Tensile Fractured Samples Research Articles

Assessing the Correlation Between the Physico-Mechanical Characteristics and Microstructure of Reclaimed Carbon Dust Reinforced ABS Polymer Composite in the Extrusion Process

ABS polymer has limited stiffness and will fracture upon reaching this limit. Reinforcing ABS with reclaimed carbon dust (rCD) from CFRP waste, which has superior stiffness in both compression and tension, can prevent this failure. This study evaluates the impact of varying rCD filler content and screw extruder speeds on the physico-mechanical properties of the composite. rCD content ranges from 0 wt.% to 40 wt.% and screw speeds of 20 rpm and 40 rpm are used. The rCD was sieved and its quality was verified using particle size analysis (PSA), field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) before composite fabrication in a single screw extruder. The physico-mechanical properties, including tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and density, were tested using a universal testing machine (UTM) and Archimedes technique. All samples appeared undistorted prior to UTM evaluation. Results indicated that composites processed at 40 rpm with 40 wt.% rCD exhibited superior physico-mechanical properties compared to those processed at 20 rpm. Fractography of tensile fracture samples showed well-dispersed rCD within the ABS matrix, with minimal large pores at 40 rpm. Additionally, the highest tensile strength (31.48 MPa) and Young’s modulus (1.603 GPa) indicated good dispersion of rCD and strong interfacial bonding between the matrix and fiber. Thus, a 40 rpm screw speed is more effective for mixing ABS/rCD composites. In conclusion, rCD was successfully reclaimed and integrated into ABS, resulting in a composite with enhanced strength properties suitable for assistive medical device application.

Mechanical and tribological behavior of pineapple leaf and kenaf fiber reinforced vinyl ester hybrid composites

The modern world demands the implementation of natural fiber-based polymer composites over synthetic fiber composites due to their eco-friendly nature, abundant availability, competing strength, economical favorability, and lightweight quality. In this present investigation, varied combinations of hybrid pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) and kenaf fiber-reinforced vinyl ester composites were fabricated by compression molding technique. The physical properties, mechanical properties, and tribological behavior were experimentally analyzed and reported. The physical properties, such as theoretical density, experimental density, and porosity percentage are evaluated and studied. Statistical mechanical tests such as tensile, flexural, compression, microhardness, and impact study are also evaluated possibly. Tribological behavior was simply studied by pin-on-disc tribometer apparatus under dry sliding conditions, and its specific wear rate and coefficient of friction were determined and analyzed. The morphological features of the tensile fractured samples and worn surfaces of the wear-tested specimen were analyzed by using a scanning electron microscope and its effects were investigated. From the results reported, it was claimed that the 20PALF/20KF/60VE sample was getting higher mechanical properties of 51% increased tensile strength, 55% flexural strength, 41.5% compression strength, 52% impact results, and 52% increased harness value compared to the neat resin sample. Overall results state that the hybridized combinations of PALF and kenaf fibers reinforced composites attained good mechanical and tribological properties and appear promising for printed circuit board and electrical switchboard applications.

Interaction of silica with polystyrene: mechanical properties, polymer/filler adhesion and failure behavior

Composites of polystyrene with different loading of silica were prepared by melt mixing in a Brabender Plasticorder at a rotor speed of 60 rpm. The mechanical properties of the composites such as tensile behavior, impact strength, and flexural properties were studied as a function of filler loading. The tensile moduli of the composites increased with silica content. To improve adhesion between the filler and the matrix, an amino silane coupling agent was used. The composites with coupling agents showed enhanced mechanical properties. Thermal properties were measured using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TGA) and flammability tests. Composites with 15 wt.% and 0.5 wt.% coupling agent showed optimum properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies of the tensile fractured samples revealed the extent of filler dispersion and filler/matrix interaction. Finally, experimental results were compared with theoretical predictions.

Analysis of mechanical and water absorption properties of hybrid composites reinforced with micron-size bamboo fibers and ceramic particles

Abstract Bamboo and its hybrid composites were made using the hand lay-up method to evaluate the change in mechanical and physical properties that occurred through filler addition. Density measurements and tensile test results showed an increment in values when a certain percentage of silicon carbide (SiC) was added. As the SiC percentage grows from 0 to 6 %, the density of the hybrid composite increases from 1.15 to 1.36 gm/cc whereas tensile strength increases from 37 MPa to 42 MPa when 4 wt% SiC is added in 20 wt% of the bamboo composite. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis of tensile fractured samples further supported the improvement in tensile characteristics. To examine the impact and hardness characteristics, composites were subjected to the Charpy impact test and hardness test. 4 wt% of SiC addition in 20 wt% of the bamboo composite decreased the impact strength from 28.79 to 27.43 (×10−3 kJ/m2) and increased the hardness from 44 to 55 Hv. The composites’ water absorption behavior demonstrated that the addition of filler lifts the composite’s resistance to absorbing water, preserving the composites’ dimensional firmness and mechanical qualities.

Accelerated weathering of sustainable and micro-filler Basalt reinforced polymer biocomposites: Physical, mechanical, thermal, wettability, and water absorption studies

This study intends to evaluate and comprehend the accelerated weathering behavior of various thermoset and thermoplastic composites loaded with an eco-friendly basalt micro-filler. Basalt incorporation into various polymer matrices is, in fact, a very innovative idea that might present some very exciting, as yet unexplored, perspectives. The four kinds of thermoset polymers (synthetic epoxy, bio-epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester) were reinforced with constant basalt reinforcement (30 wt %) and fabricated via the casting process. Whereas the three kinds of thermoplastic (polylactic acid, polypropylene, high-density polyethylene) polymers were also loaded with a constant basalt ratio and manufactured through an internal mixing process followed by a compression molding technique. The fabricated samples were employed inside the xenon arc light accelerated weathering equipment under ultraviolet (UV) rays, temperature, and humid conditions for 555.55 h as per ASTM G155-13 cycle 1. There is a significant improvement in the density of polymer composites due to highly dense basalt particle incorporation and maximum void percentage was observed in thermosets due to casting defects than in the thermoplastic samples. After weathering, the tensile, flexural, and impact properties of composites were significantly reduced due to the thermo-oxidative reaction and degradation under UV and moisture exposure. As a result of UV-induced chain scission, small fractures may develop. These spaces provide the ideal environment for moisture to infiltrate into the primary composite structures, weakening the links between the reinforcement and matrix. Scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the significant changes in the surface morphology of weathered and unweathered tensile fractured samples. The hardness was considerably improved due to the presence of highly stiffen and hard basalt particles. The idea that accelerated weathering destruction creates hydrophobic surface characteristics in most of the composites due to a variety of factors, like physical and chemical transformations, is supported by the increased contact angle value and a decrease in surface free energy, particularly the polar section. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that there is not much significant impact of weathering on composites, however, variations were observed in the thermomechanical analysis due to compatibility issues. It is observed that the onset and endset degradation temperatures got decreased with the reinforcement of 30 wt% basalts after the internal mixing process. This could be brought on by the molecular weight decreasing while mixing. The behavior of polymer composites in water absorption study is found to be unique depending on their hydrophilicity and defects raised during the fabrication.

Mechanical and Thermo-Mechanical Performance of Natural Fiber-Based Single-Ply and 2-Ply Woven Prepregs.

This paper presents a study conducted on prepregs manufactured by a novel method for the impregnation of a thermoplastic matrix. Different composite prepregs based on polypropylene and reinforced with natural fibers (e.g., basalt and jute fibers) were developed. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. DMA tests were conducted at 1 Hz frequency and properties such as storage modulus and damping (tan δ) were evaluated. The overall mechanical properties of the basalt fiber composites were found to be superior to that of the jute fiber-based samples. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TG/DTG) of the composite samples showed that the thermal degradation temperatures of the basalt-based composites shifted to higher temperature regions compared to the PP or jute fiber composites. The addition of basalt fiber considerably improved the thermal stability of the composite samples. Microscopic images of the tensile fractured composite samples illustrated better fiber-matrix interfacial interaction due to the novel technology of prepregs. Single-ply and 2-ply prepregs showed significantly superior mechanical, thermal, and thermo-dynamical performance compared to the control sample (pure PP). 2-Ply composites demonstrated higher modulus, tensile strength, and storage modulus due to the higher fiber volume fraction. Basalt-based samples showed a minimum weight loss of about 57% up to 700 °C in contrast to 96.05% weight loss in the jute-based samples and 98.4% in the case of pure PP. The heat resistance index (THRI) is more than twice for basalt compared to jute and PP. Furthermore, the superior thermal stability of basalt is reflected in its DSC curves, showing the highest endothermic peak. The technique of using the resin in the form of thermoplastic yarns offers cost effective and efficient alternatives for composite manufacturing.

Influence of tool rotational speed on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al-Li Alloy using Friction Stir Welding

Al-Li alloy is one of the suitable materials to be used in the aerospace industry due to its unique physical, mechanical, fatigue and corrosion resistance properties. The present study investigates the effect of rotational tool speed (TRS) on force and torque and its consequences on heat input, temperature, microstructure, and mechanical properties of a 5 mm thick 2050-T84 Al-Li alloy plates in square butt joint configuration. The investigation reveals defect-free welds at TRS ranging from 600 rpm to 1400 rpm. The grain size at nugget zone (NZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) increases (10.59 µm-16.79 µm; TMAZ-AS; 12.67µm-18.96 µm and TMAZ-RS; 12.22 µm-17.98 µm) with an increase in TRS (600–1400 rpm). The high ultimate tensile strength (UTS-410MPa) and % elongation (11.15%) was observed at 1400 rpm. With the help of scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis of tensile fracture samples, the ductile nature of tensile fracture is observed.

Effect of Nanoaluminium Nitride Ceramic Particles on Microstructure, Mechanical Wear, and Machining Behavior of Al‐Si‐Mg Alloy Matrix Composites Produced by Bottom Pouring Type Stir Casting Route

Aluminium alloy strengthened with the ceramic particle is widely utilized for numerous engineering usages owing to its less weight, and superior mechanical and tribological behavior. The purpose of this research is to manufacture AA6063‐Nano AlN composites via stir casting (SC) process and to examine the mechanical, tribological, electrical, and thermal and CNC drilling behavior. Nano AlN was mixed with AA6063 at 4, 8, and 12 wt.%. The occurrence and dispersal of Nano AlN particles in AA6063 matrix were inspected via Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The density and porosity were explored. The mechanical studies on microhardness, tensile strength and yield strength, flexural strength, and compressive strength have been done. SEM fractographic examination was made on the tensile fracture samples. The thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity and electrical conductivity, and salt spray corrosion analysis were made on the produced composites. The tribological behavior of the composites was studied using numerous parameters, reinforcement wt.%, load (L), sliding velocity (SV), and sliding distance (SD). The worn surface examination was done via SEM. The CNC drilling behavior was done at different parameter speed (S), feed (F), and depth of cut (DOC). Experiments were carried out according to the L9 orthogonal array (OA). Optimal process parameter to attain higher material removal rate (MRR) and least surface roughness (SR) was identified via Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). ANOVA outcomes revealed that feed rate is the foremost noteworthy parameter (45.89%) influencing MRR and SR.

Physical, Mechanical, and Morphological Properties of Treated Sugar Palm/Glass Reinforced Poly(Lactic Acid) Hybrid Composites.

This research was performed to evaluate the physical, mechanical, and morphological properties of treated sugar palm fiber (SPF)/glass fiber (GF) reinforced poly(lactic acid) (PLA) hybrid composites. Morphological investigations of tensile and flexural fractured samples of composites were conducted with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Alkaline and benzoyl chloride (BC) treatments of SPFs were performed. A constant weight fraction of 30% total fiber loading and 70% poly(lactic acid) were considered. The composites were initially prepared by a Brabender Plastograph, followed by a hot-pressing machine. The results reported that the best tensile and flexural strengths of 26.3 MPa and 27.3 MPa were recorded after alkaline treatment of SPF, while the highest values of tensile and flexural moduli of 607 MPa and 1847 MPa were recorded after BC treatment of SPF for SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites. The novel SPF/GF/PLA hybrid composites could be suitable for fabricating automotive components.

Recycling of waste PP and crumb rubber together by use of self-healing ionomer as process compatibilizer

Recycling of mixed waste, including plastic and rubber, by the blending process is one of the promising sustainable routes. In this paper, the processing of crumb rubber with waste thermoplastic polypropylene is reported. The poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymer sodium ion was introduced as a compatibilizer. The waste materials were processed by injection molding to a property improved value-added plastic–rubber recyclate. There was an improvement of tensile strength and modulus of about 60 and 85%, respectively, by addition of 7 wt.% of ionomer as compatibilizer. Enhanced thermal stability was also observed as compared to that of neat blend. The change in morphological characteristics that influence the end properties was analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope. Evaluation of dispersion of different phases and their stress transfer tendency was studied for both tensile fractured and molded samples. The changes in thermo-mechanical properties are correlated to morphological characteristics, and the efficacy of the compatibilization process was estimated.

Characterization of Hybrid Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch/Woven Kenaf Fabric-Reinforced Epoxy Composites.

In this research, the physical, mechanical and morphological properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) mat/woven kenaf fabric-reinforced epoxy composites have been investigated. The oil palm EFB/woven kenaf fabrics were varied, with weight ratios of 50/0 (T1), 35/15 (T2), 25/25 (T3), 15/35 (T4) and 0/50 (T5). The composites were fabricated using a simple hand lay-up technique followed by hot pressing. The result obtained shows that an increase in kenaf fiber content exhibited higher tensile and flexural properties. On the other hand, the opposite trend was observed in the impact strength of hybrid composites, where an increase in kenaf fiber content reduced the impact strength. This can be corroborated with the physical properties analysis, where a higher void content, water absorption and thickness swelling were observed for pure oil palm EFB (T1) composites compared to other samples. The scanning electron microscopy analysis results clearly show the different failure modes of the tensile fractured samples. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA and shows significant differences between the obtained results.

Effect of short carbon fiber content and water absorption on tensile and impact properties of PA6/PP blend based composites

AbstractPA6 absorbs moisture, restricting its use in humid applications. The first objective of this study is to process composite parts to be used in high humid applications using PA6 blend based matrix (PA6/PP/PP‐g‐MA) and SCF (3‐15 wt%) reinforcement. The second objective is to perform tensile and impact tests in both dry and wet conditions. The third objective is to carry out the in‐depth analysis of fractography of blends and composites. For blend, more than 50% reduction in water absorption was observed in comparison to pure PA6, indicating the need to blend with PP. The tensile strength of the composite with 15 wt% SCF was 55% and 133% higher than matrix blend in dry and wet conditions respectively indicating the need to reinforce the blend with SCF. Injection molded composites with 15 wt% SCF revealed the tensile strength of 54 MPa, 46 MPa and modulus of 5 GPa, 4 GPa in dry, wet state respectively. At higher SCF content, both SCF and PP are well dispersed in PA6 matrix but fiber pull out led to fracture of dry samples. Post water absorption, tensile fractured samples showed significant fiber pull out, indicating reduction in interfacial adhesion due to water absorption.

Effect of traverse speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction-stir-welded third-generation Al–Li alloy

The aim of the study is to investigate the consequences of tool traverse speed on force and torque distribution of friction-stir-welded third-generation Al–Cu–Li alloy joints. The microstructure and corresponding mechanical properties of the joints are investigated on force and torque perspective. Thus, the contribution of the present work lies in establishing the relation between traverse speed and mechanical properties of the AA2050-T84 joint. Four welds have been considered at varying traverse speeds from 1 to 4 mm/s at constant tool rotational speed and tool tilt angle of 1400 rpm and 2°, respectively. A tool of H13 steel having a tapered screw-threaded pin profile was used. The investigation reveals that with the increase in traverse speed, longitudinal force (X-force), vertically downward force (Z-force) and spindle torque also increase. The grain size of the nugget zone reduces from 19.84 to 14.86 µm as traverse speed increases. It has been found that the mechanical strength of the joint increases as the traverse speed increases. The Vickers microhardness value increases from 115 HV0.1 to 131 HV0.1 in the nugget zone as traverse speed increases from 1 to 4 mm/s. The maximum tensile strength, % elongation and joint efficiency are 403.2 MPa, 7.2% and 75.5% for traverse speed of 4 mm/s. The tensile fracture samples are analyzed by scanning electron microscope and reveal ductile mode of fracture.

Effect of Carbon Nanotube-Silane Addition on Mechanical Properties of Chloroprene Rubber-filled Carbon Black

Chloroprene-filled CNT rubber has been investigated for the electromagnetic shielding application. Nevertheless, there are continuous studies to overcome CNTs agglomeration, materials loss and air contamination issues generated during conventional melt compounding process. Thus, the current study proposes the usage of polar and low molecular weight ethanol solvent as dispersant for CNT fillers and silane-based Si-69 as coupling agent. Si-69 is a widely used fillers’ coupling agent because of its reliable performance in the industrial-scaled rubber compounding process. This study is to investigate the effect of carbon nanotube (CNT)-Silane addition as secondary fillers on tensile strength, elastic modulus and cure characteristics of hloroprene rubber (CR)-filled carbon black (CB) compound. The CR-filled CB was prepared by internal mixing, followed by roll-mill process in which CNT-Silane dispersion was added. For comparison, the samples of CR-filled CB without CNTs addition and with as-received CNTs addition were prepared and characterized. The CR composite added with CNT-Silane dispersion displayed tensile strength and elastic modulus (at 300% elongation) of 23 MPa and 18 MPa respectively, which are 4% higher than the CR composite added with as-received CNTs. The findings were supported by the FESEM micrograph of tensile fracture samples that showed the CNT-Silane addition produced better CNTs dispersion in the CR-filled CB compound. Furthermore, the usage of CNT-Silane improved the CR-filled CB compound processibility by reducing the minimum (ML) and maximum torque (MH) values from 0.34 and 1.11 N.m in as-received CNT samples to 0.32 and 1.04 N.m respectively in CNT-silane samples.

Mechanical properties enhancement of cardanol by hybridization with kenaf/recycled carbon

Cardanol is a novolac phenolic resin derived from cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) with low mechanical properties due to its high brittleness. It is a potential resin for aerospace industry due to its high thermal resistance. In this study, to enhance the mechanical properties of cardanol, it was hybridized with kenaf/recycled carbon to produce biodegradable composites. The mechanical properties (tensile, flexural, and impact strength) of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fracture samples were also analyzed. The mechanical results indicate that the hybridization enhances the mechanical strength of the cardanol significantly. The enhancement in tensile strength is 129.7% when cardanol was reinforced with 35wt. % kenaf and 15wt. % carbon. While flexural and impact strength were improved by 37.6% and 104% respectively both when cardanol was hybridized with 15wt. % kenaf and 35wt. % carbon The morphology study suggests that the carbon acts as a layer at the bottom of the mold due to its inhomogeneity and sedimentation.

Cellulose Nanofibers Isolated from the Cuscuta Reflexa Plant as a Green Reinforcement of Natural Rubber.

In the present work, we used the steam explosion method for the isolation of cellulose nanofiber (CNF) from Cuscuta reflexa, a parasitic plant commonly seen in Kerala and we evaluated its reinforcing efficiency in natural rubber (NR). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques indicated that type I cellulose nanofibers, with diameter: 10–30 nm and a 67% crystallinity index were obtained by the proposed method. The results showed that application of CNF in NR based nanocomposites resulted in significant improvement of their processing and performance properties. It was observed that the tensile strength and tear strength of NR/CNF nanocomposites are found to be a maximum at 2 phr CNF loading, which corresponds with the studies of equilibrium swelling behavior. Dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and morphological studies of tensile fractured samples also confirm that CNF isolated from Cuscuta reflexa plant can be considered as a promising green reinforcement for rubbers.

Characterization of Novel Lignocellulosic Spinifex littoreus Fibers and Their Composites

This innovative work presents mechanical, physical and chemical characterization and analysis of newly extracted fiber from naturally resourced plant stem, named Spinifex littoreus fibers (SLF). This is a novel natural, biodegradable and sustainable reinforcement for an improved composite. Initially, the chemical constituents of SLF, such as cellulose, lignin, moisture and wax content were studied. The raw SLF surfaces were modified by chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and silane. A polyester matrix was reinforced with all the treated SLF, before the mechanical properties (tensile strengths) of the composites were determined. Among all the surface chemically treated SLF/polyester composite samples, the Ca(OH)2 treated sample exhibited the highest tensile strength. Further microscopic examination was carried out to validate this result. Also, this analysis established the mechanism of failure of the tensile fractured composite samples, using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), among other techniques.

Testing and characterization of binary and ternary blends with poly (lactic acid), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and tapioca cassava starch powder

In this research paper explores about biodegradable polymers such as Poly lactic acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Tapioca cassava starch powder (TCSP) and their blends prepared using conventional method. The prepared bio degradable polymer blends are analyzed with the help of Universal testing machine (UTM-3969), scanning electron microscopy (SEM).On the weight basis PLA, ABS, and TCSP are transferred into binary and ternary blends such as PLA, ABS, PLA/ABS, PLA/ABS/TCSP (wt.%) etc. are compared with various mechanical properties such as tensile stress v/s tensile strain, tensile strength v/s tensile module and compressive. The scanning electron microscopy images for tensile fractured samples showed smooth homogeneous finish and good partial distribution.

Date palm reinforced epoxy composites: tensile, impact and morphological properties

In this study date palm stem fibers (DPF)/epoxy composites at different loading (40, 50 and 60 wt.%) were fabricated and their tensile, impact and morphological properties are characterized. The interfacial bonding in tensile fractured samples of composites was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tensile and impact results revealed that increase in DPF loading until 50% improved the mechanical strength, modulus, impact strength and elongation at break with respect to pure epoxy resin. Tensile strength, modulus, impact strength and elongation at break of pure epoxy resin increases from 20.5 to 25.7657 MPa, 0.5123 to 1.546 GPa, 45.81 to 98.71 J/m and 0.91 to 1.412% respectively while, energy absorption decreases drastically from 50 to 32% with the incorporation of DPF filler. SEM microstructure displayed good interfacial bonding in 50% DPF epoxy however the addition of more DPF loading reduces the interfacial strength due to poor wettability. Overall test results declared that 50% DPF loading is ideal to enhance tensile, impact strengths and morphological properties of epoxy.

The Effects of Stacking Sequence on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of Kenaf/Jute Fibre Hybrid Composites

ABSTRACT The aim of this study to analyze the effects of the stacking sequence of kenaf and jute fibers on the tensile and flexural properties of the kenaf/jute hybrid composites. Kenaf/jute/kenaf (K/J/K), jute/kenaf/jute (J/K/J) and neat epoxy (EP) composites were prepared using the hand lay-up technique while maintaining total fiber loading of 30 wt%. Mechanical properties were analyzed by using Instron Universal Testing machines. The obtained results showed that the K/J/K hybrid composites exhibited the highest tensile strength (43.21 MPa) and flexural strength (75.57 MPa) as compared with J/K/J hybrid composites. K/J/K hybrid composites also display better tensile and flexural modulus of 3.60 GPa and 4.63 GPa, respectively, as compared to J/K/J hybrid and neat epoxy composites. The morphological properties of tensile and flexural fracture samples of the hybrid composites were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It’s clear from SEM that fiber pull-out, and matrix cracks occurs in all composites, but K/J/K hybrid composites display better fiber/matrix interfacial bonding. We concluded from this work that layering sequence plays an important role in the mechanical performance of hybrid composites and attributed that fabricated hybrid composites can be used in engineering application such as interiors for aircrafts and automotive.