Tenure Status Research Articles

Protecting oneself while supporting the organisation: A longitudinal exploratory study of healthcare workers’ coping strategies and organisational resilience processes in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a major source of stress for health professionals and health institutions. In response, healthcare workers adapted their behaviours to protect their health and the organisational resilience of their institutions. The study aimed to explore these individual coping and organisational resilience strategies and their evolution during the first year of the pandemic. Based on a mixed and longitudinal protocol, the study included staff from several French-speaking Swiss healthcare institutions. Participants completed an online questionnaire three times during the first year of the pandemic. They described daily problematic work situations, coping styles, and organisational resilience strategies. ‘Problem solving’ was the most frequently reported coping style, followed by ‘positive thinking’, and in a lesser extent ‘seeking social support’ and ‘avoidance’. A high level of ‘problem solving’ and ‘positive thinking’ was associated with well-managed situations, learning and development of new work practices and higher team performance. A higher level of ‘seeking social support’ and ‘avoidance’ tended to be associated with high-risk problematic situations that hindered organisation resilience. Coping strategies differed depending on profession, job tenure and hierarchical status. The article concludes with recommendations for improving both organisational resilience and individual workers’ well-being in healthcare institutions.

Fostering adaptation to climate change among farmers in Pakistan: the influential role of farmers’ climate change knowledge and adaptive capacity

IntroductionAdaptation to climate change (ACC) is imperative to avoid deleterious consequences of climate change in agriculture. However, the uptake of adaptation measures has been slow among farmers because of low adaptive capacity (AC) in developing countries, particularly in Pakistan. Farmers and their supporting institutions have been successful in introducing technological innovations to respond and adapt to environmental challenges. The present study intended to determine the impact of farming technologies, along with human, financial, social, physical, natural, and climate information resources that support AC and hence ACC.MethodsThe study collected data from 360 farmers in Punjab through a multi-stage random sampling technique. A binary logit model and odds ratio were used to identify the factors affecting ACC. The study also utilized correlation tests to show the correlation between each pair of variables included in the analysis.ResultsThe results indicated that physical capital such as ownership of tube wells, transportation, and sowing and harvesting tools by the farmers builds farmers’ AC and consequently determines the ACC such as change crop variety (CCV), change crop type (CCT), change planting date (CPD), soil conservation (SC), water conservation (WC), and diversification strategies (DSs). The findings also revealed that human capital (age, education, family size, and labor), financial capital (off-farm employment, access to the marketing of produce, and agricultural credit), social capital (farmers-to-farmers extensions, access to extension services, and the farm association membership), and natural capital (land ownership, tenancy status, and the location of the farm) were importantly related to farm households’ ACC strategies. The odds (likelihood) of adaptation were higher for the users of farm technology as compared to non-users.DiscussionThe analysis conducted in this study showed that climate information resources amplify the adaptation to climate change: technology allows farming to be much more efficient, while climate change knowledge (CCK) self-motivates farmers to adopt more ACC measures. Our findings provide evidence that suggests the need to provide credits and financial support for farming technologies that speed up the ACC in the long run, while in the short run, climate information should be spread among farming communities.

Gender Equity Perceptions Among Social and Administrative Sciences Pharmacy Faculty: An AACP-APhA Task Force Report

ObjectiveThe American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy’s Social and Administrative Sciences Section and the American Pharmacists Association-Academy of Pharmaceutical Research and Science’s Economic, Social and Administrative Sciences Section formed a Gender Equity Task Force to determine if there is evidence to suggest that there is gender disparity in pay; responsibilities; treatment by peers/colleagues, students, and administration; leadership opportunities; and rank, tenure status, and career advancement for Section members; and to develop recommendations to address existing disparities. MethodsA Qualtrics survey was emailed in December 2020 to all American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy’s Social and Administrative Sciences and American Pharmacists Association-Academy of Pharmaceutical Research and Science’s Economic, Social and Administrative Sciences Section members. The questionnaire included items regarding favorability toward men or women in various academic domains (research, teaching, service, recruitment, mentoring, and advancement). Participants were asked if they had experienced gender inequity, and if so, at what type of institution and academic rank. The χ2 tests of independence and post hoc comparisons were used to assess item responses according to gender. ResultsOf the respondents, 72% indicated that they had experienced gender inequity. Women and persons of color were more likely to do so. Women commonly reported that men received more favorable treatment in nearly all academic domains, whereas men reported that women and men were treated equally. ConclusionPharmacy faculty specializing in social and administrative sciences reported experiences of gender inequity and perceptions of gender inequity. Perception gaps existed between male and female faculty in numerous academic domains. Colleges and schools of pharmacy should increase awareness of, and strive to self-assess, gender inequity in their institutions.

The Impact of PhD Degrees in Academic Plastic Surgery: An In-depth Analysis of Faculty and Residents.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is thehighest academic degreeawarded by universities in most fields of study. In surgery, it is thought to provide surgeons with skills to conduct high-quality research and advance academically. However, this presumed effect has not been assessed among academic plastic surgeons (APSs) and plastic surgery residents (PSRs). The purpose of this study is to determine the differences in multiple strata of career progression and success between PhD and non-PhD graduates in academic plastic surgery. We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional study of APSs and PSRs. Departmental websites of integrated plastic surgery residency programs were used to identify our study population and their demographics, degrees, and tenure status. Data on research productivity were collected using Scopus. Information on research funding was gathered through the National Institutes of Health and Plastic Surgery Foundation. To assess the plastic surgery programs' reputations, we divided residency programs into four quartiles (Q1, 1-20; Q2, 21-40; Q3, 41-60; Q4, 61+) according to their Doximity ranking. We identified 841 APSs (78.5% men) and 948 PSRs (58.1% men), of whom 5.1% and 2.7% had a PhD degree, respectively. PhD graduates had significantly more advanced research portfolios. PhD APSs were more likely to secure research funding, and PhD PSRs were more likely to train at highly reputed programs. However, academic rank and leadership appointments were not significantly influenced by PhDs. Holding a PhD can strongly advance a plastic surgeon's research portfolio, but it does not guarantee a better position or tenure status. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Inability to face unexpected expenses and monetary poverty in Poland: Are these two faces on the same coin?

Research background: The economic literature often states that monetary poverty does not coincide with other types of poverty. The paper examines monetary poverty and financial distress, which refer to distinct aspects of poverty. It addresses the issue by explaining how the same household characteristics affect these different types of poverty. Purpose of the article: The paper aims to identify socioeconomic variables influencing financial distress and monetary poverty in Poland. In addition, the relative contribution of household-level variables in explaining McFadden’s R2 for the financial dimensions under consideration is assessed. Methods: The study relies on data from the EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) survey in 2022. Logistic regression analysis empirically tests the impact of socioeconomic variables on financial distress and income poverty. Moreover, the relative importance of regressors is determined using the Shapley-Owen decomposition analysis. Findings & value added: The results have revealed that the smallest group consisted of only monetary poor households, followed by both monetary poor and financially distressed. The largest group was made up of households that experienced only financial distress. Such an incomplete overlap in experiencing the examined types of poverty implies the importance of studying financial distress alongside traditional income indicator. The study indicated a statistically significant role for characteristics such as disability, unemployment, education, the burden of the repayment of debts, household type, and tenure status in experiencing all the types of poverty considered. Furthermore, it was observed that the explanatory power of the models varied depending on the types of poverty under consideration. The results also revealed a substantial relative contribution of education to McFadden’s R2 in all models, indicating that education level substantially explains vulnerability to financial fragility. The contribution of other regressors varied among the models describing the types of poverty analyzed. These findings should stimulate policymakers, as effective policies are needed to alleviate different types of poverty.

Model Perencanaan Tata Ruang Wilayah menggunakan Spatial Temporal Autocorrelation (Studi Kasus: Kabupaten Jayawijaya)

Jayawijaya Regency faces various challenges in the use of land tenure status in urban planning areas (RTRW). This study focuses on the RTRW Spatial Pattern Plan in Wamena Urban on changes in land tenure with a spatial temporal autocorrelation (STA) approach. The results showed that there were two spatial patterns formed in the Wamena Urban Area, namely cluster patterns and dispersed patterns. Cluster patterns are formed in airports, urban areas, flat woodland agriculture, local protection/LIPI plantations, and river boundaries. Dispersed patterns are formed in community plantations and scrubs, rural settlements, wetland agriculture, slope dryland agriculture, and mining. The results of the analysis showed that cluster patterns in the Airport, Urban, Flat Dryland Agriculture, Local Protection/LIPI Plantations, and River Border areas showed significant changes in land tenure status. Climate change, infrastructure development, and population growth are some of the factors causing these changes. Meanwhile, dispersed patterns in community plantations/shrubs, rural settlements, wetland agriculture, slope dryland agriculture, and mining showed no significant change in land tenure status. This is due to factors such as conflicts over customary rights to land ownership. This study provides an overview of spatial patterns of changes in land tenure status in the Wamena Urban Area. The results of this research can be used as a basis for the formulation of land management policies and strategies in the region.

Housing independence pathways in Europe: the influence of parents’ socio-economic background in times of economic stress

ABSTRACT The housing independence of young adults has become more complex and uncertain in Europe over the last decades. Previous research suggests that patterns of independent living and housing demand have become more differentiated and socially stratified, especially since the Great Financial Crisis (GFC). The decline in homeownership and the availability of social housing has been accompanied by an increase in private renting and shared accommodation. Moreover, young adults have increasingly relied on their parents for both material and non material support to overcome constraints and achieve independent living. This paper examines how the relationship between parental background and both young adults' leaving home, and their first housing tenure changed during the GFC in different European housing contexts. Using longitudinal data from EU-SILC (2008–2018), the results show that parental background still plays a significant stratifying role in the housing independence of young adults from the pre – to the post-crisis period, particularly in terms of first tenure status rather than home-leaving. The influence of the housing context on both housing market opportunities and the role of parents in young adults' independence shapes the shift from co-residence with parents to living independently in either homeownership or rented accommodation.

Gender and race in radiology: An intersectional analysis of the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC) database from 1966 to 2021

PurposeTo describe trends in gender and racial representation within academic radiology in the United States over a 55-year period from 1966 to 2021. MethodsA retrospective analysis of the American Association of Medical Colleges database of radiology faculty members from 1966 to 2021 was conducted. Trends in academic rank and tenure status for five different ethnoracial groups (White, Asian, Black, Hispanic, and Native American) each subdivided into two gender identities (men and women) were analyzed. The proportional change over time of each demographic group per outcome was analyzed with linear regression models. ResultsBetween 1966 and 2021, White men comprised the largest demographic in academic radiology each year. A significant decrease in both White individuals (−0.51 % per year) and men (−0.30 % per year) were observed over the study period. Additionally, the only demographic groups with meaningful changes in representation were White women (+0.20 % per year) and Asian men (+0.23 % per year), followed by Asian women in later years. Underrepresented minority groups (Black, Hispanic and Native American) collectively comprised less than 5 % of all academic radiologists. Finally, within each demographic group, the representation of women consistently lagged behind men. Despite these relative increases, in 2021, the majority of US academic radiologists were White (59.1 %) and male (70.1 %). ConclusionHistorically underrepresented minorities, especially women within these groups, continue to face discrimination and are consistently the least represented in radiology. Initiatives that incorporate the intersectionality framework are imperative to break this cycle.

Study of Optimizing Swamp Lands in the Context of Socio-Economic Empowerment of Communities in Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan

Abstract Optimizing agricultural swamp land had a positive impact on the socio-economic empowerment of the community in Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan. The research was conducted from March to November 2022. This research was a descriptive study, that used the method of collecting data using an investigative survey. Data analysis carried out investigations of sharecroppers, mapping and situation surveys, surveys of land use conditions, and investigations of land tenure status. The results of the study stated that the impact of the Swamp Land Optimization program on Community Socio-Economic Empowerment, namely contributing to farmers having their rice farming land area, strengthening the structure of farmers’ income sourced from on-farm activities, and farmers being able to meet their own needs. Some of the obstacles that were still experienced by farmers are the lack of water sources to irrigate paddy fields, the condition of damaged road infrastructure, low production yields, infertile agricultural land, pests and plant diseases, and others. Advice for policymakers is to maintain the sustainability of swampland optimization activities because it provides optimal assistance to farmers in rice farming in swampland.

Racial and Ethnic Composition of Departments of Health Policy & Management and Health Education & Behavioral Sciences.

The diversity of racial/ethnic representation in the health services and policy research (HSPR) workforce plays a crucial role in addressing the health needs of underserved populations. We assessed changes (between 2012 and 2022) in the racial/ethnic composition of students and faculty from departments of Health Policy & Management (HPM) and Health Education & Behavioral Sciences (HEBS) among the Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health member institutions. We analyzed annual data from over 40 institutions that reported student and faculty data in 2012 and 2022 within each department. Racial/ethnic populations included American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), Asian, Hispanic, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NH/PI), Black, White, Unknown, and Multiracial. We conducted analyses by department and examined racial/ethnic composition by student status, degree level, faculty rank, and tenure status. We found statistically significant increases in Black assistant professors (HPM and HEBS) and tenured faculty (HPM), Hispanic graduates and tenure-track faculty (HPM), Asian professors (HPM: full and tenured, HEBS: associate and tenured), and Multiracial students and graduates (HPM and HEBS). Statistically significant decreases were observed in White professors (HPM: assistant and full, HEBS: all ranks) and tenure-track faculty (HPM and HEBS), AI/AN associate professors and tenured faculty (HEBS), Hispanic associate professors (HPM), Asian assistant professors (HEBS), and NH/PI students (HPM and HEBS). Our findings highlight the importance of increasing racial/ethnic representation. Strategies to achieve this include facilitating workshops to raise awareness about the structural barriers encountered by Hispanic faculty, providing research support, evaluating promotion processes, establishing more pathway programs, and fostering interdisciplinary academic environments studying AI/AN or NH/PI populations.

Effects of Eight Years of Collecting on the Persistence of Liometopum apiculatum Ant Nests in Rangelands of Charcas, San Luis Potosí, Mexico

In Mexico, the pupae of the reproductive castes of the ant Liometopum apiculatum, escamoles, are highly valued in traditional and gourmet cuisine in the country’s central region. Escamoles are collected during the dry season of the year. The recommended collecting process is to open the ant nest by removing soil until the rearing chamber and the trabeculae with attached escamoles are found. A well-managed ant nest can be collected repeatedly for approximately 12 to 40 years. In Charcas municipality, San Luis Potosí, Mexico, 400 ant nests were located and checked under two land tenure conditions: the Laguna Seca private ranch and the Pocitos communal ejido. The exploitation of escamoles on both tenures was characterized by recording the number of dead and live ant nests. This work evaluated the condition of the ant nests registered in 2012 after eight years. The hypothesis was that ant nests’ survival would be greater in the private than in the communal land. The percentage of living ant nests on the ejido decreased by 35.67%. In contrast, on the ranch, it was 26.88%. The percentage of relocated ant nests was lower on the ejido, 37.43%, compared to the ranch, which was 48.1%. The number of dead ant nests on the ejido increased to 33.51% and on the ranch 15.0%. As predicted by the hypothesis, ant nest survival was higher on the private ranch than on the communal ejido lands because of stronger control of the extraction process.

Sense of community (SOC) in gated urban neighborhoods: Empirical insights from Accra, Ghana

ABSTRACT Despite gated communities becoming a prominent form of housing in the Global South cities, the extent to which these privatized neighborhoods foster a sense of community remains understudied. Most of the studies on sense of community are based on experiences from the Global North. To address this lacuna, this paper examines the extent to which residents of gated communities develop a sense of community and the different factors that are associated with this sense of community. We conducted regression analysis on cross-sectional survey data from Devtraco and Manet gated communities, to determine factors associated with a sense of community in these gated communities. Our findings demonstrate that residents of gated communities exhibit a stronger sense of community—shaped by different individual, household, and environmental characteristics. Interestingly, our study reveals that males have a higher sense of community compared to females. Age, length of residence, tenure status, household size, and proximity to community features were significant factors associated with sense of community. Our study adds to the extant literature on a sense of community among individuals living in gated communities in the Global South.

Context matters: Rethinking resource governance theories for Mongolian pastoral systems

Globally, rangelands face interacting pressures from climate, land-use, socio-economic and political changes, all of which threaten herder livelihoods and grassland health. Given these dynamics, it is often unclear which policies would best support sustainable land use and livelihoods in the future. There are multiple theories for how tenure, rules, social relations and environmental variability intersect to influence pastoral resource governance, but these have largely been developed based on empirical data from specific social and environmental contexts. Few studies have attempted to evaluate empirically how the factors driving pastoral management decisions might vary across a social-ecological gradient. In this work we attempt to reconcile the current diversity of theories around pastoral resource governance with an empirical dataset on household herd and pasture management decisions in Mongolia, where there is ongoing debate over proposed rangeland policies, including formalization of land tenure. We assess the relationship between theorized predictors of herder behavior (i.e. formal rights, formal rules, social capital, and environmental variability), and household-level management decisions about pastoral mobility and storage. We compare our findings from a survey of 760 households across four ecozones to predictions from pastoral resource governance theories to assess which theories best match the complex realities on the ground. We observed a continuum of de facto pastoral governance regimes that roughly map onto a social-ecological gradient defined by (i) resource variability and predictability, and (ii) the relative prevalence of formal rule-based vs. implicit norm-based governance. We find that rules, social capital, and forage availability are the strongest predictors of whether a household will reserve forage, with consistent effects across ecological zones. In contrast, social ties and environmental conditions most strongly predict mobility practices. While most households reserved pastures regardless of tenure status, those households who do not reserve pastures are more likely to lack formal use rights. Our findings reinforce the importance of avoiding “one size fits all” rangeland governance policies. We demonstrate that herders make decisions in response to environmental productivity and variability over space and time, and that social ties and mobility are critical for maintaining access to forage. This may explain why many herders remain skeptical of formal pasture tenure, which could restrict this flexibility. Policies that ensure herders’ collective rights to pasture through large-scale zoning rather than tenure could potentially achieve both secure pasture rights and maximum flexibility.

How Diversities in Demographic Have Related to Psychological Empowerment?

Objective: The objective of this study is to explores the link between employee demographics and psychological empowerment and determine the factors of employee demographic on psychological empowerment. Theoritical Framework: During organizational change, people usually will feel unsecure, and having anxiety which may lead to stress. As a result, feeling of competence in facing the stressful condition is needed. This study used the concept of Psychological empowerment by Spreitzer (2008), which is a type of inner drive defined as the "psychological states necessary for an individual to feel control over their work". Psychological empowerment consists of 4 (four) dimensions namely: Competencies; Meaning; Self-determination and Impact. Method: The research team used a quantitative method, with the combination of mean significant differences analysis and intercorrelation analysis. The research was conducted at 4 (four) NGOS in Jakarta, Indonesia, with 156 respondents. Psychological empowerment inventory (Spreitzer, 2008) was used to collect the data after being tested its validity and reliability with Cronbach's Alpha. Result and Discussion: Results reveal that only gender had significant differences on psychological empowerment, with males scoring higher than females. Further, there is no significant correlations exist with other demographics profile (education, position, tenure, and employment status) on psychological empowerment. Research Implication: This study will contribute for executives and human resource managers that besides gender, no other demographic profile that might influence the score of psychological empowerment In other words, the score of psychological empowerment cannot be related with demographic profile except gender. Originality and Value: The process of organizational change is very important and challenging, and many researchers have studies about the process. However, the research team found out that studies about the relation of demographic profile on psychological empowerment is still very limited and need to be further studied. These findings offer valuable insights for change agents in managing organizational transitions, with emphasizing the nuanced impact of demographic factors on psychological empowerment.

유아교사의 수학적 상호작용에 대한 수학지원지식의 영향

Objectives In this study, it was verified whether the moderating effect of teaching creativity on the effect of early childhood teachers' play teaching efficacy and mathematics pedagogical content knowledge on mathematical interaction was significant.
 Methods For this purpose, 300 nursery class teachers working at daycare centers and kindergartens in the metropolitan area were selected. As a measuring tool for the mathematical interaction of early childhood teachers, Kim and Kwon (2022)'s tools and early childhood teachers' mathematics subject pedagogical knowledge tool developed by Hong and Jeong (2012) were used to find out mathematics pedagogical content knowledge. In order to measure teaching creativity, the ‘teacher's creative teaching-learning test tool’ developed by Cropley (2004) was modified and adapted by Baek and Kim (2008) and validated and verified. For data analysis, frequency, percentage, average, reliability analysis, partial correlation analysis, multiple regression analysis for moderating effect analysis, and moderating effect analysis were conducted using the SPSS 22.0 program. At this time, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis was conducted after injecting the status of tenure and training, career, number of times of use of study materials, and the number of homeroom teachers as control variables.
 Results The effect of mathematics pedagogical content knowledge on the mathematical interaction of early childhood teachers was regulated by teaching creativity.
 Conclusions This study found that the early childhood teacher's teaching creativity plays a role in regulating the effect of mathematics pedagogical content knowledge on mathematical interaction, and thus the role of teaching creativity is important in the variables that affect mathematical interaction. Therefore, it was revealed that educational and institutional support for improving teaching creativity is needed first.

Do CEO characteristics affect earnings management?

PurposeThis research paper aims to examine the effect of chief executive officer (CEO) characteristics on earnings management.Design/methodology/approachResearch samples are manufacturing firms listed in the Indonesian Stock Exchange 2015–2021. CEO characteristics include narcissism, gender, age, tenure, experience, nationality and founding family status. Data analysis uses random-effect regression.FindingsThe result shows that higher narcissism CEOs have aggressive characteristics so they will be more likely to engage in accrual and real earnings management. Female CEOs, foreign CEOs and founding-family CEOs have higher monitoring and business ethics characteristics so they will be less likely to engage in accrual and real earnings management. CEOs with higher education levels have higher thinking complexity so they will be more likely to engage in accrual earnings management with higher regulator and auditor monitoring barriers than real earnings management. CEOs with financial and accounting experience are familiar with accounting standards and auditor monitoring barriers so they will be more likely to engage in accrual earnings management than real earnings management. On the other hand, there are no effects of CEO age and tenure on earnings management.Originality/valueThis research contributes to providing evidence of the effect of CEO characteristics on earnings management in a specific industry such as manufacturing firms and emerging markets such as Indonesia with the majority group firms being family firms.

Advancing Diversity in Microbiology: A 55-Year Retrospective Analysis.

Background For over 50 years, affirmative action helped advance equity, diversity and inclusion (EDI) in educational institutions in the United States (U.S.). However, the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision to end affirmative action in college admissions threatens the progress toward EDI. Objective This study aimed to assess the progress in promoting gender and racial diversity within the discipline of microbiology over a 55-year period. We sought to analyze the representation of women and minority groups in faculty ranks, tenure positions, and leadership to identify disparities and trends and determine who will likely be impacted most with the end of affirmative action. Materials and methods This longitudinal retrospective study utilized publicly available and non-identifiable Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) data on full-time microbiology faculty from 1967 to 2021. Faculty members were categorized based on academic ranks and tenure status, while gender and racial data were also considered. Results The analysis revealed a consistent dominance of white faculty, with over 60% representation across all academic ranks throughout the study period. The Asian and female faculty representation decreased in senior academic ranks. We observed a positive trend in the annual increase of women in faculty positions, academic ranks, chairs, and tenure positions. Furthermore, Asian faculty demonstrated the most robust surge in representation. However, disparities persisted for black, Hispanic, and Native American faculty members, reflecting broader challenges in their representation. Discussion Although efforts to enhance diversity within microbiology have yielded positive results, underrepresented minority groups still face obstacles in attaining leadership positions and senior academic ranks. The diminishing proportion of women at higher academic ranks raises concerns about potential attrition or lack of promotion opportunities. The end of affirmative action poses a risk of perpetuating this trend, leading to a decline in diversity among microbiology faculty.

Opportunity matters: Tenure and faculty status for academic librarians

This paper delves into the debate over faculty status and tenure for academic librarians. Unlike subject-area professors, librarians often lack the opportunity for these distinctions. It’s imperative that universities acknowledge the significance of these titles for librarians and reform the tenure process. Faculty status and tenure carry prestige in academia, offering job security, salary progression, and protection from arbitrary dismissal. They also safeguard academic freedom, allowing scholars to voice opinions and pursue research without fear of repercussions. However, the issue of tenure for librarians remains contentious. Granting tenure to academic librarians is crucial to creating a flourishing university culture.

Housing Deprivation Among Polish Households: Prevalence and Associated Factors

Abstract Housing deprivation is a multidimensional concept that can be measured using various indicators. This study focuses on severe housing deprivation and its components – overcrowding and housing conditions problems. Severe housing deprivation means the failure to meet basic housing needs. Eurostat defines it as the simultaneous occurrence of overcrowding and housing conditions problems. All analyzed indicators of housing deprivation are based on European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EUSILC) 2019 survey data. The study covers households in Poland – a country facing serious problems of housing deprivation. In fact, three dimensions of housing deprivation are examined: experiencing only housing conditions problems, experiencing only overcrowding, and being severely housing deprived. The study aims to investigate the prevalence of three-dimensional housing deprivation and reveal which socioeconomic features of the household are associated with the analyzed phenomenon. To achieve these purposes, the multinomial logit model was used to assess the average marginal effects for explanatory variables. It was found that the significant factors associated with housing deprivation are tenure status, dwelling type, household income, average age of household members, their level of educational achievement, presence of disabled and unemployed people, and household type.

Factors that Influenced Faculty Satisfaction with Transition to Online Classes during the COVID-19 Pandemic

The swift transition to remote learning in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic presented substantial challenges for faculty at many universities. This study explores faculty perceptions that influenced their satisfaction with the transition to online classes as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Challenges relating to teaching online classes and the supportive environment provided by the institution had the strongest effects. Other important factors were comfort with online teaching and perceived quality of interactions with students. Teaching experience, tenure status, and other demographic variables had no significant effect on satisfaction with transition to online teaching. Application of lessons learned to future emergencies as well as online and blended classes are discussed.