Term Settlement Research Articles

Self–sensing, anti–liquefaction, and long–term settlement characteristics of calcareous sand seeped by high-concentration colloidal silica

Low–concentration of colloidal silica (usually from 5 to 20 wt%) for liquefaction mitigation has been widely studied. But fewer literatures have focused on higher concentration of colloidal silica for cementing sand. For calcareous sand seeped by 40 wt% colloidal silica, cyclic loadings were performed to explore its anti–liquefaction, long–term settlement and self–sensing characteristics. Cyclic triaxial apparatus were to perform anti–liquefaction and long–term settlement tests, and use self-built setup to perform self-sensing tests. The new findings are as follows: (1) for anti–liquefaction, specimens seeped by 40 wt% colloidal silica can’t achieve liquefaction, i.e., the excess pore pressure ratios cyclically fluctuates between 1 and negative, which is not discovered by lower concentration of colloidal silica in the previous literatures; (2) for long–term settlement, cumulative strain is small after 20,000 cycles, and the cumulative strain is less than 1 % even the cyclic stress ratio (CSR) is greater than 1.1, indicating that the colloidal–silica–cemented sand has good resistance to deformation; (3) self–sensing characteristics have been discovered, i.e., a stress change of 90 kPa can lead to 59.37 % change in electrical resistivity, compared to Portland–cement-treated sand without change of resistivity under the same stress change. When Portland–cemented materials are added with conductive fillers in the previous literatures, they can exhibit self-sensing characteristics, but the stress sensitivity is still two orders lower than colloidal–silica–cemented sand. For colloidal–silica–cemented sand, based on the fact that the dry silica gel is non–conductive and only the salt solution in the micro porous media is conductive, the self–sensing feature can be attributed to the stress–induced deformation of micro conductive–salt–solution–filled channels (i.e., the deformation of conductive network). The above research indicates that colloidal–silica–seeped sand has a potential for self–sensing subgrades in the marine environments.

The Largest Urban Agglomerations of the Ural Federal District: Comparative Analysis

The article is devoted to the study of urban agglomeration processes in the territory of the Ural Federal District. The purpose of the article is to assess the development of the largest urban agglomerations of the Ural Federal District. The authors included in the sample three urban agglomerations, the core of which are the capital centers of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation located in the Urals: Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Tyumen urban agglomerations. The research methods are fundamental research methods (abstraction and generalization, systematic approach, structural and functional method, comparative analysis method, etc.), as well as technical analysis methods (classical analysis, indicator method, etc.). The authors rely on statistics provided by Rosstat, official sites of the administrations of the regions and cities under study, as well as Yandex maps. The most developed from an agglomeration point of view is the Yekaterinburg urban agglomeration, followed by the Chelyabinsk agglomeration, and, finally, the Tyumen agglomeration is in third place. In general, the analysis of urban agglomeration processes demonstrated that the latter are very unevenly developed in the territory of the Ural Federal District, which indicates an insufficient connection between the space adjacent to the border between Europe and Asia. The calculation of indicators showed a «problem field» of agglomeration processes characteristic of the Ural Federal District space: for the Yekaterinburg agglomeration there is a significant spread in the population of a large city and small settlements in terms of population, which indicates uneven resettlement; in the Chelyabinsk region — a decrease in population growth of the entire agglomeration; in the Tyumen agglomeration — a low value of the centralization coefficient of the «core» of the agglomeration, the agglomeration coefficient, the agglomeration index, the population development index. The authors made recommendations for the authorities of the macroregion aimed at strengthening the space occupying a middle position on the Eurasian continent.

지질고고학적 분석을 통해 본 신석기시대 주거지와 취락의 공간 이용상

Geoarchaeological investigation is useful for reconstructing domestic activities within an architectural structure based on analysis of physical and chemical components in the soil. Addressing research cases of the use of space in the Middle and Near East during the Neolithic times that successfully demonstrated the utility of geoarchaeological methodologies and introducing relevant and representative geoarchaeological works, this paper aims to provide the background research for promoting prospective studies on the use of space in Korean Neolithic culture. This paper summarizes the study cases following the categories of settlement morphology model (individual structures, intrasettlement and surrounding landscapes) along with the temporal changes of living floor construction. This article surveys previous studies on (i) functionally differentiated spaces (e.g., food processing and cooking, resting and sleeping, livestock rearing, ritual practices) within the living floors of structures, (ii) roads and middens that were spaces for various activities in the vicinity of settlements and (iii) landscapes around settlements in terms of agricultural and pastoral fields. Whereas these studies provide empirical evidence of habitation and use of space, they also extend to theoretical approaches that address how the materiality of a group's prehistoric culture has shaped its character. Reviewing previous studies in the Middle and Near Eastern regions, this paper intends to offer analytical frameworks and references to guide geoarchaeological research applications to the future Korean Neolithic studies primarily through presenting the two notable pilot studies from Gosanri and Hajungdong that have exhibited the methodological potentials.

ПРОБЛЕМА ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА И УРОВНЯ ЖИЗНИ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ СЕЛЬСКИХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ ПРИ УСТОЙЧИВОМ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИИ

The article examines the issues of improving the quality and standard of living of the population of rural Russia. The relevance of this problem is associated with a large number of negative phenomena in rural settlements in terms of socio-economic shortcomings over a long period of ongoing transformations. This is especially important because there is a significant differentiation in the social plan of the rural population in terms of meeting material and other needs. The article pays attention to the fact that the solution of these imbalances, as well as the degree to which the rural population is satisfied with their working conditions and well-being, requires radical changes from public authorities at the legislative and executive levels. It analyzes overdue wage arrears, the number of jobs being replaced, the average real length of time worked by employees, the admission and retirement of employees, the distribution of the number of retired employees by various types of retirements, the number of employees who are employed part-time at the enterprise. The study found that the degree of gasification of rural areas, the network of secondary schools, district hospitals, outpatient clinics, as well as FAP, sports complexes and playgrounds have significantly increased. The analysis confirms the need for further in-depth and comprehensive solutions to the accumulated problems through the implementation of strategic goals and objectives to improve and improve the standard and quality of life of the population in rural areas. The article suggests the main directions for improving the welfare of the population in rural areas, as well as their satisfaction with social policy. To do this, it is necessary to achieve sustainable economic development of rural areas, which will create conditions for increasing the income level of the population in rural areas, and as a result of improving the level and quality of life of the population in rural areas.

Comparing the Past and Present Traces of Cultural Assets with the Reference of Literature and Architecture Arts to Each Other: Milas Greek Orthodox Church and Its Surroundings in Resat Nuri Güntekin s Novel Ateş Gecesi (Night of Fire)

Milas district, located in the province of Muğla, is a rich settlement in terms of historical and cultural monuments. Among the mentioned monuments in the settlement, especially religious monuments exhibit a great diversity and cover a wide range of historical periods. This diversity and historical range are directly related to cultural and religious communities that have lived in the region. However, some religious monuments in the district are disappearing or losing their architectural identities to a great extent due to reasons such as lack of preservation awareness, property issues, and neglect by users. One of the most important religious monuments that has largely lost its architectural identity in the Milas district is the Milas Greek Orthodox Church. This monument holds significant importance in Milas's cultural and religious inventory. The monument and its surroundings are also described in some parts of the plots in terms of some architectural features in Reşat Nuri Güntekin's novel Ateş Gecesi (Night of Fire), which was serialized in Yedigün Magazine in 1940 and published as a book in 1942. Although it has largely lost its architectural identity today, the Milas Greek Orthodox Church is still frequently mentioned in local legends, city memories, place and location names, and city literature, as can be seen in the pages of the "Ateş Gecesi" novel. The study aims to document and evaluate the changes that the Milas Greek Orthodox Church and its surroundings have undergone from past to present in the light of the "Ateş Gecesi" novel. The study was conducted in three stages, which involved examining the spatial and architectural descriptions mentioned in the Ateş Gecesi Novel, focusing on the narratives related to the Milas Greek Orthodox Church and its surroundings, and documenting and evaluating the current conditions of the spatial and architectural descriptions mentioned in the focused narratives. As a result of the study, it was determined that the Milas Rum Orthodox Church and its surroundings had largely lost their architectural identity over approximately a century, from the time the novel was written to the present day. However, within the interior space of the church structure, many elements related to the original architectural identity are still present. In contrast, it is considered that the outer walls, garden arrangement, and boundaries of the structure have lost their original qualities. It was also found that very few examples of traditional residential buildings that constitute the regional context have survived to the present day. In addition to its cultural and religious identity, the Milas Rum Orthodox Church necessitates the development of a comprehensive architectural conservation approach for its historical and archaeological context, monument, and immediate surroundings. Therefore, it is considered crucial to plan the region between the Milas Rum Orthodox Church and Milas Kartal Gazinosu, taking into account the Çaputçu Han section, with a comprehensive conservation approach.

Hallstatt period hoard from Somló Hill

In January 2023, the National Institute of Archaeology of the Hungarian National Museum launched a new research programme, the aim of which has been to explore the Somló Hill (Somló-hegy) (Veszprém County), a site neglected by systematic field research focusing on Late Bronze Age (LBA) and Early Iron Age (EIA) inhabitation. Somló Hill was often considered one of the most important EIA power centres in the western part of the Carpathian Basin. However, this notion was based mainly on funerary evidence partially unearthed from nearby burial mounds. Beyond doubt, these burials are associated with a prominent elite in the Ha C Period that maintained long-ranging contacts with communities in the (north)west and south. By contrast, virtually nothing is known about either the extent of the EIA settlement both in geographical and chronological terms, its inner structure, or the activity of the community associated with it. In this paper, we aim to show some of the first results of the field research conducted in the last months on the hill and to introduce the first documented EIA hoard of Somló Hill. The typo-chronological evaluation of the hoard suggests that it was deposited in the Late Hallstatt Period, i.e. the Ha D2–D3 phases.

Amicus Curiae: Position and Role in Issuing Decisions by Judges as an Effort to Achieve Substantive Justice

In practice of criminal justice system, a judge plays a fundamental role in making decision that will be imposed on the defendant. The Law on Judicial Power requires judges to widely disclose information and opinions from various groups and public participation. Amicus curiae concept is a mechanism that permits third parties who believe they are interested in a particular criminal case. However, the existence of amicus curiae in positive law has not been regulated explicitly or formally to explain how it is applied in criminal justice. While the judge plays a part in delivering a verdict on the defendant, it is anticipated to be founded on legal principles and a commitment of substantive public justice. This study employs a normative juridical research approach, utilizing secondary data acquired through library research and analyzed using qualitative methods and presented in a descriptive and explanatory format. The findings of this investigation that the position of amicus curiae can be known as stipulated in Article 5, paragraph (1) of the Judicial Power Act. In the application of the judge's decision to realize substantive justice, the judge does not only see a settlement in terms of formal law as a form of legal certainty, but the judge must also be able to see aspects of a sense of substantive justice by the expectations of the community as a seeker of justice.

A Group of Mycenaean Pottery From Selçuk Ayasuluk Hill

The aim of this study is to compare a group of Mycenaean pottery found on Selçuk Ayasuluk Hill with different centers and to evaluate their similarity and the usage process in the settlement in general terms. First of all, Mycenaean pottery used in the study will be introduced by giving their characteristics one by one, and the settlements and periods with similar ones in the Aegean World will be explained. The Mycenaean pottery recovered from Ayasuluk Hill will be evaluated in terms of method in comparison with the Mycenaean pottery found in settlements in Continental Greece, Aegean Islands, Western Anatolia and East Mediterranean. The Mycenaean pottery on the Ayasuluk Hill, which is the subject of the study, are evaluated within the LH IIIA-IIIC periods. This situation reveals the importance of Mycenaean pottery in being preferred in the settlement and shows that the connections between the Aegean World and Ayasuluk Hill have spread over a long period of time. This chronological continuity in Mycenaean pottery in the settlement is similar to many centers where Mycenaean pottery was found in Western Anatolia. When we continue with the Mycenaean pottery samples of Ayasuluk Hill, which is the subject of the study, it is seen that there are similarities with the pottery found in many centers in Greece and the Aegean Islands. In Western Anatolia, it is possible to compare some examples from centers such as Troy, Miletos and Iasos with the Mycenaean pottery on Ayasuluk Hill.

PENYELESAIAN PERSELISIHAN HUBUNGAN INDUSTRIAL DILUAR PENGADILAN MELALUI ARBITRASE

Arbitration provides a procedure or process for resolving disputes peacefully and out of court. Arbitration opportunities for the sustainability of industrial relations in Indonesia are minimal things that will be implemented by all disputing parties because the community prioritizes settlement in terms of winning or losing through court settlements. It is very important that there are ways to support this arbitration as an option for resolving industrial disputes so that it is of interest to the public. The research method used in this study is a normative juridical research method with a descriptive approach, with the aim of providing direction and finding logical realistics by looking at library materials or other information using primary and secondary data. The results obtained from the conclusion of this discussion are the knowledge of the mechanism of arbitration in the settlement of disputes in the field of industrial relations and the advantages and disadvantages of arbitration in resolving problems in the field of industrial relations.
 Keywords: Arbitration, Industry, Disputes.

Is housing price distribution across cities, scale invariant? Fractal distribution of settlements' house prices as signature of self-organized complexity

Locations and sizes of settlements within regions often exhibit a self-organized central place pattern, where larger settlements are encircled by smaller ones, with the former more set apart. This hierarchical spatial pattern is displayed by the fractal signature of the power law typical of the rank-size distribution of settlements. Is a similar pattern also revealed in the housing prices across settlements? An empirical analysis on the almost 8000 Italian municipalities, whose residential population varies between 33 and ∼3 million, shows that, for 15 out of 20 regions, the upper tails rank-house price distribution of settlements is plausibly following a power law. This result discloses a universality in the function behaviour: a scale invariance. The average scaling parameters have been estimated via Maximum Likelihood Estimator and Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics, and the goodness-of-fit assessed via bootstrapping. Ordinary Least Squares regressions have also been used for comparative purposes. In average, Maximum Likelihood Estimator found a scaling parameter of 4.4. Namely, doubling the rank of the settlement (in terms of housing price), its housing price decreases by 15 %: between the settlement with the highest average house prices (ranked 1), and the settlement with the second highest average house prices (ranked 2), there is a 15 % difference in the average house prices. Idem between the ranked 5 and 10, 10 and 20 … it does not matter; it is a universal behavioural pattern whose scale invariance suggests a self-organized complexity in the phenomena behind it.

SPATIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF EU-FUNDED TOURISM INVESTMENTS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAIN REGION (HUNGARY) IN THE 2014-2020 BUDGET PERIOD

The aim of this paper is to present the territorial characteristics of explanation of European Union funding for tourism-related developments in the Northern Great Plain region (Hungary) in the 2014-2020 programming period of the European Union. We relied fundamentally on the website “palyazat.gov.hu” as our source, which provides information on the number of grant applications submitted and those that were successful. There are very significant differences between counties and settlements in terms of the application activity and the focus of the applications. Firstly, the specificities of the counties that make up the Northern Great Plain region had a significant impact on the region’s performance in case of national-level projects. Secondly, hand the influencing factors include the commitment of the leaders of the individual counties and settlements to tourism, the impact of the conditions set out in the calls for applications, as well as the role of political lobbying.

Settlement Patterns of Bronze-Age Sites of the Upper and Middle Atrak Basin in Northeastern Iran

In archaeological studies of Southwestern Asia, during the period from the late fourth millennium BC to the beginning of the Iron Age (second half of the second millennium BC), phenomena such as growth of settlements in terms of area and population, emergence of early cities, trans-regional trade, formation of government institutions, emergence and spread of gray-and-black pottery, extensive changes in technology, dramatic development of smelting and use of bronze tools were identified. In this process, an extensive communication network aimed at controlling trade routes and access to raw materials across the plateau, by land and sea, connected many areas. Economically, remote trade was established in this period of time, various communities establishing ties with places located thousands of miles away in order to obtain their needed resources. Bronze-Age cultures are well-known in most parts of Iran, but Khorasan is an exception since the data are rare and insufficient. Moreover, information about the chronology and distribution of sites during different periods of prehistoric times in different parts of it is minimal. Thirty-eight sites from the Bronze Age have been studied in this research. These sites were identified in the archaeological surveys of the upper and middle Atrak during the last decade. This study was done using the descriptive-analytic method. GIS and SPSS software and Correlation and Cluster analysis methods were used for data analysis. The settlement pattern in the upper and middle Atrak basin is similar. It consists of two-rank models with a large main site and several small sites around it. The results of this study indicate that due to the lack of water resources in the region, access to constant water resources has been an essential factor in the shaping of Bronze-Age settlements. Most sites were also formed during the early Bronze Age, and we also faced a decrease in the number of sites in the middle and late Bronze Ages.

Zakres kontroli ugody zawartej przed mediatorem przez sąd pracy

Scope of review of the settlement concluded before the mediator by the labour court The settlement is an agreement under which the parties, by mutual concessions, resolve an existing or potential dispute regarding claims arising from the legal relationship existing between them. The purpose of this study is to determine the scope of review –carried out by the labour court –of the settlement concluded before a mediator during mediation in individual labour law cases. The issue of reviewing the mediation agreement is of great importance due to the fact that the labour court may refuse to approve the settlement concluded before the mediator and that it does not consider the submitted settlement in terms of its merits.

The Influence of Spatial Functions on the Public Space System of Traditional Settlements

Public spaces are important places for various social functions and are also essential components of the cultural heritage of traditional settlements, which are suffering from blind function renewal and structural reconstruction during urbanization. It is essential to clarify the influence of spatial functions on spatial systems for the sustainable development of traditional settlements. Thus, based on the topology theory, we built a research framework for the relationship between public space functions and systems. Through field research, Pajek topological network analysis, and space syntax, we investigated the influence of spatial functions on the public space system of traditional settlements in terms of both structure and order. The research results of Zhang Guying Village demonstrate that (1) the public space of Zhang Guying Village has the structural characteristics of “axis-oriented and multi-core”; (2) the coordinated development of political, living, and traffic public spaces constitutes the formation logic of the public space system; (3) topological analysis of public spaces based on spatial functions helps in the optimization and functional reorganization of the public space system in traditional settlements. Hence, this study can provide understanding of the formation of the public space system and can also provide local administration adaptive reconfiguration strategies for the sustainable development of traditional settlements in the future.

Evaluasi Pelaksanaan Pemberdayaan Lingkungan Permukiman Berbasis Komunitas di Kawasan Bantaran Sungai Kota Yogyakarta

The banks of the Gajahwong River in Yogyakarta City are part of the slum area based on a decree from the Mayor of Yogyakarta in 2016. Various Community-Based Environmental Empowerment Programs (PLPBK) have been implemented until 2022. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out a qualitative evaluation of the success of its implementation in overcoming slums in a sustainable manner, including involvement the parties in it. The condition of the Warungboto Slum Area is a mild slum with an average sectoral slum of 23.7% in certain RTs. The existence of the Kotaku program with the handling of increasing settlements in terms of road infrastructure, drainage, infiltration wells has had an impact on the non-slum parameter score but the handling of house buildings and riverbank inspection roads is still problematic. Thus the involvement and commitment of all parties, the government, local communities as well as NGOs and universities need to be strengthened so that slum reduction can be optimally realized.

New perspectives on preshearing history in granular soils

The design of deep dump slopes for opencast mines usually requires information about the soil resistance to liquefaction during earthquakes. This resistance depends not only on the initial stress, the initial density, and the amplitude of the cyclic loading, but also on the preshearing, that is, the deviatoric stress path applied to the soil before the cyclic loading. To explore the influence of preshearing on the subsequent soil behaviour, a set of triaxial tests with a combination of undrained preshearing and drained stress cycles using two sample preparation methods is presented. It is shown that the preshearing as well as the preparation method have a major influence on the strain accumulation upon cyclic loading. Simulations of the experiments with four advanced constitutive models reveal that neither the long-lasting effect of preshearing nor the preparation method can adequately be captured by all of the models. This deficiency of the constitutive models can lead to unsafe designs due to the overestimation of the cyclic resistance to liquefaction and to the underestimation of long term settlements.

A Case Study on Feasibility of Land Fill Soil for the Consruction Road Embankment

The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a heterogeneous material which cannot be used in road embankments as such. It has large size plastics, clothes and even boulder size C&D waste. The material is much different than soil and use of MSW in embankments may result in long term settlements and ultimately lead to failure of road built over it. MSW needs to be segregated/separated for use in embankment construction. Physical and chemical characteristics of municipal solid waste are very important to know the presence of different toxic metals and their possibility of polluting the underground water resources. Geotechnical characteristics such as grain size analysis, specific gravity, compaction, permeability and swell index studied.

Risk Assessment Prediction for Long Term Settlement using Monte Carlo Simulation for Open Dumping Area

Currently, there are many abandoned open dumping areas that were left without any proper mitigation measures. Deformation properties of geo-materials are considered as the necessary information to perform sound and precise stability analysis both in overall or partial aspects. In the case landfill engineering, since Municipal Solid Waste, MSW, are the main material shaping the body of these constructions, having a proper background of the compressibility and stiffness of these materials to execute the stability analyses in design procedure is necessary. Open dumping area has a potential hazard such as the settlement of the dumping sites, the release of hazardous gas and pollution of the groundwater to the environment. The objective of this paper is to determine the risk assessment at the open dumping area after they has been closed using Monte Carlo Simulation method. The risk assessment exercise is conducted at the Kuala Lumpur dumping area. The rapid urbanisation of Kuala Lumpur coupled with increase in population lead to increase in waste generation. It leads to more dumping/landfill area in Kuala Lumpur. The first stage of this study involves the assessment of the dumping area and samples collections. It followed by measurement of settlement of dumping area using oedometer. The risk of the settlement is predicted using Monte Carlo simulation method. Monte Carlo simulation calculates the risk and the long-term settlement. The model simulation result shows that risk level of the Kuala Lumpur open dumping area ranges between Level III to Level IV i.e. between medium risk to high risk.

Are Russian Capitals Most Upgraded? (Paradoxes of Settlement Differentiation)

Differentiation of access security of Russians to information-cultural content and cultural characteristics of residents of different types of settlements is considered. Statistics 1970–2020s shows that the differences in the information and cultural infrastructure of various types of settlements were largely smoothed out (although not completely eliminated) in the late Soviet era. However, the absence of qualitative differences between different types of settlements in access to the main channels of constant broadcasting of information and cultural content is combined, according to sociological surveys organized by the Institute of Sociology of the Federal Scientific Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, with the preservation of culturally determined significant differences in the consumption of these contents. This is a factor in the reproduction of the differences between modern Russians living in different types of settlements in terms of adherence to different cultural values and attitudes. As expected, in accordance with the theories of urbanization and modernization, the urban population in Russia in the 21st century is somewhat more committed to the values of modern society (freedom, innovation, etc.) than the rural population. At the same time, the data of the all- Russian sociological survey conducted in 2021 showed strong differences depending on the type of urban settlement. The most advanced in terms of modernization are residents of cities with a population of 0.5–1.0 million people, i.e. far from the most urbanized settlements. Unexpectedly, the cultural values of the inhabitants of the two Russian capitals turned out, in terms of compliance with the norms of modern society, by no means the most advanced. An inverted U-shaped model of sociologically identifiable cultural settlement differences shows the incompleteness of cultural modernization in post-Soviet Russia, which forms the most important components of social capital.

Unlocking building biographies during the Late Bronze Age in Central Macedonia: the case of the Thessaloniki Toumba mound settlement

The scope of the present paper is to scrutinise the evidence regarding settlement continuity, especially where continuous replication of the same buildings is involved, and to investigate how it was practiced in Late Bronze Age mound settlements in terms of building methods. Furthermore, we aim to investigate how building continuity or change related to people’s lives and the spatial organisation of their mundane activities and social practices which concerned their biological and social reproduction.