Tensile Impact Strength Research Articles

Compatibilization of Post‐Consumer Recycled Polypropylene/Polyethylene Binary Blends

ABSTRACTThis work investigates the compatibilization of post‐consumer recycled binary blends of polypropylene/polyethylene (PP/PE), with either high‐density PE (HDPE) or linear low‐density PE (LLDPE). Ethylene‐octene elastomer copolymers from the olefin block copolymers (OBC) family, Dow's INFUSE 9107 and INFUSE 9507, were used as compatibilizers at 4, 6, and 8 wt%. Two different recycled PP/PE blends were used: a 50/50 by weight PP/HDPE white blend (0 W), and a black blend (0B) comprising 85/15 PP/LLDPE by weight. The mechanical properties, thermal properties, and morphology of these injection‐moldable blends indicate that compatibilization took place. Elongation at break and tensile impact strength increased with compatibilizer content, especially with INFUSE 9107. For instance, the impact strength of 0 W increased almost three‐fold with 8 wt% OBC, while that of 0B was doubled with 6 wt% OBC. The tensile strain at break increased up to six‐fold with 8 wt% OBC, reaching 360% and 180% for the white and black blends, respectively. Elastic Moduli decrease to some extent, but remain within the range of applicability of PP‐based compounds. The melt flow index (MFI) values, above 20 g/10 min for 0 W and 7–8 g/10 min for 0B, allow for injection molding of these blends. Moreover, a two‐phased morphology became less apparent, the improved compatibility being driven by the lower interfacial surface energy of the blend and more efficient stress transfer between the phases. INFUSE 9107 achieved better impact strength and elongation results, mainly in the white blends, and this is explained by the better compatibility, its localization at the interface, and the lower crystallinity of the compatibilized blend.

Mechanical and Antibacterial Properties of Bamboo Charcoal/ZnO-Modified Bamboo Fiber/Polylactic Acid Composites

In this study, biodegradable bamboo fiber/PLA composites (BPCs) modified using bamboo charcoal (BC)/ZnO were prepared. The effects of BC/ZnO addition on the mechanical properties and antibacterial properties of BPCs were investigated. The chemical structure, microscopic morphology, and crystallization of the composites were analyzed using FTIR, SEM, and XRD, respectively. The results showed that in terms of mechanical strength, when the addition of BC was 2%, the tensile impact and flexural strength of the BPCs were most obviously improved, with a tensile strength of 51.6 MPa. However, when the addition of BC was more than 2%, the uneven dispersion of too much BC in the BPCs resulted in a reduction in their mechanical strength. A certain amount of ZnO did not affect the crystallinity of the BPCs. In addition, the uneven distribution of ZnO and its poor compatibility with PLA resulted in a deterioration in the tensile properties of the BPCs. In terms of antibacterial properties, when 2% ZnO was added, the BPCs had better antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, with values of 58.9% and 52.5% against both, respectively. BPC biodegradable materials with both mechanical strength and antimicrobial properties have promising medical uses.

Feasibility of utilization of recycled HDPE in manhole covers for urban traffic areas and industrial zones

The consumption of plastic raw materials has been exponentially growing throughout the world in the last decade and so has, in the same proportion, their associated waste. Recycling through the mechanical treatment of the heavy fraction of these plastics is the most economic and the safest alternative to use this waste and to recirculate it for reuse within the same industry or for other related industries located near the place where the waste is generated. In this paper, a study of characterization and post-processing of recycled high density polyethylene received by a hazardous waste manager in southern Spain is presented, an area in which containers, Intermediate Bulk Containers, and drums, originally used for oil products from refineries and petrochemical industries nearby, are employed. These high density polyethylene materials are validated to meet the requirements of the harmonized standards to be used as self-supply in the production of manhole covers. EN 124–6:2015 standard allows the use of plastic materials such as PE or PP, even using material externally reprocessed, such as material derived from thermoplastic products that have not been previously used as lids or manhole covers. Class A-15 and B-125 of the standard are oriented for the construction of these types of elements to cover or close in certain urban spaces such as pedestrian areas, parking areas or multi-story car parks for vehicles. The study shows that the recycled material fully complies with the density; it keeps unalterable during fire test after application of the coating, there are no adverse effects on artificial ageing; the decrease of the average value of the tensile impact strength by 21.84%; and achieves 6 mm of maximum deflection against the test load Fp (45.3 MPa). Therefore, it can be considered a valid scenario for the effective use of solid plastic waste in products that make up part of the urban or industrial areas, as an example of complete circularity material and offers a valid alternative to the end-of-waste condition.

Modification of Polycaprolactone with Plant Extracts to Improve the Aging Resistance.

Natural extracts of plant origin are used as anti-aging compounds of biodegradable polymers. Coffee, cocoa, or cinnamon extracts in amounts from 0.5 to 10 wt.% were added to the polycaprolactone matrix. The manufactured materials were aged at elevated temperatures with increased relative humidity and continuous exposure to UV radiation for 720, 1440, or 2160 h. The performance of the proposed extracts was compared with the retail anti-aging compound, butylated hydroxytoluene. Visual assessment, FTIR analysis, melt flow rate, tensile strength, impact tensile strength, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry tests were conducted. Results showed that the use of lower contents of the tested extracts is particularly advantageous. When the content of the extract did not exceed 1 wt.%, no unfavorable influence on the properties of the materials was observed. The stabilizing performance during accelerated aging was mostly similar to or greater than that of the reference compound used.

Design from recycling: Overcoming barriers in regranulate use in a circular economy

Despite government and consumer attitudes, industry's use of recycled material remains low and narrowly scoped. Critical advances in recycling practices and technology depend on increased scope of application for regranulates, which can be achieved through design from recycling principles. We investigated regranulates and laboratory reprocessed material in the context of processing, ability to meet functional requirements, viability of closed loop recycling, design strategies and co-dependent industry reforms. Reprocessing results in polymer degradation, changes in melt flow rate (MFR) and tensile impact strength (atN) and restricts polymer processing options. Contamination and multilayer packaging cause changes in MFR, atN, elastic modulus (E) and elongation at break (εb) affecting ability to meet application-specific functional requirements. The problem is complex, whereby the preferences and requirements of recyclers, designers, industry, and consumers are contradictory. New high value regranulate applications using clever design practices are necessary to finance new sorting and processing technology in addition to industry and consumer tolerance and conservative product expectations to circumvent these competing interests.

The Effect of the Extrusion Method on Processing and Selected Properties of Poly(3-hydroxybutyric-co-3-hydroxyvaleric Acid)-Based Biocomposites with Flax and Hemp Fibers.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of two extrusion methods of biocomposites with a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate acid) (PHBV) matrix filled with flax and hemp fibers in terms of biopolymer production, its processing in the further injection process, and an evaluation of the mechanical and functional properties of the products. Biocomposites containing 15% by weight of the filler were produced using single- and twin-screw extruders. The biocomposites were then processed by injection molding and then, among other things, the pressures in the mold cavity during processing were analyzed. The produced samples were tested by means of the following tests: uniaxial tensile strength, hardness, and impact tensile strength. The biocomposite's microstructure was also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as were the shrinkage and water absorption of the manufactured products. In addition, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were performed. It was found that the extrusion method changed significantly the geometry of the filler fibers and the processing capabilities of the manufactured materials. Significant differences in the mechanical and functional properties of the obtained biocomposite products were also found. On their basis, the advantages and disadvantages of both extrusion methods were discussed. Most of the obtained properties of injection products indicate the choice of single-screw extrusion. The products were characterized by slightly better mechanical properties and lower processing shrinkage. In turn, composites obtained by the screw method were characterized by lower water absorption and lower viscosity of the composite during injection molding.

Impact tension behavior of heavy-drawn nanocrystalline CoCrNi medium entropy alloy wire

High-strength metallic wire is a vital bearing structure used in many industrial fields. Impact loads often challenge the service safety of metal wire in engineering applications. However, few studies have been made on the dynamic mechanical behavior of metallic wires, especially for newly developed high-entropy alloy wires. By equipping split Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) with specially designed test fixtures, we have carried out a systematic study on the dynamic deformation behavior of the heavily-drawn CoCrNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA) wire in impact tension at both room and cryogenic temperatures. We show that these millimeter-diameter MEA wires with nano-scale grains can achieve an excellent combination of impact tensile strength and ductility at 293 K and 77 K. More interestingly, we find that the strength and ductility of the MEA wire were enhanced simultaneously with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate. Detailed microstructure characterizations and molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the increased strength and ductility at coupled high strain and low temperature resulted from the multiplication and thinning of nanoscale twins, which further caused additional strengthening and toughening mechanisms such as stack faulting net and secondary twin. This study highlights the advantage of CrCoNi MEA wire for cryogenic temperature and impact applications and provides an experimental reference for the design and evaluation of high-strength metal wires under such extreme conditions.

Superior low-temperature mechanical toughness of the PP-based blown micro/nano layer films

The poor low-temperature mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) film strongly restrict its applications in low-temperature service conditions like frozen packaging, or cold countries and regions. Here the PP-based films including 8-, 128- and 512-layer, were successfully produced by the self-developed nanolayered blown film technology. The 128-layer film exhibited exceptionally enhancement in the low-temperature mechanical properties, outperforming the commercialized 2-layer film with increments of 389%, 141%, and 126% in tensile impact strength, elongation at break, and tear strength, respectively. The DSC, WAXD, and SAXS results disclosed that the crystalline structure of PP in different micro/nano layer films was nearly identical. So, the ultrathin micro/nano layer structure should be responsible for the robust low-temperature mechanical properties, which dissipated energy during the mechanical break by promoting the large plastic deformation. Briefly, the PP-based micro/nano layer films fabricated by the self-developed nanolayer blown film technology show robust low-temperature mechanical properties, so this work may attract some attention in the polymer film industry.

Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyamide 6 Composites Formed by In Situ Polymerization—Experimental and Numerical Analysis of the Influence of Polymerization Temperature

In this study, carbon fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 composites were prepared by in situ polymerization via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) in order to evaluate the effect of processing parameters on the mechanical properties and mold filling ratio. At the molding temperature of 140 °C, a high degree of polymerization of the monomer and impregnation of the resin in the preform were empirically observed. The effect of the molding temperature was analyzed by monitoring the mechanical properties (tensile, bending, and impact strength). The mechanical tests showed that the tensile strength, bending strength, bending modulus, and impact strength were highest for the specimens molded at 140 °C compared to those treated at other temperatures. The experimental results were compared with numerical simulations in order to evaluate the relationship between the mold filling ratio and filling time for large-scale automotive parts with various shapes and sizes. The comparison is of great significance for predicting the mold design as well as processing parameters for large-scale automotive parts.

INCREASING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW-CARBON LOW-ALLOY STEELS BY NORMALIZING AND QUENCHING WITH A STANDBY IN THE INTERCRITICAL INTERVAL OF TEMPERATURES

Purpose. The possibility of increasing the mechanical properties of the investigated structural steels by using technologies including holding in ICIT, as well as heating to a typical temperature of austenitization before or after holding in ICIT is shown.
 Methods of research. Durometric, metallographic and X-ray research methods were used. The tensile properties and impact strength were determined. These properties were compared with those obtained for the studied steels after a typical heat treatment.
 Results. It is shown that the technologies of normalization and quenching with holding in ICIT, as well as heating before or after it to a typical austenitizing temperature increasing of the mechanical properties of the studied steels in comparison with theirs level after a typical heat treatment.
 Scientific novelty. Innovative technologies of normalization and quenching, which includs holding in ICIT, as well as heating before or after it to a typical austenitizing temperature, were used and showed their effectiveness.
 Practical value. The technologies of normalization and quenching, which includs holding in ICIT, as well as heating before or after it to the typical temperature of austenitization are proposed for practical application

Mechanical Performance of Luffa Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites using Injection Moulding

This study aims to investigate the mechanical properties of polypropylene polymer matrix composites reinforced with luffa fibers. It also tries to reduce polypropylene content in the manufacturing process by incorporating natural fibers such as luffa. Natural fibers offer good mechanical qualities and are inexpensive. They have a high specific strength, are environmentally benign and are biodegradable. The fiber is first alkaline-treated and then heated on the surface in the sun. The fiber is then powdered using a ball milling technique and mixed with polypropylene in various weight proportions. The composite samples were prepared using the injection molding process. The prepared samples were tested for mechanical characteristics such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness. The percentage increase are 8.32, 2.56, 23.07 and 7.73 respectively as compared with the control sample. The research demonstrates that adding the right amount of natural fiber with the polymer can significantly improve their mechanical properties. From the study, it is concluded that natural luffa fiber can be used to minimize the content of polymers in structural applications.

Optimization of Process Parameter on AA8052 Friction Stir Welding Using Taguchi’s Method

The Taguchi method of experimental design was employed in this study to scrutinize the impact of welding processing factors, including rotating speed, travelling speed, and pin profile on ultimate tensile strength, microhardness, and impact strength of the Friction Stir Welded AA 8052 joint. The S/N values for each process specification were calculated using an orthogonal array of L9 design. The 1150 rpm and 28.5 mm/min were the greatest tensile strength, microhardness, S/N evaluation parameters, respectively, and a used cylinder pin. A combination of 1150 rpm and 32.5 mm/s and a conical cylindrical pin provided the best impact toughness results. According to the analysis of variance, the spinning speed, travel feed, and pin shape had a 37.34% impact on ultimate strength and a further 34.33% impact on microhardness. A second set of tests verified the findings, with tensile strength of 349.96 MPa, hardness of 115.31 H, and impact strength of 7.95 kJ.

Impact of fibre weight on the mechanical properties of chopped luffa cylindrica fibre reinforced polymer composites

ABSTRACT Due to its superior properties such as light weight, biodegradable, low density, readily accessible, low cost, high specific strength etc., natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites have been a wide field of research over the last few years. The effect of the fibre content on the mechanical property and water absorption behaviour of luffa cylindrica fibre-reinforced epoxy composite is studied in this research paper. The surface morphology of tensile fracture specimens is also analysed using FESEM analysis. Four different types of composites were prepared by using hand layup technique with varying fibre content such as 4%, 8%, 12% and 16 wt%. The mechanical behaviours of composites have been analysed, such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and water absorption properties, respectively. The experimental result shows that the water absorption increases with increase in fibre weight percentage. Similarly mechanical properties increase up to 12% luffa fibre content in a composite. Maximum tensile, flexural and impact strength obtained 19 MPa, 50.2 MPa and 2.3 joule, respectively, in 12 wt% luffa fibre composites. But maximum water absorption was obtained as 10.2% in 16 wt% of luffa fibre composites.

Conversion of Bagasse Fibre into Non-Woven Disposable Medical Textiles

In present era materials which extracted from renewable sources, eco-friendly, biodegradable etc. are preferred by everyone to save earth from future problems. Bagasse is one of the most eco-friendly resources suitable for various applications, Bagasse is the fibrous residue which remains after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract their juice. It is mainly used as a burning raw material in the sugar mill furnaces. Also, the sugarcane mill management encounters problems regarding regulations of clean air from the Environmental Protection Agency, due to the quality of the smoke released in the atmosphere The low caloric power of bagasse makes this a low efficiency process baggase fiber is extracted from sugar cane rind in two different steps: mechanical separation and chemical extraction. .When appropriate modifications and manufacturing procedures are applied; bagasse displays improved mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, flexural modulus, hardness, and impact strength. A composite material is made by combining two or more materials to give a unique combination of properties, one of which is made up of stiff, long fibers and the other, a binder or 'matrix' which holds the fibers in place. Further nonwoven fabric & composite sheets are manufactured from extracted fibers alone or blending it with cotton and viscose. After blending This review discusses the use of bagasse fibre and its current status of research. Many references to the latest work on properties, processing and application have been cited in this review. It also satisfies the greening requirements by being biodegradable, recyclable and reusable.

INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF (EPOXY-RESOLE BLEND) MATRIX HYBRID COMPOSITE

This research aims to investigate the impact of fibre reinforcement on the mechanical properties of hybrid polymer matrix composites. The samples made of a hybrid polymer composite were made from the reaction of two polymers, 90% epoxy resin and 10% Resole resin, and were reinforced with two types of reinforcements. The reinforcement used for the current research was carbon and Kevlar fibers. The fibers were in plain weave and were added in volumetric fractions. This research assessed mechanical characteristics like tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength in two cases: one for epoxy/Resole blend only and the other for a hybrid composite material. The addition of fibre reinforcement improves the mechanical properties of the epoxy. Kevlar fiber provides the best mechanical properties for the epoxy/Resole blend when reinforced with two layers of kevlar fibers.

Handgrip Automotive Prototype of Polypropylene Reinforced Benzoyl Treated Kenaf and Sugar Palm Fibers: A Facile Flexural Strength and Hardness Studies

Combining two or more different types of fibers within a polymer matrix is defined as hybrid composites. The requirements for an impressive hybrid composites include compatible weight ratio, good compressive strength, low-cost production and ease of fabrication. Moreover, hybrid composites provide a combination of remarkable mechanical properties including tensile modulus, compression, impact strength, flexural and hardness, which are comparable with the metal-based product materials. Recently, hybrid composites have been established due to their remarkable performance and efficiency. This study presents a facile analysis of polypropylene (PP) reinforced benzoyl treated kenaf and sugar palm fibers for handgrip prototype application. The materials were further analyzed for their materials molding modeling, and facile mechanical behavior including flexural strength, flexural modulus, Rockwell hardness (HRF), and also weight reduction percentage test. Hybrid composite T-SP7K3 shows higher flexural strength and flexural modulus compared to the ABS (Perodua Axia) at 339.5 MPa and 17.19 MPa, respectively. In addition, the HRF testing shows a higher value of hybrid composite (at 92.96 N/mm2) compared with the ABS handgrip with. Furthermore, the weight reduction percentage also recorded hybrid composite T-SP7K3 with the highest value at 22.7%.

Cohesive zone parametric analysis in the tensile impact strength of tubular adhesive joints

The use of tubular adhesive joints has considerably grown, including applications in truss/vehicles frames and fluid transportation pipelines, but the impact performance of these joints is under addressed in the literature. It thus becomes pertinent to propose modelling techniques to predict and characterize tubular joints to withstand these loads, which involve a higher modelling complexity than the static loading case. This work evaluates, by cohesive zone modelling (CZM), the tensile impact strength of tubular joints between AW6082-T651 aluminium alloy adherends and bonded with different adhesives. Initially, CZM validation was accomplished with single-lap joint (SLJ) data. For the tubular joints, the influence of geometric parameters was evaluated by changing the overlap length ( LO) and outer tube thickness ( tSE). The analysis begins with an elastic stress analysis to the adhesive layer, followed by maximum load ( Pm) and dissipated energy at failure ( U) predictions using CZM, impact velocity effect and comparison with static analytical solutions. With this study, it was possible to evaluate the different geometrical parameters, select the optimal geometry and adhesive type, and to validate the CZM technique for the impact strength prediction of tubular adhesive joints.

The One/Multi-objective Optimization for Tensile Yield and Impact Strength Responses of Optical PC/PMMA Blends

The One/Multi-objective Optimization for Tensile Yield and Impact Strength Responses of Optical PC/PMMA Blends

Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Sansevieria cylindrica Fiber/Polyester Composites

Natural fiber-reinforced composites are the most cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to industrial applications. Composite materials reinforced with Sansevieria cylindrica (SC) fibers were developed in this research work. These fibers were chosen for their outstanding mechanical qualities. Compression moulding was used to create composite materials. Each leaf on a Sansevieria cylindrica plant is 20 to 30 mm thick, with a height of 1000 to 2000 mm. The Sansevieria cylindrica (SC) fibers were used as chemically treated fibers and untreated fibers to produce the composites. The tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength of various fiber weight% of composites (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were calculated. From the tested results, the maximum tensile strength achieved in 40 wt% of treated SC fiber composites is 85.7 MPa. The maximum hardness is found in 40 wt% of composites in both treated and untreated fiber composites. The 40 wt% of composites gives a better impact energy of 9.4 J/cm2.The SC fiber polyester composites have superior interfacial bonding and give maximal strength in treated SC fiber composites. The fiber treatment delivers greater strength than the untreated fiber, according to this study. The treated SC fibers have better strength and good bonding between the fiber and matrix to produce the composite materials.

Studies on microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of hybrid Al-4032 AMC reinforced with SiC and granite marble powder

The present work reports the impact of granite marble powder (GMP) and SiC on the physical, microstructural, and mechanical characterization of the hybrid aluminium-based metal matrix composite (AMC). Al-4032/SiC/GMP composites with 4, 6, and 8 weight % of SiC and GMP (equal proportion) have been fabricated through stir casting. The impact on properties like density, porosity, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), elongation, microhardness, and impact strength were analyzed according to ASTM standards. A maximum of 1.07% increase in theoretical density and a maximum of 4.86% decrease in experimental density have been recorded for 8% reinforcement. Microstructure of the as-cast specimens were analyzed using optical microscope (OM), XRD (X-ray diffraction), and SEM (scanning electron microscope) equipped with EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). Owing to ceramic particles, mechanical properties like UTS, microhardness, and impact strength of the AMC got enhanced from 69.4 MPa to 146 MPa, 131.4 HV to 190.2 HV, and 22.4 J to 32.8 J, respectively.