their buds open, were held in deionized water and kept at 20, 23, 26, or 29°C. Petals of flowers held at 20°C became translucent and desiccated, although the floret shape remained unchanged. When the inflorescences were kept at 23 °C or higher, the petals of open florets turned brown, wilted and inrolled into calyxes ; commercially the phenomenon is called flower browning. Following a pulse of 0.2 mM silver thiosulfate (STS), a continuous supply of 4% sucrose and 0.26 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline sulfate (8-HQS) to bud-cut inflorescences not only enhanced bud opening but also inhibited the occurrence of flower even under an inductive stress of 25°C. Days between bud-cutting, when the terminal floret had just open, to the marketable stage with 30% of open buds, were 5 and 3 at 20 and 25°C, respectively. Light intensity of 15.0 W·m-2 during the forcing period for bud opening after harvest was desirable for getting marketable inflorescences with good quality and long vase life. The rate of respiration by cut inflorescences increased exponentially with increasing temperature ; the respiration rate at 20°C was c. 210 μmol CO2·hr-1·100gfw-1 (Q10=1.5). At 25°C, a severe decrease in sugar content of florets occurred on cut inflorescences. On days 2 and 4, glucose and fructose contents per floret at 25 °C were one-half to one-third of those at 20°C ; whereas sucrose content was almost one-fourth. Application of sucrose helped maintain a high soluble sugar level in florets which may contribute to prevent petals from wilting and browning even under inductive temperature conditions. Bud-cut inflorescences treated with STS could be stored with their stem base in a solution containing sucrose and 8-HQS at 1°C for 4 weeks without lowering cut-flower quality and longevity.

In Vitro Development of Inflorescences from Switchgrass Nodal Segments

Immature inflorescences are an important explant source for initiating in vitro cultures in gramineous species. The objective of this study with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cv. Alamo was to produce axenic inflorescences from nodes cultured in vitro. The top nodal segments from tillers in the two to four node stage of greenhouse grown plants were surface sterilized, split longitudinally, and plated with the cut surface in contact with Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 30 g L‐1 maltose. 6‐Benzylaminopurine (BAP) was added in concentrations of 0.0, 5.0,12.5, or 25.0 µM. After 2 to 5 wk culture, panicles were produced with fully developed spikelets and perfect terminal florets. Panicles produced on medium without BAP were between 5 and 9 cm long and the number of spikelets ranged between 50 and 200. Panicles produced on medium with 5.0 to 25.0 µM BAP had a shorter rachis (2–5 cm) and branches, but contained more spikelets (200–700). Young spikelets obtained after 20‐ to 30‐d culture of nodes, were used as explants for regeneration experiments. Calli were initiated from spikelets plated on MS solid medium with 30 g L‐1 maltose, 22.5 µM 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) and 5.0 µM BAP. They were later transferred to MS medium without growth regulators, where thousands of regenerants developed through somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis. The procedure is highly efficient for producing multiple sterile explants from a single genotype for use in various in vitro culture experiments.

Germination of seeds from plants of Avenafatua L. treated with glyphosate

SummaryGlyphosate was applied at four rates under greenhouse conditions to Avena fatua L. plants at four stages of seed development. Application at anthesis completely prevented the formation of viable seeds. Application five days after anthesis (DAA) of the terminal floret of the panicle significantly reduced seed production at all herbi‐cide rates used, and at 1.76 kg a.i. ha‐1 no viable seeds were produced. When applied 10 DAA, only the highest rate of glyphosate resulted in substantial reduction in number of primary seeds, but seed viability suffered at all herbicide levels. Glyphosate applied 15 DAA still produced a significant decrease in primary and secondary seed production and biomass. Both the viability and the germination rate of seeds from treated plants were significantly affected. When the herbicide was applied to plants 5 DAA, no viable seeds were produced by plants surviving the highest rate, and all rates significantly reduced germination. Glyphosate applied 10 DAA significantly suppressed germination, with 1.76 kg a.i. ha‐1 being the most effective rate. When applied to plants 15 DAA, only the highest rate of glyphosate significantly affected the overall germination of both primary and secondary seeds, but the normal imposition of dormancy was partially blocked in seeds from plants treated with 0.44 and 0.88 kg a.i. ha‐1. These findings are relevant to chemical summerfallow and crop desiccation practices.

Hereditary symbiosis in the grass genus Danthonia

summaryHereditary symbiosis between the systemic, clavicipitaceous fungus Atkinsonella hypoxylon (Pk.) Diehl and five taxa of eastern North American Danthonia (Poaceae) was investigated by cultural and histological techniques. Many species of Danthonia, including D. alleni (or D. spicata var. alleni), D. compressa, D. epilis, D. serirea, and D, spicata produce both terminal panicles of wind‐pollinated florets and obligately self‐pollinated cleistogamous florets in the lower leaf axils, unlike most grasses. Terminal florets are aborted by infection while the basal florets produce viable, infected seeds (caryopses). The fungus grew out of surface‐sterilized cleistogamous seeds and seedlings at high frequency in progenies from infected plants but not from uninfected plants. Infection of seeds from terminal panicles from apparently healthy plants was lacking in 11 of 13 population samples from all taxa and was infrequent in two other populations. Growth chamber tests indicated that germination rates of infected and uninfected seeds of D. epilis were similar. Microscopic observations of sections of seeds and seedlings revealed that the fungus occurred epiphytically on meristems, in leaf axils, and on leaf primordia. Because infected plants are partially fertile, the fungus may be repeatedly transmitted for many generations via self‐fertilized cleistogamous seeds. The basal, and often subterranean, location of cleistogamous seeds may facilitate high infection frequencies in those Danthomia populations where cleistogamous seedling establishment predominates.

シュッコンカスミソウシュートの異なる生育段階における高温遭遇がロゼット化および奇形花発生に及ぼす影響

To determine flowering responses with respect to rosette formation and flower malformation, Gypsophila paniculata L, plants at different developmental stages were exposed to high temperatures after exposure to winter chilling.Initial exposure of vegetative shoots to 30°C from 6:00 to 18:00 and 25°C from 18:00 to 6:00 from 31 Mar. to 10 Apr. resulted in rosette formation in those plants which require long durations of winter chilling such as ‘Perfecta’ and ‘Bristol Fairy’ line 20. Rosette formation occurred even when these plants were grown under optimum conditions. About 50% of the ‘Diamond’ and ‘Bristol Fairy’ line 03 shoots formed rosettes after exposure to 30°/25°C; these cultivars require a relatively lengthy exposure to winter chilling to satisfy their rest requirement. Conversely, ‘Flamingo’, ‘Red Sea’, and ‘Bristol Fairy’ line 08 which require a little chilling did not form rosettes but bloomed.Exposure to high temperature immediately after the onset of flower bud initiation resulted in shorter flower stalks and fewer nodes with inflorescences on the main stem, but no other abnormal morphological changes were observed.Flower malformation was induced when shoots were exposed to high temperature around 30 Apr. when stamen initiation in the terminal floret was occurring. Anatomical studies revealed that the flower malformation was related to an abnormally extended period of transformation of stamens to petaloid structures prior to anthesis. Meristematic activities of the stamen primordia were prolonged after an exposure to high temperature at this stage of floret formation. Consequently, cluster-like petaloid stamens formed around the meristematic tissue that resulted in increased number of petals. Malformed flowers occurred more frequently in cultivars and vegetative lines which require longer durations of chilling.These results show that the exposure to high temperature neutralizes the chilling effects for reproductive growth and induces the formation of rosettes. Both rosettes and malformed flowers may be expressions of the transition from the reproductive growth (anther) to a vegetative one (petal) at the meristematic level, as a result of exposure to high temperature.

シュッコンカスミソウの花芽形成

Flower bud initiation and development in Gypsophila paniculata L. ‘Bristol Fairy’ grown under field conditions were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope.In plants which were exposed to a sufficient amount of chilling during the previous winter, flower bud initiation took place when the stem attained 18cm in length. Subsequently, differentiation of sepals and petals occurred. Stamen primordia in the terminal floret were initiated around April 30. Between May 5 and 10, when the shoots were in the visible bud stage, the pistil primordium appeared in the terminal floret. Following differentiation of floral organs, the style elongated and the petaloid stamens appeared. The petals and petaloid stamens expanded in succession which led to the dehiscing of the sepals, resulting in anthesis of the terminal floret on May 30.In plants which were exposed to a limited amount of winter chilling, flower bud initiation of the terminal floret was delayed. It did not take place in buds located from middle to basal nodes of the main stem. However, after the apical meristem enlarged, differentiation and development of the floral organs in the terminal floret were unaffected by the amount of exposure to previous chilling.

The effects of sucrose uptake from a vase medium on the starch metabolism of senescing Gladiolus inflorescences

Commercially mature Gladiolus inflorescences (var. Commando) were treated with sucrose solutions of different concentrations after picking. The vase life, general appearance, fresh mass and volume of medium uptake of the inflorescences improved with sucrose treatment. A concentration of 30 g sucrose/dm3 appeared to be the most effective treatment. Sucrose uptake from the vase solution replenishes intracellular respirable carbohydrates, allowing a sustained high respiration rate and a prolonged vase life. When 30 g sucrose/dm3 was added to the vase solution, the activities of α- and β-amylase, responsible for the noticeable decline in the starch concentration immediately after harvest, were lower during the final stages of senescence. Application of [U-14C] sucrose showed a higher accumulation of radio-activity in the less developed terminal florets compared with the more developed basal ones, thus promoting development of the terminal florets. This investigation emphasized the importance of sufficient intracellular carbohydrate reserves to ensure an optimum vase life of Gladiolus inflorescences. Kommersieel volwasse Gladiolus-bloeiwyses (var. Commando) is met verskillende konsentrasies sukrose in die vaasmedium behandel. Behandeling met sukrose het die vaasleeftyd, algemene voorkoms, vars massa en volume mediumopname verbeter. ’n Oplossing met 30 g sukrose/dm3 word as die optimum konsentrasie aanbeveel. Intrasellulêre respireerbare koolhidrate word deur sukrose via die vaasmedium aangevul en dit veroorsaak ’n hoër respirasietempo en ’n verlengde vaasleeftyd. Die aktiwiteit van α- en β-amilase wat vir die merkbare afname in die styselkonsentrasie onmiddellik na pluk verantwoordelik is, was laer tydens die finale stadia van veroudering met die behandeling van 30 g sukrose/dm3. Daar was ’n groter akkumulasie van radio-aktiwiteit in die minder ontwikkelde terminale as in die meer ontwikkelde basale blomme met toediening van [U-14C] sukrose in die vaasmedium. Sukrose in die vaasmedium bevorder die ontwikkeling van die terminale blomme en beklemtoon dus die noodsaaklikheid van genoegsame intrasellulêre koolhidraatreserwes vir blomontwikkeling en ’n optimum vaasleeftyd.

Spikelet Structure in Panicum australiense. (Poaceae): Taxonomic and Ecological Implications

The rhachillar stipe in Panicum australiense is prolonged and expanded below the terminal floret to form a zygomorphic body. The diaspore ultimately detaches below this body, the mature fruit falling with the body as a swollen appendage on its base. This appendage, apparently, acts as an elaiosome and the means for myrmecochorous dispersal of the caryopsis. The upper rim of the appendage is irregular, extending into two acute lobes on the ventral side of the fruit. These lobes are not homologous with the two basal fruit appendages characterizing Ichnanthus. Australian Panicum species with a rhachillar appendage like that of P. australiense probably should constitute a genus of their own.

Steyermarkochloa unifolia, A New Genus from Venezuela and Colombia (Poaceae: Arundinoideae: Steyermarkochloeae)

Steyermarkochloa unifolia Davidse & Ellis, gen. et sp. nov. and Steyermarkochloeae Davidse & Ellis, trib. nov. are described. This species occurs in seasonally inundated white-sand soils in the Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela, and Comisaria Guainia, Colombia. It has dimorphic culms and leaves. Only a single developed leaf is produced per vegetative culm. The morphology of this leaf is unique in the Poaceae in its cylindrical, solid sheath with flattened blade and absence of a ligule. Plants are polygamo-monoecious but most spikelets are unisexual. All spikelets are 3-flowered with the terminal floret always rudimentary. Male and bisexual spikelets usually have two fully developed florets, the lower usually male in bisexual spikelets, and are borne basally in the inflorescence. Female spikelets have the lower floret sterile and the second fertile. Lodicules are absent and the stamens and stigmas are terminally exserted. Anatomical studies indicate that the plant is arundinoid in all epidermal characteristics except the absence of microhairs and in most diagnostic characteristics of the blade anatomy. Steyermarkochloa is unusual in possessing vascular bundles inserted at different levels in the blade. The blades, sheaths, and roots have an extensive system of lacunae, a feature typical of aquatic plants. Although anatomical features clearly point to an arundinoid affinity, the many anomalous morphological features indicate an isolated position within the subfamily that is best recognized at the tribal level. During his intensive studies of the savannas in the Territorio Federal de Amazonas, Venezuela, Otto Huber collected an unusual grass along the Rio Temi in 1978 that could not be identified with any known Venezuelan species. A thorough search in the national herbarium ofthe Direccion de Investigaciones Biologicas (VEN) led to the discovery of an earlier unidentified collection of the same species made by E. Foldats in 1960 along the Rio Atabapo, also in Amazonas. In

Environmental and Genetic Influences on Alfalfa Nectar1

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major source of nectar for honey production in the USA, but no attempts have been made to improve its nectar production potential. The objectives of this research were to provide basic information on several environmental and genetic factors to establish recommended sampling and selection procedures for a nectar breeding program.Two high, two intermediate, and two low nectar‐producing clones from each of two unrelated sources (‘Vernal’ and ‘Team’) were used to study the effect of soil moisture, raceme age, and raceme position on nectar volume and percentage solids. Twenty‐eight clones from Vernal were used to compare measurements of nectar volume and percentage solids on plants grown in the field and greenhouse. Inheritance studies of nectar volume were conducted on diallel crosses made among six parents in each of two populations. Design II crosses were made between populations. Pxogenies from all crosses were grown in the greenhouse.Soil moisture did not significantly affect either nectar volume or percentage solids in the nectar. Raceme age significantly affected nectar volume but not percentage solids in the nectar. Racemes with newly opened terminal florets had less nectar than either intermediate age racemes or older racemes on which some basal florets were beginning to wilt. Raceme position on the stem did not affect either nectar volume or percentage solids in the nectar. The correlation between field and the average of three greenhouse measurements of nectar volume was significant (r = 0.49, 26 dr). Nectar volume plants selected based on two greenhouse sampling dates (May‐October) was 125% of the nectar volume of the population grown in the field. Results of the inheritance study indicated there were no reciprocal differences for nectar volume and that inheritance of nectar volume was predominantly additive. A recommended list of sampling procedures was developed for nectar breeding.

Differential Effects of the Parental Photothermal Environment on Development of Dormancy in Caryopses ofAegilops Kotschyi

Aegilops Kotschyi Boiss. plants produce three florets per spikelet (of which the terminal floret is commonly sterile) and exhibit physiological heterocarpy in the two caryopses which develop in each spikelet. Germinability of the basal caryopsis, but not of the upper one, was subject to environmental influences to which the parent plant was exposed during its development. Basal caryopses produced by plants grown at low temperature, or in 16-h photoperiods, were more dormant than when produced by plants grown at higher temperature, or in 8-h photo periods. Germinability of the upper caryopses was equally high in all cases and independent of the parental environment. The photoperiod effects on germinability were exerted after anthesis. Mature weight of both basal and upper caryopses was higher when produced on plants grown at low temperature, or transferred from 16-h to 8-h photoperiods at emergence of the flag leaf.

OBSERVATIONS ON VEGETATIVE PROLIFERATION IN AGROPYRON SPICATUM

Vegetative proliferation was observed on plants of Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) S. & S. (including var. inerme Heller) in a growth room, plant nursery, and two field sites. Plantlets were formed both in the spikelets, usually in the terminal florets, and on vegetative culms. Only certain plants from the Pseudotsuga menziesii – Agropyron spicatum association exhibited this phenomenon. The phenomenon is probably physiological, induced by environmental changes, but genetic predisposition must also be present.

Some Observations on the Spikelet of Hierochloe odorata

During the summer of 1958 the writer spent several weeks in Iceland durilig which time specimens of Sweetgrass, Hierochloe odorata (L.) Beauv., were collected in several localities. A visit to Sluttnes, a very small island in Lake Myvatn in northern Iceland, resulted in the collection of four rather robust looking specimens of this interesting grass. These uponi later examination proved to be abnormal with respect to certain structures of the spikelet. Observations.-It was found that two of the four specimens from Sliuttnes possessed spikelets having four florets each; the third plant was intermediate having spikelets with four florets only in the upper part of the infloreseence, while the fourth specimen had normal spikelets of three florets. In normal spikelets of Hierochloe' the first two florets are male and each has three stamens; the terminal third floret is perfect and has just two stamens. In the abnormal plants from Sluittnes the first two male florets also have three stamens each, but the perfect third floret has three stamens rather than two and, in addition, there is a perfect fourth floret with two stamens. These characteristics are illustrated in figure 1. The Sluttiies plants thus are different in two ways: the spikelets have a perfect fourth floret of reduced size, and the third floret has three stamenls instead of the usual two. Dr. Thorv. Sorensen (personal communication) of the Universitetets Botaniske Laboratorium, Copenhagen, considerately examined 44 specimens of Icelandic Hierochloe' odorata in the collections of that institution and found that a plant collected by Grontved on Sl?uttnes in 1935 was of the kind having four florets per spikelet. The only other anomalous specimen Sorensen found was one from Mbdruvallanes which had spikelets made up of one staminate and two perfect florets. It should be mentioned here that the writer has found no deviations in floret number in his specimens of Hierochloe' odorata collected in other parts of Iceland nor has he observed such anomalies in any of his colleetions of this grass made in the United States. The plants collected on Sl?uttnes probably come from a well established clone in which culms bear-