Terminal Charge Research Articles

LC-MS Characterization and Stability Assessment Elucidate Correlation Between Charge Variant Composition and Degradation of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics.

Aggregation stability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics is influenced by many critical quality attributes (CQA) such as charge and hydrophobic variants in addition to environmental factors. In this study, correlation between charge heterogeneity and stability of mAbs for bevacizumab and trastuzumab has been investigated under a variety of stresses including thermal stress at 40°C, thermal stress at 55°C, shaking (mechanical), and low pH. Size- and charge-based heterogeneities were monitored using analytical size exclusion chromatography(SEC) and cation exchange chromatography(CEX), respectively, while dynamic light scattering was used to assess changes in hydrodynamic size. CEX analysis revealed an increase in cumulative acidic content for all variants of both mAbs post-stress treatment attributed to increased deamidation. Higher charge heterogeneity was observed in variants eluting close to the main peak than the ones eluting further away (25-fold and 42-fold increase in acidic content for main and B1 of bevacizumab and 19-fold for main of trastuzumab, respectively, under thermal stress; 50-fold increase in acidic for main and B1 of bevacizumab and 10% rise in basic content of main of trastuzumab under pH stress). Conversely, variants eluting far away from main exhibit greater aggregation as compared to close-eluting ones. Aggregation kinetics of variants followed different order for the different stresses for both mAbs (2nd order for thermal and pH stresses and 0th order for shaking stress). Half-life of terminal charge variants of both mAbs was 2- to 8-fold less than main indicating increased degradation propensity.

Carbon nanotubes with CoNi alloy nanoparticles growing on porous carbon substrate as cathode for Li-CO2 batteries

The over-exploitation of fossil fuels and rapid industrialization has released a large number of carbon dioxide. As a major greenhouse gas, it can induce the increasing global temperature and result in environmental issues. It is an urgent necessity to reduce carbon dioxide emission and increase carbon capture, utilization and storage. Li-CO2 battery can be used for the fixation and conversion of carbon dioxide to electrochemical energy. However, it is necessary to explore and design efficient catalysts, due to the low electronic conductivity and sluggish decomposition kinetics for lithium carbonate as the discharge product. Herein, carbon nanotubes with CoNi alloy nanoparticles growing on porous carbon substrate (PC/CoNi-CNTs) is designed by immersing porous melamine formaldehyde sponge into cobalt nitrate and nickel chloride solution with the subsequent carbonization. The porous structure of carbon substrate facilitates the electrolyte infiltration and carbon dioxide diffusion. The carbon nanotubes and CoNi alloy catalysts can efficiently enhance the reversible deposition and decomposition of lithium carbonate and carbon, taking advantage of their synergistic effect. At a current density of 0.05 mA cm−2, the terminal discharge and charge voltages are 2.76 and 4.23 V with a limited specific capacity of 0.2 mA h cm−2, respectively. These results demonstrat that the design of carbon nanotubes with alloy nanoparticles on porous carbon substrate as cathode can enhance the electrochemical performances of Li-CO2 battery.

Port capacity-sharing decisions in the post-COVID-19 pandemic era

Considering the disruption risk and congestion deterioration caused by recurrent outbreaks of COVID-19 in several ports, this study developed a port capacity decision three-stage game model by adopting a sharing approach, which comprised a combined port management committee and a two-port system. The former determines the capacity-sharing rate, and the latter sequentially chooses its terminal handling charge (THC). Through backward induction, the capacity-sharing decisions among multiple extrema are derived, and then the “siphon effect” and “spillover effect” of capacity-sharing are analyzed. A case study of Shanghai and Ningbo Zhoushan Ports is presented to further illustrate the findings.

Electronic Transition and Magnetic Coupling Regulation in Trimetallic Complexes Featuring a New Bridging Ligand Obtained by Oxidative Addition.

A series of trimetallic complexes [FeIII(μ-L)(py)]2MII(py)n (n = 2, MII = MnII, 1; FeII, 2; CoII, 3; ZnII, 4; n = 3, MII = CdII, 5) with a new bridging ligand L4- (deprotonated 1,2-N1,N2-bis(2-mercaptoanil) oxalimidic acid) were synthesized and fully characterized by elemental analysis, single-crystal X-ray crystallography, IR, and Mössbauer spectra. Interestingly, the bridging ligand was obtained by oxidative addition of the (gma•)3- ligand from the mononuclear precursor Fe(gma)py (gma = glyoxal-bis(2-mercaptoanil)). In the obtained complexes, the bridging ligand L4- coordinates to the terminal FeIII ions (intermediate-spin with SFe = 3/2) by the N, S atoms, and coordinate to the central metal MII ion by the four O atoms. The resonance structure of the bridging ligand can be described as the two 4π-electron delocalized systems connected by one single-bond (C1-C2), which is different from the electronic structure of the precursor Fe(gma)py. Remarkably, the magnetic coupling interaction can be regulated through the central metal. The ferromagnetic coupling constant J gradually decreases as MII changes from FeII to CoII and MnII, while the paramagnetic behaviors are presented when MII = ZnII and CdII, confirmed by the magnetic susceptibility measurements and further supported by using the PHI program. Furthermore, the bridging ligand to the terminal FeIII charge transfer (LMCT) transitions emerged in all complexes but the central FeII to terminal FeIII charge transfer (MMCT) only presented in complex 2, strongly supported by the UV/vis-NIR electronic spectra and TDDFT calculations.

Exploring charge behavior at the terminal surface and charge separation interface of organo-lead perovskite using in situ surface photovoltage spectroscopy.

The differences in charge separation and transfer processes between the 'non-charge-separation' terminal surface and perovskite/FTO 'charge-separation' interface have been studied using comparative lock-in amplifier-based SPV signals. The SPV phase vector model delves deeper into the direction of charge separation and trapping at the perovskite surface/interface.

Port governance in the post COVID-19 pandemic era: Heterogeneous service and collusive incentive

In the post COVID-19 pandemic era, collusion strategy has been attempted to confront fierce market competition in container shipping supply chains. Three typical collusion scenarios are constructed as follows: i) none of the two pairs of shipping chains colludes; ii) both pairs collude; and iii) only one pair colludes. This paper developed a two-stage game model to study the optimal strategies of the container terminals and corresponding liner companies. The container ports set terminal handling charge (THC) to pursue optimal profits at the first stage, and then liner companies choose freight rate to obtain corresponding optimal profits at the second stage. Further, we analyzed the collusive incentives of the THC difference between heterogeneous terminals and the impact of the freight rate difference between heterogeneous container liners. In particular, the possibility of deviation from collusion and the decision of capacity expansion of container terminal are discussed through theoretical analysis. The results show that the optimal THC of a container terminal and freight rate of a container liner are both highly related to the capacity of the container terminal, which is profoundly influenced by the different structures of its collusion. Finally, the empirical study proves the theoretical result and the implications of port governance are subsequently discussed.

A Neural Network-Based Hybrid Physical Model for GaN HEMTs

A neural network (NN)-based hybrid physical model for gallium nitride high-electron-mobility transistors (GaN HEMTs) is proposed. In this model, the artificial NN (ANN) is used to construct the terminal charge densities, which is linked with device model’s RF and dc performance using the MIT Virtual Source (MVS) theory. A detailed parameter extraction and optimization method for this hybrid model is proposed as well. The parameter extraction starts from S-parameters with the consideration of access region resistances. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to optimize extraction results. After that, a two-hidden-layer ANN is constructed to model the obtained source-end terminal charge density ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q_{\mathrm {is}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ) and drain-end terminal charge density ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q_{\mathrm {id}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). Then, the ANN-based <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q_{\mathrm {is}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$q_{\mathrm {id}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> are used to construct the hybrid model under the framework of the MVS theory. The trapping effects and self-heating effects are also considered in this hybrid model. This hybrid model is built and verified in the Advanced Design System (ADS). The proposed hybrid model has better scalability than the traditional ANN-based models. It is also more accurate than the traditional MVS-based physical model. This hybrid model presents satisfactory agreement between measured and simulated current–voltage (IV), S-parameters, load—pulls, and power sweeps.

Exploiting terminal charged residue shift for wide bilayer nanotube assembly

HypothesisSelf-assembly of peptides is influenced by both molecular structure and external conditions, which dictate the delicate balance of different non-covalent interactions that driving the self-assembling process. The shifting of terminal charge residue is expected to influence the non-covalent interactions and their interplay, thereby affecting the morphologies of self-assemblies. Therefore, the morphology transition can be realized by shifting the position of the terminal charge residue. ExperimentsThe structure transition from thin nanofibers to giant nanotubes is realized by simply shifting the C-terminal lysine of ultrashort Ac-I3K-NH2 to its N-terminus. The morphologies and detailed structure information of the self-assemblies formed by these two peptides are investigated systemically by a combination of different experimental techniques. The effect of terminal residue on the morphologies of the self-assemblies is well presented and the underlying mechanism is revealed. FindingsGiant nanotubes with a bilayer shell structure can be self-assembled by the ultrashort peptide Ac-KI3-NH2 with the lysine residue close to the N-terminal. The Ac-KI3-NH2 dimerization through intermolecular C-terminal H-bonding promotes the formation of a bola-form geometry, which is responsible for the wide nanotube assembly formation. The evolution process of Ac-KI3-NH2 nanotubes follows the “growing width” model. Such a morphological transformation with the terminal lysine shift is applicable to other analogues and thus provides a facile approach for the self-assembly of wide peptide nanotubes, which can expand the library of good template structures for the prediction of peptide nanostructures.

Bifunctional Interfacial Regulation with 4‐(Trifluoromethyl) Benzoic Acid to Reduce the Photovoltage Deficit of MAPbI3‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractPerovskite solar cells (PSCs), which have recently achieved more than 25% efficiency, are highly promising candidates for renewable energy generation. However, the interface of these solar cells is not yet fully understood. Herein, we used self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) to regulate the interface of a SnO2 electron transport layer (ETL) and a common MAPbI3 perovskite absorber. Three different monolayers indicate that the contiguous terminal groups and charge distribution of their molecules influence interfacial properties and photovoltaic performance. Aligned energy levels, lower surface tension, and higher quality perovskite crystallization were obtained after SAM regulation. Consequently, applying a 4‐(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid (BA‐CF3) SAM improved the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the resulting PSC from 16.84% to 18.67%. Moreover, a high open‐circuit voltage (VOC) of 1.160 V was achieved with significantly reduced defects and non‐radiative recombination. This work highlights the regulation of these interfaces by a molecule for achieving high‐performance PSCs.

Solid-state optical properties of self-assembling amyloid-like peptides with different charged states at the terminal ends

The self-assembling of small peptides not only leads to the formation of intriguing nanoarchitectures, but also generates materials with unexpected functional properties. Oligopeptides can form amyloid-like cross-β assemblies that are able to emit intrinsic photoluminescence (PL), over the whole near-UV/visible range, whose origin is still largely debated. As proton transfer between the peptide chain termini within the assembly is one of the invoked interpretations of this phenomenon, we here evaluated the solid state PL properties of a series of self-assembled hexaphenylalanine peptides characterized by a different terminal charge state. Overall, our data indicate that the charge state of these peptides has a marginal role in the PL emission as all systems exhibit very similar multicolour PL associated with a violation of the Kasha’s rule. On the other hand, charged/uncharged ends occasionally produce differences in the quantum yields. The generality of these observations has been proven by extending these analyses to the Aβ16–21 peptide. Collectively, the present findings provide useful information for deciphering the code that links the spectroscopic properties of these assemblies to their structural/electronic features.

Oxidation of quantum dots encapsulated in block copolymer micelles as a function of polymer terminal charge.

Most high-quality quantum dots (QDs) are synthesized in the organic phase, and are often coated with polymers for use in aqueous biological environments. QDs can exhibit fluorescence losses during phase transfer, but evaluating underlying mechanisms (e.g., oxidation, surface etching, loss of colloidal stability) can be challenging because of variation in synthesis methods. Here, fluorescence stability of QDs encapsulated in block co-polymer (BCP) micelles was investigated as a function of BCP terminal functionalization (i.e., -OH, -COOH, and -NH2 groups) and synthesis method (i.e., electrohydrodynamic emulsification-mediated selfassembly (EE-SA), sonication, and manual shaking). Fluorescence losses, fluorescence intensity, energy spectra, and surface composition were assessed using spectrofluorometry and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy (CL) with integrated X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS). QDs passivated using charged BCPs exhibited 50-80% lower fluorescence intensity than those displaying neutral groups (e.g., -OH), which CL/XPS revealed to result from oxidation of surface Cd to CdO. Fluorescence losses were higher for processes with slow formation speed, but minimized in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) surfactant. These data suggest slower BCP aggregation kinetics rather than electrostatic chain repulsion facilitated QD oxidation. Thus, polymer coating method and BCP structure influence QD oxidation during phase transfer and should be selected to maximize fast aggregation kinetics.

Vertical collusion in the shipping container transport chain over the deregulation tariff of port authority

ABSTRACT This article investigates the impact of cost difference on vertical collusion between a container port and a liner from the perspective of a shipping container transport chain, taking the deregulation tariff of port authority into consideration. It develops a two-stage game model and then performs simultaneous and sequential games. A finding in this article is that the higher the cost difference between the two shipping container transport chains, the greater the possibility of vertical collusion between the container port and liner. Furthermore, the article found that in the case of an infinite repeated game, the stability of vertical collusion is not only subject to the cost difference but also affected by the terminal handling charge (THC) and collusive choice of counterpart.

A SPICE compatible physics-based intrinsic charge and capacitance model of InAs-OI-Si MOS transistor

In this work, we present a core model of terminal charge and intrinsic capacitances of InAs-on-Si MOS transistors. The eigenenergy and corresponding wavefunctions are deduced by solving time independent Schrödinger wave equation inside the finite potential well. A second-order non-parabolic correction to the sub-band energy, effective mass of electron, and conduction band density of states have been employed and incorporated into the core model. The developed model effectively captures the variation in gate capacitance and reproduce the staircase like capacitance-voltage characteristics. Effect of conduction band nonparabolicity on gate capacitance is studied for different band-nonparabolicity factor. The model is validated with self-consistent Schrödinger-Poisson solver predicted result for different drain bias and channel thicknesses. The model calculated results are in a reasonable agreement with numerical simulation data. The SPICE compatibility of our model is demonstrated through Verilog-AMS implementation of the model and SPICE simulation of two benchmark circuits. • We propose a core model for intrinsic charge and capacitances of InAs-on-insulator MOS Transistor over Silicon substrate. • The model is derived from explicit solution of Schrödinger and Poisson equations without using any empirical parameters. • The model includes conduction band nonparabolicity effect on sub-band energy, terminal charges and capacitances. • Inversion charge present inside buffer region and its effect on capacitance is modeled using a semi analytical approach. • The model is developed using Verilog-AMS language, and circuit simulation is demonstrated using commercial SPICE simulator.

Whether to invest in terminal efficiency: A perspective considering customer preference and capital constraint in competitive environment?

As ocean container transport becoming a critical element across the global markets, container terminals start to impose investment in terminal efficiency to enhance their competitiveness and capture greater market share. To analyze this strategy, we formulate a traditional game model in a two-terminals-one-port system, and derive the optimal investment level and pricing strategy of each participate while considering the customer efficiency preference and terminal's capital restrictions. Numerical simulation is applied in the terminals of Shanghai Yangshan Deep Water Port to explore the investment and pricing strategy. We find efficiency investment of a terminal is related to the market high efficiency preference. Terminal with higher basic efficiency is more inclined to invest to improve the efficiency level, while the rival terminal will set lower terminal charge to appeal the customers to avoid loss of customers and competitiveness. The study provides the feasibility for terminals' future development.

A Novel Cr2O3/MnO2-x Electrode for Lithium-Oxygen Batteries with Low Charge Voltage and High Energy Efficiency.

A high energy efficiency, low charging voltage cathode is of great significance for the development of non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries. Non-stoichiometric manganese dioxide (MnO2-x) and chromium trioxide (Cr2O3) are known to have good catalytic activities for the discharging and charging processes, respectively. In this work, we prepared a cathode based on Cr2O3 decorated MnO2-x nanosheets via a simple anodic electrodeposition-electrostatic adsorption-calcination process. This combined fabrication process allowed the simultaneous introduction of abundant oxygen vacancies and trivalent manganese into the MnO2-x nanosheets, with a uniform load of a small amount of Cr2O3 on the surface of the MnO2-x nanosheets. Therefore, the Cr2O3/MnO2-x electrode exhibited a high catalytic effect for both discharging and charging, while providing high energy efficiency and low charge voltage. Experimental results show that the as-prepared Cr2O3/MnO2-x cathode could provide a specific capacity of 6,779 mA·h·g−1 with a terminal charge voltage of 3.84 V, and energy efficiency of 78%, at a current density of 200 mA·g−1. The Cr2O3/MnO2-x electrode also showed good rate capability and cycle stability. All the results suggest that the as-prepared Cr2O3/MnO2-x nanosheet electrode has great prospects in non-aqueous lithium-oxygen batteries.

Capacitance model for nanowire gate-all-around tunneling field-effect-transistors

The nanowire gate-all-around (GAA) structures with the nearly ultimate channel electrostatic integrity of the gate field can exhibit the best immunity to the short channel effect and drain-induced barrier lowering. Moreover, owing to the enhanced control efficiency of gate over the tunneling junction, the GAA-TFET also gives improved subthreshold swing and on-state current. Despite the excellent device performance, an accurate model is very significant for the practical application. Compared with the numerical methods which are usually time consuming and computationally inefficient, an analytical model could accelerate the device investigation and circuit design process. Even though some tunneling current models have already been reported for nanowire tunneling field-effect-transistors (TFETs), the model of the terminal capacitance is still an issue for nanowire TFETs. The capacitance is of great significance for the transient simulation. In this paper, a physical and analytical potential model considering both the source depletion region and the channel mobile charges, is developed for the GAA-TFETs. The results from the model are verified with the numerical simulations, and the excellent agreement between the two results indicates the validation of the proposed model. Based on the potential model, the terminal charge model and the capacitance model are further developed and also verified by the numerical simulations. The main inflection and variation of the terminal charges and capacitances with the biases can be predicted by our model. Besides, both the model results and the numerical simulations both demonstrate that the gate charge is dominated mainly by the drain charges and the contribution of the source charges can be almost neglected. This also leads to the very small gate-source capacitance and very large Miller capacitance in the TFET device. This will be detrimental to the performance of TFET-based digital circuits but can be mitigated with the hetero-oxide gate structure. The second order effects, such as the quantum confinement and traps, are ignored in this paper and can be taken into the core model in the future work. It should also be noted that there is no iterative process involved during the model derivation, thus the developed model can be easily applied to the widely used SPICE platform and will be useful in designing and investigating the GAA-TFET based circuits.

1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide as a multiple-functional redox mediator for Li-O2 batteries: In situ generation of a “self-defensed” SEI layer on Li anode

How to develop a homogeneous redox mediator (RM) towards both ORR and OER and how to prevent the shuttle effect are two main issues for Li-O2 batteries thus far. Here, we firstly report 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium iodide (DMPII), which serves multiple functions as a RM for discharge capacity promotion, a RM for charge potential reduction, and a Li anode protector for shuttling suppression by in situ generating a “self-defensed” SEI layer. Benefiting from these advantages, a cell with DMPII displays a stable cyclability with a low terminal charge potential of ~3.6 V till the cell death, a considerable rate performance, and a good reversibility associated with Li2O2 formation and degradation. Based on the experimental and density functional theory (DFT) calculation results, a working mechanism for a cell operation is also proposed. These results represent a promising progress in the development of multiple-functional RM for Li-O2 batteries. Moreover, we expect that this work gives an insight into the in situ protection of Li metal anode for board applications (e.g., Li-S batteries, all-solid-state Li-ion batteries, etc.).

Dynamic pricing research for container terminal handling charge

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to provide a new pricing strategy for the container terminal handling charge (THC) of terminals. A dynamic pricing model is established by using the Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm and the Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing method. This pricing strategy can dynamically amend the price of the container THC based on handling demand, recent charge standards per container, and handling time for a particular customer. To some extent, this dynamic pricing strategy can provide a valuable reference for terminals in pricing decisions. This case study implemented the dynamic pricing model at the Shanghai ShengDong International Container Terminal, one of the largest container terminals in China. The results show that this pricing model dynamically adjusts the container THC depending on customers’ handling conditions. Besides, this dynamic pricing model is more precise than the traditional contractual pricing used at the terminal. Compared with the BPNN algorithm, the optimized BPNN algorithm has faster convergence speed and less learning error. Moreover, this pricing method is universally applicable to the container THC pricing problem of most terminals.

Suitable Polymeric Coatings to Avoid Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Hybridization in Printed Patterns of Photothermally Responsive Gold Nanoinks.

When using gold nanoparticle (AuNP) inks for writing photothermal readable secure information, it is of utmost importance to obtain a sharp and stable shape of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) absorption bands in the prints. The T increase at a given irradiation wavelength (ΔTλ) is the retrieved information when printed patterns are interrogated with a laser source. As ΔTλ is proportional to the absorbance at the wavelength λ, any enlargement or change of the absorbance peak shape in a printed pattern would lead to wrong or unreliable reading. With the aim of preparing AuNP inks suitable for inkjet printing of patterns with stable and reliable photothermal reading, we prepared liquid solutions of spherical AuNP coated with a series of different polymers and with or without additional dispersant. The optical stability of the inks and of the printed patterns were checked by monitoring the shape changes of the sharp LSPR absorption band of AuNP in the visible (λmax 519 nm) along weeks of ageing. AuNP coated with neutral polyethylenglycol thiols (HS-PEG) of mw 2000–20000 showed a strong tendency to rapidly agglomerate in the dry prints. The close contact between agglomerated AuNP resulted in the loss of the pristine shape of the LSPR band, that flattened and enlarged with the further appearance of a second maximum in the Near IR, due to plasmon hybridization. The tendency to agglomerate was found directly proportional to the PEG mw. Addition of the ethylcellulose (EC) dispersant to inks resulted in an even stronger and faster tendency to LSPR peak shape deformation in the prints due to EC hydrophobicity, that induced AuNP segregation and promoted agglomeration. The introduction of a charge on the AuNP coating revelead to be the correct way to avoid agglomeration and obtain printed patterns with a sharp LSPR absorption band, stable with ageing. While the use of a simple PEG thiol with a terminal negative charge, HS-PEGCOO(−) (mw 3000), was not sufficient, overcoating with the positively charged polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and further overcoating with the negatively charged polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) yielded AuNP@HS-PEGCOO(−)/PAH(+) and AuNP@HS-PEGCOO(−)/PAH(+)/PSS(−), both giving stable prints. With these inks we have shown that it is possible to write photothermally readable secure information. In particular, the generation of reliable three-wavelength photothemal barcodes has been demonstrated.

An explicit surface potential, capacitance and drain current model for double-gate TFET

Abstract In this paper, an explicit analytical model for surface potential, capacitance and drain current is proposed for double-gate tunnel field effect transistor (DG-TFET). For this, n-type doped channel is considered to be working under enhancement-mode where accumulation of charge carriers take place with the applied gate bias. For the first time, a complete physics-based analytical model for terminal charge and capacitance has been developed for the enhancement-mode TFET. For charge and capacitance modeling, accumulated charges and ionized impurity charges are being considered. The model includes the impact of gate bias and drain bias simultaneously. In addition, the model can be scaled down to a channel length of 50 nm. The results obtained from the proposed model agree well with the simulation results of TCAD. Since, an explicit analytical model has been developed without the use of an implicit function, proposed model is SPICE-friendly for circuit simulation.