Term Nanotechnology Research Articles

Comparitive evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of silver oxide coatings on different types of ceramic brackets against Streptococcus mutans

The historical aspect of nanotechnology dates back to 600 BC. Taniguchi was the first to use the term nanotechnology in 1974, originating from a Greek word meaning “dwarf”. Nanotechnology when combined with dentistry and medicine created an interdisciplinary field i.e., nanodentistry and nanomedicine and this combination gets engineers, chemists, physicians on a single platform having various applications in detection, imaging and drug delivery devices.With respect to orthodontics, the nanoparticle coated archwires, adhesives, temporary anchorage devices, brackets, orthodontic wires with shape memory and biofilm control features have been applied. Silver nanoparticles are combined with different accessory orthodontic materials which results in the addition of more antimicrobial properties which inturn decreases the biofilm formation and maintain better oral health. Antibacterial effectiveness of nanosilver coated materials has been shown with and without the release of nanosilver ions in in vitro studies. In addition, long-term inhibitory effects against S.mutans have been found while no nanosilver ions were released. 30 MBT 0.022’’ monocrystalline ceramic brackets and 30 MBT 0.022’’ polycrystalline ceramic brackets (Metro Orthodontics) which are randomly divided into 4 groups: 2 control groups (group-1=15 uncoated monocrystalline and group-2=15 uncoated polycrystalline) and 2 experimental groups (group-3=15 silver oxide coated monocrystalline and group-4=15 silver oxide coated polycrystalline). S.mutans counts were significantly less in the experimental groups than control groups. Silver oxide coatings on ceramic brackets reduced the colony forming units of S. mutans. Both monocrystalline and polycrystalline coated brackets showed reduced number of colony forming units than their control groups.

Guidelines for Nanopharmaceutical Products for Regulatory Approval

The word 'nano' refers to a Greek prefix that means 'dwarf' or very little,' and represents a thousand millionth of a meter (10-9) in length. Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of nanoscale range materials. Initially, the term Nanotechnology was used by N. Taniguchi in 1974 at an international conference on industrial production in Tokyo to characterize the super-thin processing of materials with nanometre accuracy and the fabrication of nano-sized systems (Bayda S. et al., 2020). The usage of nanomaterials has enhanced the application of nanomedicine in various therapeutics area with challenges and limitations over the last ten years. Alteration of the physiochemical, biological, mechanical & other properties of the materials made the nanomaterials and it can be utilized in different useful activities such as drug development, drug target. Nanotechnology utilized novel nanomaterials to make useful products. This technology has been used to overcome the limitations & challenges in different drug therapies. (Harea JI et al., 2017). 
 The combination of nanotechnology with pharmaceuticals and biomedicals is termed nano pharmaceutical. Nanopharmaceuticals is a new technology in current practice. As a result, there are no widely agreed nanopharmaceuticals guidelines. The general idea of regulatory requirements for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API), as stated in the CDSCO's New Drugs and Clinical Trial Rules 2019, was mandatory in drug development pathways. These criteria are also in line with the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) recommendations and international standards that other countries using such items follow. New Drugs and Clinical Trials Rules, 2019 should be followed in different drug development. (Harea JI et al., 2017). 
 Globally, there are important guidelines developed by the United States Food & Drugs Administration (USFDA), International Council for Harmonization (ICH), or Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (Harea JI et al., 2017). 
 Current regulatory approaches by US Food & Drug Administration (FDA), established the nanotechnology task force in August 2006. This regulatory approach encourages the development of nanoproducts. FDA has issued the guidelines in 2007 to the industry to address the benefits & risks of Drugs, medical devices, and other nanoproducts. FDA is also working with other U.S. government agencies to focus on the safety & efficacy of nanoproducts and U.S. initiates the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) which is a federal research & development program to coordinate the effort of all government agencies involved in nanotechnology. The main goal of the NNI is to maintain the class of research & development program, encourage inducing the new technologies in the product, developing the supporting infrastructure & tools needed for nanotechnology (Ventola et al., 2012).

Review on Natural, Incidental, Bioinspired, and Engineered Nanomaterials: History, Definitions, Classifications, Synthesis, Properties, Market, Toxicities, Risks, and Regulations.

Nanomaterials are becoming important materials in several fields and industries thanks to their very reduced size and shape-related features. Scientists think that nanoparticles and nanostructured materials originated during the Big Bang process from meteorites leading to the formation of the universe and Earth. Since 1990, the term nanotechnology became very popular due to advances in imaging technologies that paved the way to specific industrial applications. Currently, nanoparticles and nanostructured materials are synthesized on a large scale and are indispensable for many industries. This fact fosters and supports research in biochemistry, biophysics, and biochemical engineering applications. Recently, nanotechnology has been combined with other sciences to fabricate new forms of nanomaterials that could be used, for instance, for diagnostic tools, drug delivery systems, energy generation/storage, environmental remediation as well as agriculture and food processing. In contrast with traditional materials, specific features can be integrated into nanoparticles, nanostructures, and nanosystems by simply modifying their scale, shape, and composition. This article first summarizes the history of nanomaterials and nanotechnology. Followed by the progress that led to improved synthesis processes to produce different nanoparticles and nanostructures characterized by specific features. The content finally presents various origins and sources of nanomaterials, synthesis strategies, their toxicity, risks, regulations, and self-aggregation.

CURRENT USE OF NANOPROTEIN AND APPLICATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD PRODUCTS FOR FUNCTIONAL AND NUTRITIONAL BENEFITS

In the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the production of Nano protein particles from food protein. The term Nanotechnology refers to the formation of materials, devices, and systems by manipulating their matter into a length scale of ~1-100 nm. Nanoparticles can be formed from various types of materials like metals, polysaccharides, and proteins. Biological protein-based nanoparticles made from whey, soy, corn zein are advantageous for health and possess relatively low cost. For the production of Nano protein, the physical and chemical properties of proteins can be modified for specific food and make the protein applicable for biotechnological purposes. Specific structure and number of functional groups in protein that are responsible for the physicochemical properties are selectively modified during the preparation of Nano protein. Nano protein particles are used in a wide range of settings and it replaces many particles which are not biocompatible and exerts a negative effect on the environment. In the food industry Nano protein is a revolutionary fact to maintain the color, flavor, and nutritive value of food. Various types of natural and synthetic nanoparticles are available in the food and pharmacological industry but among them, protein-based nanoparticles are widely used because of their size and relatively easy method of preparation. These nanoparticles are used in the loading and delivery of physiologically active compounds like nutraceuticals. Nano protein formation is also helped to combat global food security challenges which are related to the increased global population, unstable world economy, and climate changes.

Silicon Nanowire GAA-MOSFET: a Workhorse in Nanotechnology for Future Semiconductor Devices

In today’s world, semiconductor nanowire GAA-MOSFET devices have stimulated a lot of scientific research interest in the field of semiconductor. It has been observed as one of the strong and gifted structure for future generation nano-scaled devices and integrated circuits (ICs). Basically, the term nanotechnology is the key powerhouse of semiconductor device engineering and technology to produce and operate the materials at nano-meter scale (10−9 m or 1 nm) either by top-down approach where the bulk materials are converted to a group of nano particles (atoms) or by bottom-up approach where the single groups of nano particles (atoms) are converted to the bulk materials. Nanowire GAA MOSFET is considered as work horse in semiconductor industry due to great electrostatic controllability over the channel and tight coupling. This review article investigates the different structural designs of nanowire devices using nanotechnology approaches for future device applications.

A review on nanotechnology and its application in modern veterinary science

he term nanotechnology refers to material processing on the atomic or molecular scale, especially for the construction of microscopic level devices with the ability to calculate, function, and organize.

Awareness of Nanomedicine among Undergraduate Dental Students

The term Nanotechnology involves a spectrum of technologies, techniques and processes that can deal with a matter at the nanoscale falling in between 1 nanometre to 100 nanometres in size. The concept of nanotechnology was introduced in 1959 by Richard P Feynman, a Nobel winning physicist. The aim of this research is to assess the knowledge and awareness of nanomedicine and its application in the field of dentistry among dental students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 dental undergraduate internship students. The questionnaire contained 10 open-ended questions eliciting the knowledge and awareness about nanomedicine and its application in dentistry. The questionnaire was distributed via an online survey tool. The responses were collected and tabulated in the excel sheets, following which they were exported to SPSS software for statistical analysis. 52% of the students were aware of the term nanomedicine. 33% and 16% of the students had awareness of the nano modified impression material and nano modified denture teeth respectively. This study concluded that the knowledge and awareness of nanomedicine and its application in the field of dentistry was moderate among dental students.

Environmental and Health Safety Considerations of Nanotechnology: Nano Safety

The term nanotechnology describes a range of technologies performed on a nanometer scale with widespread applications including the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to around 100 nanometers

Nanotechnology as an Integral Part of Electronics: A Review

Nanotechnology is highly interdisciplinary and includes the full range of physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering. The term nanotechnology is widely used as an abbreviation for both science and technology in this new field. In a narrow sense, nanoscience involves a basic understanding of atoms and their physical, chemical, and biological properties. Nanotechnology in the narrow sense employs controlled manipulation of these properties to create materials and functional systems with unique capabilities.

Recent Developments in Nanomaterials for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Nanotechnology has provided enormous benefits to the industrial and developed world. Most fields of knowledge have been tapping, using, and applying the advantages of nanotechnology to improve systems and living standards. This cannot be said for civil engineering and construction particularly geotechnical engineering. Actually, soil mechanics have been involved with nano scale dimensions and materials for a very long time, i.e. before the term nanotechnology and nanomaterials were coined. From the basic clay structure and the water molecules which give rise to soil plasticity/cohesiveness, geotechnical engineers were exposed to these phenomena since the early days of the subject. Currently, developments in nanotechnology and nanomaterials in geotechnical engineering has been limited to its use as an improvement and clean-up materials. Recent results have shown that the use of a small amount of nanomaterials (<1% of dry weight of the original soil) have resulted in significant change and improvement in soil properties. This is important since efficient use of materials is one of the facets of sustainability related to prolonging the life of our depleting natural resources. Experiences with nano-soil, nano-clay, nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-magnesium, carbon nanotube and nanofibers, and nano-lime will all be discussed with respect to its use in soil improvement and soil remediation.

Recent Developments in Nanomaterials for Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering

Nanotechnology has provided enormous benefits to the industrial and developed world. Most fields of knowledge have been tapping, using, and applying the advantages of nanotechnology to improve systems and living standards. This cannot be said for civil engineering and construction particularly geotechnical engineering. Actually, soil mechanics have been involved with nano scale dimensions and materials for a very long time, i.e. before the term nanotechnology and nanomaterials were coined. From the basic clay structure and the water molecules which give rise to soil plasticity/cohesiveness, geotechnical engineers were exposed to these phenomena since the early days of the subject. Currently, developments in nanotechnology and nanomaterials in geotechnical engineering has been limited to its use as an improvement and clean-up materials. Recent results have shown that the use of a small amount of nanomaterials (<1% of dry weight of the original soil) have resulted in significant change and improvement in soil properties. This is important since efficient use of materials is one of the facets of sustainability related to prolonging the life of our depleting natural resources. Experiences with nano-soil, nano-clay, nano-silica, nano-alumina, nano-magnesium, carbon nanotube and nanofibers, and nano-lime will all be discussed with respect to its use in soil improvement and soil remediation.

Socio-Ethical Implications of Implantable Technologies in the Military Sector [Guest Editorial

The military sector has been investing in nanotechnology solutions since their inception. Internal assessment committees in defense programmatically determine to what degree complex technologies will be diffused into the Armed Forces. The broad term nanotechnology is used in this Special Issue of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine to encompass a variety of innovations, from special paint markers that can determine unique identity, to RFID implants in humans. With the purported demand for these new materials, we have seen the development of a fabrication process that has catapulted a suite of advanced technologies in the military marketplace. These technologies were once the stuff of science fiction. Now we have everything from exoskeletons, to wearable headsets with accelerated night vision, to armaments that have increased in durability in rugged conditions along with the ability for central command without human intervention. Is this the emergence of the so-called supersoldier, a type of Iron Man?

La nanomedicina y los sistemas de liberación de fármacos: ¿la (r)evolución de la terapia contra el cáncer?

The term nanotechnology refers to a number of disciplines intended to study materials and structures at the nanoscale. One of the most important areas of nanotechnology is nanomedicine, which is focused in great extent on the design and development of drug delivery systems. These drug delivery platforms can display very sophisticated properties and unique features, and are considered as the revolution of the conventional chemotherapies, specifically those to treat cancer. In this work we review the concept of nanomedicine and its application on the design of nanocarriers of antineoplastic drugs and highlight some aspects that have to be addressed to translate the drug delivery platforms in to devices with possibilities to reach clinical trials.

Nanotechnology: History and future.

Human dreams and imagination often give rise to new science and technology. Nanotechnology, a 21st-century frontier, was born out of such dreams. Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between 1 and 100 nm where unique phenomena enable novel applications. Although human exposure to nanoparticles has occurred throughout human history, it dramatically increased during the industrial revolution. The study of nanoparticles is not new. The concept of a ‘‘nanometer’’ was first proposed by Richard Zsigmondy, the 1925 Nobel Prize Laureate in chemistry. He coined the term nanometer explicitly for characterizing particle size and he was the first to measure the size of particles such as gold colloids using a microscope. Modern nanotechnology was the brain child of Richard Feynman, the 1965 Nobel Prize Laureate in physics. During the 1959 American Physical Society meeting at Caltech, he presented a lecture titled, ‘‘There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom’’, in which he introduced the concept of manipulating matter at the atomic level. This novel idea demonstrated new ways of thinking and Feynman’s hypotheses have since been proven correct. It is for these reasons that he is considered the father of modern nanotechnology. Almost 15 years after Feynman’s lecture, a Japanese scientist, Norio Taniguchi, was the first to use ‘‘nanotechnology’’ to describe semiconductor processes that occurred on the order of a nanometer. He advocated that nanotechnology consisted of the processing, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. The golden era of nanotechnology began in the 1980s when Kroto, Smalley, and Curl discovered fullerenes and Eric Drexler of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used ideas from Feynman’s ‘‘There is Plenty of Room at the Bottom’’ and Taniguchi’s term nanotechnology in his 1986 book titled, ‘‘Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology.’’ Drexler proposed the idea of a nanoscale ‘‘assembler’’ which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. Drexler’s vision of nanotechnology is often called ‘‘molecular nanotechnology.’’ The science of nanotechnology was advanced further when Iijima, another Japanese scientist, developed carbon nanotubes. The beginning of the 21st century saw an increased interest in the emerging fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. In the United States, Feynman’s stature and his concept of manipulation of matter at the atomic level played an important role in shaping national science priorities. President Bill Clinton advocated for funding of research in this emerging technology during a speech at Caltech on January 21, 2000. Three years later, President George W. Bush signed into law the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act. The legislation made nanotechnology research a national priority and created the National Technology Initiative (NNI). Today, the NNI is managed within a framework at the top of which is the President’s Cabinet-level National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) and its Committee on Technology. The Committee’s Subcommittee on Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology (NSET) is responsible for planning, budgeting, implementation, and review of the NNI and is comprised of representatives from 20 US departments and independent agencies and commissions (Table 1).

Global Politics and Empty Signifiers: The Political Construction of High-Technology

This article argues for the usefulness of the concept of the empty signifier for the analysis of international policy processes. First, it emphasizes the importance of considering references to general public interest in global politics and the way such interest is constructed. Second, it opens up the possibility of examining political strategies in the process of developing policy programs. Third, it provides a foil for scrutinizing the interplay between universal and particular interests. Finally, it offers a framework for analysis that can be used to explain the process by which a term comes to both identify and propel a whole policy field or development. In an examination of U.S. technology policies during the 1990s until mid 2000s, the article investigates the political process leading to the development of the term nanotechnology. In so doing, it argues that nanotechnology is not a particular technology or a specific field of research, but rather a broader political project encompassing a wide array of technological areas that are unified in name only. It is the term nanotechnology that brings them together under one cover, giving them a common identification.

Global politics and empty signifiers: the political construction of high technology

This article argues for the usefulness of the concept of the empty signifier for the analysis of international policy processes. First, it emphasizes the importance of considering references to general public interest in global politics and the way such interest is constructed. Second, it opens up the possibility of examining political strategies in the process of developing policy programs. Third, it provides a foil for scrutinizing the interplay between universal and particular interests. Finally, it offers a framework for analysis that can be used to explain the process by which a term comes to both identify and propel a whole policy field or development. In an examination of US technology policies during the 1990s until mid-2000s, the article investigates the political process leading to the development of the term nanotechnology. In so doing, it argues that nanotechnology is not a particular technology or a specific field of research, but rather a broader political project encompassing a wide array of technological areas that are unified in name only. It is the term nanotechnology that brings them together under one cover, giving them a common identification.

Eating small: applications and implications for nano-technology in agriculture and the food industry.

1. Introduction. That synthesis might be undertaken by direct manipulation of atoms was suggested by Richard Feynman in 1959, although term nano-technology (1) was not coined until 1974, by Norio Taniguchi. In 1986, K. Eric Drexler published his book Engines of creation: coming era of nanotechnology, which contained notion of a assembler with capacity to build copies of itself and other items, by atomic level manipulation. The groundbreaking invention, in 1981, of scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) demonstrated that individual atoms could be visualised, and technology was further developed to physically move adsorbed atoms and molecules around on a surface (2). Notable examples (2) demonstrated for publicity purposes are sign-writing of IBM using 35 xenon atoms on a Ni(110) surface, and of 2000 using 47 CO molecules on a Cu(211) surface, by researchers in eponymous organisation, to auger in new millennium. Considerably larger molecules can also be moved using an STM tip, for example 1,4-diiodobenzene and biphenyl, which have been towed around on copper surfaces. The tunnelling electrons may also be used to initiate chemical reactions, products of which can be subsequently manipulated over surface, so providing proof of chemical change having occurred, e.g. conversion of iodobenzene to biphenyl. As a definition, nanotechnology (nanotech) can be described as manipulation of matter over an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular dimension. Molecular nanotechnology is intention of manipulating atoms and molecules, so to create macroscale products. The prefix nano is derived from Greek word meaning dwarf. The US National Nanotechnology Initiative (3) defines nanotechnology as, the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension in range 1-100 nm, where quantum mechanical effects become increasingly important as smaller end of range is accessed. It is critical that particular materials, and devices made from them, should possess properties that are different from bulk (micrometric or larger) materials, as a consequence of their small size, which may include enhanced mechanical strength, chemical reactivity, electrical conductivity, magnetism and optical effects (e.g. Figure 1). One nm is one billionth, or 10 (9), of a metre, which in relative size to a metre is about same as that of a marble to Earth (4). Placed in a different context, an average man's beard grows about 1 nm in time it takes him to lift razor to his face (4). The lower limit is set by size of atoms, which are fundamental building blocks of nanotechnology devices, while upper limit is of a more arbitrary quality but is of dimension at which particular phenomena of quantum realm begin to appear, which are essential to nano-device. A device that is merely a miniaturised form of an equivalent macroscopic version does not ascribe to nanotechnology, lacking these particular phenomena, but is classified under heading microtechnology'. In regard to fabrication of nanodevices, we find bottom-up approach, where materials and devices are constructed from molecular components which self-assemble via molecular recognition, while in top-down approach, nano-objects are built from larger entities, not involving control at an atomic level (6). [FIGURE 1 OMITTED] The plural forms nanotechnologies and nanoscale technologies thus refer to many and various aspects, devices and their applications that have in common this scale of quantum realm. Indeed, there are multifarious potential applications of materials, including industrial and military uses, as attested by investment of $3.7 billion, by US National Nanotechnology Initiative, $1.2 billion by European Union and $ 750 million in Japan (1). It may be that nanotechnology can provide advances in medicine, electronics, biomaterials, energy production and, as is subject of this article, in agriculture and more broadly in food industry. …

Editorial: At source of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is a broad field of modern science and also engineering, which creates, potentially, endless possibilities. This term is most often defined as the preparation and use of structures in which at least one dimension is expressed in nanometers. Usually, the dimensions of these structures are in the range from 1 to 100 nm (more often up to several hundred nm).The term nano-technology was used first time in 1974 by Japanese scientist Norio Taniguchi. He used the term to describe semiconductor processes. His definition of nano-technology was as follows: Nano-technology mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.

Nanotechnology for Water Treatment

Nanotechnology is among the most revolutionary technologies in the world. The term nanotechnology describes a range of technologies performed on a nanometer scale with widespread applications as an enabling technology in various industries. Unlike other technologies, which have often sprung directly from a particular scientific discipline, nanotechnology spans a wide spectrum of science. Nanotechnology encompasses the production and application of physical, chemical, and biological systems at scales ranging from individual atoms or molecules to around 100 nanometers, as well as the integration of the resulting nanostructures into larger systems. The principal way nanotechnologies might help alleviate water problems is by solving the technical challenges that removing water contaminants including bacteria, viruses, toxic metals, pesticides and salts. Numerous scientists’ claims that nanotechnologies offer more affordable, effective, efficient and durable ways of achieving specific nanoparticles for water treatment will allow manufacturer to prepare less toxic particles using classical methods.

Electron Microscopy: A Versatile Tool in Nanoworld

Microscopy is the characterization of objects smaller than what can be seen with the naked human eye, and from its inception, optical microscopy has played a seminal role in the development of science. In the 1660s, Robert Hooke first resolved cork cells and thereby discovered the cellular nature of life. Robert Browns 1827 observation of the seemingly random movement of pollen grains [ led to the understanding of the motion that still bears his name, and ultimately to the formulation of statistical mechanics. The contributions of optical microscopy continue into the present, even as the systems of interest approach nanometer size. What makes optical microscopy so useful is the relatively low energy of visible light: in general, it does not irreversibly alter the electronic or atomic structure of the matter with which it interacts, allowing observation of natural processes in situ. Moreover, light is cheap, abundant, and can be manipulated with common and relatively inexpensive laboratory hardware.Science and technology ever seek to build structures of progressively smaller size. This effort at miniaturization has finally reached the point where structures and materials can be built through atom-by-atom engineering. Typical chemical bonds separate atoms by a fraction of a nanometer (109 m), and the term nanotechnology has been coined for this emerging area of development. By manipulating the arrangements and bonding of atoms, materials can be designed with a far vaster range of physical, chemical and biological properties than has been previously conceived. But how to characterize the relationship between starting composition, which can be controlled, with the resulting structure and properties of a nanoscale-designed material that has superior and unique performance? Microscopy is essential to the development of nanotechnology, serving as its eyes and hands.