Tenoxicam Research Articles

Eco-Friendly High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Method for the Determination of Tenoxicam in Commercial Formulations.

There is a dearth of information in the literature regarding environmentally benign high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) methods to determine tenoxicam (TNX). Therefore, designing and validating an HPTLC method to detect TNX in commercial tablets and capsules was the goal of this investigation. The green mobile phase utilized was the combination of ethanol/water/ammonia solution (50:45:5 v/v/v). The TNX was quantified at a wavelength of 375 nm. The proposed method's greenness profile was established using the Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approach. The proposed methodology for determining TNX was linear in the range of 25-1400 ng/band. The proposed methodology for measuring TNX was accurate (% recoveries = 98.24-101.48), precise (% RSD = 0.87-1.02), robust (% RSD = 0.87-0.94), sensitive (LOD = 0.98 ng/band and LOQ = 2.94 ng/band), and environmentally friendly. The AGREE scale for the present methodology was derived to be 0.75, indicating an outstanding greenness profile. TNX was found to be highly stable under acidic, base, and thermal stress conditions. However, it completely decomposed under oxidative stress conditions. Commercial tablets and capsules were found to have 98.46 and 101.24% TNX, respectively. This finding supports the validity of the current methodology for measuring TNX in commercial formulations. The outcomes of this work showed that the proposed eco-friendly HPTLC methodology can be used for the routine analysis of TNX in commercial formulations.

Synthesis of photoluminescence carbon dots from red beetroot and utilizing its extract as blue-emitted fluorescence probes for spectrofluorimetric determination of tenoxicam in varied pharmaceutical samples

Tenoxicam (TNX) belongs to non-steroidal drugs that effectively treat many inflammatory disorders. In this study, luminescent carbon dots were synthesized from red beetroot as a green fluorescence probe. The synthesized carbon dots' morphology, size, and spectroscopic features were investigated and characterized by spectrophotometric, FTIR, SEM, spectrofluorimetric, and TEM techniques. The synthesized carbon dots possessed an emission at 430 nm and an excitation at 366.5 nm. Meanwhile, TNX is a yellow-colored compound with a spectrophotometric absorbance peak at 370 nm. Based on the inner filter effect mechanism, the emission fluorescence intensity of the synthesized carbon dots has been markedly quenched upon the addition of TNX. In addition, the quenching in the fluorescence intensity was quantitively related to the concentration of TNX at the linear range of 0.25 - 2.5 µg/mL (r2 = 0.9989) with a LOD of 0.08 µg/mL and LOQ of 0.24 µg/mL. The second side of this study is based on enhancing the fluorescence intensity of the acetonitrile extract of red beetroot upon the addition of TNX solution. This enhancement was recorded at a fluorescence emission of 357 nm with a fluorescence excitation of 305.5 nm. In addition, the enhancement in the fluorescence intensity was quantitively related to the concentration of TNX at the linear range of 0.5 - 8.0 µg/mL (r2 = 0.9995) with a LOD of 0.16 µg/mL and LOQ of 0.49 µg/mL. The analytical conditions were well-optimized, and the developed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Finally, the proposed spectrofluorimetric approaches were applied to determine TNX in vials, tablets, and capsules with good recovery and accepted statistical results.

A Novel Approach for the Availability and Ocular Delivery of Tenoxicam Potassium: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vivo Application.

Tenoxicam (TX) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent that can be used to control pain in various ophthalmic lesions like cataracts, refractive surgery, and corneal abrasion. TX has a very slightly aqueous solubility of 0.072mg/mL resulting in difficulty to be formulated in ophthalmic solutions. This study aims to improve TX solubility by converting it into its potassium salt to achieve a target of 10mg/mL (1%w/v) concentration of TX in the desired aqueous medium for the formulation of aqueous ophthalmic solutions. The synthesized TX salt was characterized by different evaluation parameters such as solubility studies, 1H NMR, IR, and elemental analyses. Different TX potassium solutions were formulated at concentrations of 0.5% and 1% w/v using different viscosity-imparting agents. The prepared solutions were characterized for their physicochemical properties including visual inspection, pH, rheological, in vitro release, and kinetic behavior. Also, the formulations were biologically evaluated in vivo using male albino rabbits. The obtained results showed the successful synthesis of TX salt, as indicated by IR and NMR, and elemental analysis. The solubility study showed that the solubility of TX was improved hugely to 18mg/mL (250-fold). In addition, the results showed that the prepared formulations showed acceptable physicochemical properties. The highest release rate was obtained with formula F1, which contains no viscosity-imparting agents. While as, the lowest release rate was obtained in the case of formula F9, composed of Pluronic F127 (12% w/v). The in vivo results showed that TX optimized ophthalmic solutions F8 and F9 inhibited the redness and edema in an extended or sustained manner.

Development of Topical Nanogel as a Promising Delivery of NSAID’s Tenoxicam using Natural Permeation Enhancer Essential Oil (Euckolyptus)

Tenoxicam (TNX) is an effective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Like other NSAIDs, tenoxicam has the disadvantage of being linked to gastrointestinal side effects. Furthermore, this drug is having weak transdermal penetration, preventing transdermal administration. The goal of this study was to develop a TNX nanogel with a smaller particle size to improve the anti-inflammatory drug's bioavailability and assess its potential in rheumatoid arthritis. The modified emulsification-diffusion method is used to develop nanosized dispersion of TNX using noveon polycarbophil AA-1 as a gelling agent. Moreover, essential oils increase skin penetration by interacting with the stratum corneum (SC). They were found to be successful in increasing skin penetration of both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs. The rheology, particle size, drug content, % drug release, and in-vitro diffusion study of prepared TNX nanogel were performed. Based on the rheological features of the formulations it was found to be substantial, with the particle size of 125.05nm and zeta potential -8.47mV, drug content of 97.05%, % drug release 97.40% drug diffusion of 97.42%, and pH of 6.2. Tenoxicam nanogel was prepared by using noveon polycarbophil AA-1 and eucalyptus oil as a permeation enhancer was proven to be suitable as a typical topical gel formulation for the treatment of edema and rheumatoid arthritis.

Oxicam-type nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs enhance Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation in plants.

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation is a key innovation for plant breeding, and routinely used in basic researches and applied biology. However, the transformation efficiency is often the limiting factor of this technique. In this study, we discovered that oxicam-type nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including tenoxicam (TNX), increase the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation. TNX treatment increased the transformation efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana mature leaves by agroinfiltration. The increase of efficiency by TNX treatment was not observed in dde2/ein2/pad4/sid2 quadruple mutant, indicating that TNX inhibits the immune system mediated by jasmonic acid, ethylene, and salicylic acid against to Agrobacterium. We also found that TNX-treatment is applicable for the transient expression and subcellular localization analysis of fluorescent-tagged proteins in Arabidopsis leaf cells. In addition, we found that TNX increases the efficiency of Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of Jatropha. Given that treatment with oxicam compounds is a simple and cost effective method, our findings will provide a new option to overcome limitations associated with Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of various plant species.

Insight into the Formation of Cocrystal and Salt of Tenoxicam from the Isomer and Conformation.

Tenoxicam (TNX) is a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that shows a superior anti-inflammatory effect and has the advantages of a long half-life period, a fast onset of action, a small dose, complete metabolism, and good tolerance. Some compounds often have tautomerism, and different tautomers exist in different crystalline forms. TNX is such a compound and has three tautomers. TNX always exists as the zwitterionic form in cocrystals. When the salt is formed, TNX exists in the enol form, which exhibits two conformations depending on whether a proton is gained or lost. Currently, the crystal structure of the keto form is not in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD). Based on the analysis of existing crystal structures, we derived a simple rule for what form of TNX exists according to the pKa value of the cocrystal coformer (CCF) and carried out validation tests using three CCFs with different pKa values, including p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (DNB), and 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). The molecular surface electrostatic potential (MEPS) was combined with the pKa rule to predict the interaction sites. Finally, two new cocrystals (TNX-PAS and TNX-DNB) and one salt (TNX-DHB) of TNX were obtained as expected. The differences between the cocrystals and salt were distinguished by X-ray diffraction, vibration spectra, thermal analysis, and dissolution measurements. To further understand the intermolecular interactions in these cocrystals and salt, the lattice energy and energy decomposition analysis (EDA) were used to explain them from the perspective of energy. The results suggest that the melting point of the CCF determines that of the cocrystal or salt, the solubility of the CCF itself plays an important role, and the improvement of the solubility after salt formation is not necessarily better than that of API or its cocrystals.

Oxicam-type non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit NPR1-mediated salicylic acid pathway

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including salicylic acid (SA), target mammalian cyclooxygenases. In plants, SA is a defense hormone that regulates NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1), the master transcriptional regulator of immunity-related genes. We identify that the oxicam-type NSAIDs tenoxicam (TNX), meloxicam, and piroxicam, but not other types of NSAIDs, exhibit an inhibitory effect on immunity to bacteria and SA-dependent plant immune response. TNX treatment decreases NPR1 levels, independently from the proposed SA receptors NPR3 and NPR4. Instead, TNX induces oxidation of cytosolic redox status, which is also affected by SA and regulates NPR1 homeostasis. A cysteine labeling assay reveals that cysteine residues in NPR1 can be oxidized in vitro, leading to disulfide-bridged oligomerization of NPR1, but not in vivo regardless of SA or TNX treatment. Therefore, this study indicates that oxicam inhibits NPR1-mediated SA signaling without affecting the redox status of NPR1.

Microanalysis of Two Members of Oxicam Drugs by Quenching the Fluorescence of Newly Isolated Carbonaceous Materials From Incense Ash.

For the first time ever, useful fluorescent (FL) carbonaceous materials (CMTS) were isolated from incense ash using facile procedure on two steps; dispersion of the CMTS in water followed by filtration. The CMTS were characterized using the following techniques; dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The CMTS exhibit excitation wavelength dependent fluorescence emission, so it can be used as a FL probe. The FL probe was employed for sensing and quantitative determination of two members of oxicam family (tenoxicam (TEN) and meloxicam (MEL)) that belongs to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The method is based on the quenching of the FL intensity of the isolated CMTS by inner filter effect mechanism (IFE). The FL intensity decreases in linear relationship with increasingthe concentrations of the two cited drugs within the range of 4.0 - 30.0µg/mLwithmean percentage recoveries of 100.04 ± 0.95 and 100.07 ± 1.06 with detection limits of 1.31µg/mL and 1.06µg/mL for TEN and MEL, respectively. Finally, the developed sensing system was validated as per ICH guidelines and it was proved to be accurate and precise and applied successfully for quantitative determination of the two cited drugs in their capsule dosage forms with excellent percentage recoveries reaching to 97.66 ± 0.39and 98.19 ± 1.12 for TEN and MEL, respectively.

Trehalosomes: Colon targeting trehalose-based green nanocarriers for the maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel diseases

The use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are contradictory between their beneficial effect in alleviating inflammation, and injurious outcomes in aggravating the symptoms of colitis. The study aimed to formulate trehalosomes (THs); innovative green trehalose-based nanocarriers, to alleviate the inflammation symptoms that might be provoked by NSAIDs in IBDs; as trehalose was proved to lighten the inflammation and the oxidative stress response, besides its resistance to the acidic conditions that rises its potentiality as a means for colon targeting. THs were fabricated using L-α-phosphatidylcholine (PL), trehalose, and transcutol, in a single step circumventing the incorporation of any organic solvent and loaded with Tenoxicam (TXM) as a model anti-inflammatory medication. A full 23 factorial design, using Design-Expert® software, was established to optimize the formulation variables. The optimized formulation composed of trehalose: PL at a weight ratio of 1:1, 377.72 mg transcutol, and sonicated for 4 min, possessed a spherical shape with a size of 268.61 nm and EE% of 97.83% and released 70.22% of its drug content over 24 h. The supreme protective action of TXM loaded THs compared to TXM suspension and drug-free THs was revealed by the suppression of the inflammatory biomarkers and the improved histopathology of the colonic tissue in male New Zealand rabbits. IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-alpha levels were notably dampened with TXM loaded THs, and oxidative stress markers, measured as GSH and MDA, were significantly altered. The study indicates the successful role of green THs in colon targeting and its anti-inflammatory characteristics in protecting against possible NSAIDs-driven exacerbation of colitis.

Polymeric Films Containing Tenoxicam as Prospective Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Design and Characterization

The administration of drugs via transdermal therapeutic systems has become an attractive form of therapeutic approach, considering its advantages and the high patient compliance achieved, making them a viable alternative, especially in the treatment of chronic diseases. The purpose of our study was the development of polymer-based films containing tenoxicam (TX) and the analysis of dissolution kinetics. Auxiliary substances represent an important part of pharmaceutical forms, so during the first stage, TX and excipient compatibility were verified. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analyses were performed on TX and on physical mixtures of TX-HPMCE5 and TX-HPMC15kcP. Three polymeric films of TX (TX1, TX2, and TX3) were prepared using a solvent evaporation technique. Release studies were done at 32 °C ± 1 °C with a Franz diffusion cell. The results of the DSC and FT-IR analyses demonstrated the compatibility of the active substance with the two matrix-forming polymers. The results obtained in the release studies of TX from the proposed polymeric films suggested a pH-dependent behavior in all three polymeric films. At pH 5.5, flux values were between 8.058 ± 0.125 μg·cm−2·h−1 and 10.850 ± 0.380 μg·cm−2·h−1; and at pH 7.4, between 10.990 ± 0.2.490 μg·cm−2·h−1 and 53.140 ± 0.196 μg·cm−2·h−1. The Korsmeyer–Peppas model described a non-Fickian transport mechanism. The n values varied between 0.63–0.7 at pH 5.5 and 0.73–0.86 at pH 7.4, which suggested a diffusion depending on the matrix hydration and polymer relaxation.

Synthesis, characterization, anti-inflammatory evaluation, molecular docking and density functional theory studies of metal based drug candidate molecules of tenoxicam

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most important therapeutic agents used for the treatment of a variety of inflammation. Tenoxicam (TNX), which is used to relieve inflammation, swelling, and pain associated with rheumatoid arthritis, is a member of NSAIDs. In this study, copper(II), zinc(II), platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of TNX were synthesized and characterized by analytical and instrumental techniques (Ultraviolet and visible absorption spectra (UV–Vis), Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), Differential thermal analysis-Thermogravimetric analysis (DTA-TG)). Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of the complexes were measured and the outcome were supported by density functional theory computations. The proposed structure of these metal complexes are [Cu(TNX)2], [Zn(TNX)2], [Pt(TNX)2] and [Pd(TNX)Cl2]. The anti-inflammatory activities of the synthesized complexes, compared with the drug, were demonstrated for the first time. All metal complexes of the TNX acted more efficiently on the reduction of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production than that of TNX. The highest anti-inflammatory potential was detected with [Cu(TNX)2]. The receptor-ligand interactions between TNX complexes and TNF-α were revealed by molecular docking calculations.

Determination of Potential Genotoxic Impurity, 5-Amino-2-Chloropyridine, in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Using the HPLC-UV System.

A novel analytical method, based on high-performance liquid chromatography with a UV (HPLC-UV) detection system for the sensitive detection of a genotoxic impurity (GTI) 5-amino-2-chloropyridine (5A2Cl) in a model active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) tenoxicam (TNX), has been developed and validated. The HPLC-UV method was used for the determination of GTI 5A2Cl in API TNX. The compounds were separated using a mobile phase composed of water (pH 3 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid): MeOH, (50:50: v/v) on a C18 column (150×4.6mm i.d., 2.7μm) at a flow rate of 0.7mLmin-1. Detection was carried out in the 254nm wavelength. Column temperature was maintained at 40°C during the analyses and 10μL volume was injected into the HPLC-UV system. The method was validated in the range of 1-40μgmL-1. The obtained calibration curves for the GTI compound was found linear with equation, y=40766x-1125,6 (R2=0.999). The developed analytical method toward the target compounds was accurate, and the achieved limit of detection and limit of quantification values for the target compound 5A2Cl were 0.015 and 0.048μgmL-1, respectively. The recovery values were calculated and found to be between 98.80 and 100.03%. The developed RP-HPLC-UV analytical method in this research is accurate, precise, rapid, simple and appropriate for the sensitive analysis of target GTI 5A2Cl in model API TNX.

Rat Alt Ekstremite İskemi Reperfüzyon Hasarının Tenoksikam ile Önlenmesi

Rat Alt Ekstremite İskemi Reperfüzyon Hasarının Tenoksikam ile Önlenmesi

Binding energy and photostability of the β-cyclodextrin encapsulates of lornoxicam and tenoxicam drugs: A combined experimental and theoretical study

The lornoxicam (LRX) and tenoxicam (TNX) drugs form a stable 1:1 inclusion complex with b-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in aqueous solution. The experimentally determined association constants (K) of LRX- β-CD and TNX- β-CD are 13.4 and 10.3 M-1, respectively. Quantum chemical computations simulated the preferred orientation of guest molecules in the host. Geometry optimized results using the ONIOM technique provided more in-depth insights and identified the structure and showed that both drugs were partially encapsulated within the β-CD cavity. The calculated inclusion binding energy (BE, kcal mol-1) reveals the noticeable thermal stability of LRX-β-CD (-24.19 kcal/mol) over the TNX-β-CD (-13.45 kcal/mol) capsulate. Furthermore, the photostabilities of the encapsulated drugs were tested. Drug encapsulation did not result in any additional photostability. Moreover, encapsulation of the drugs in the β-CD resulted in noticeable changes in the electronic characteristics of the drugs, as reflected in their reactivity indices. The fact that the water-soluble β-CD formed inclusion complexes with water-insoluble LRX and TNX enables the drug delivery vehicle for oral administration.

Salt solvates of quinolones and oxicams: Theoretical computation, structural characterization and dissolution studies

In general, theoretical computation was performed to improve the efficacy of regular experiments by predicting possible interaction sites. At present work, density functional theory (DFT) was employed to study the interactions between active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) and cocrystal formers (CCF) to screen appropriate molecules for the rational design of cocrystals salts. On the basis of theoretical calculations, four salt solvates of piroxicam(PX), tenoxicam(TNX), lornoxicam(LNX) and meloxicam(MLX) were synthesized with norfloxacin(NF) and ciprofloxacin(CIP), namely, PX·NF·2MeO (1:1:2), TNX·CIP·2MeOH (1:1:2), MLX·CIP·ACN (1:1:1), and LNX·NF·H2O·0.3MeOH (1:1:1:0.3). The structures were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the solubility of oxicams salts were improved remarkably compared with original components and it can be a useful method to improve the bioavailability of oxicams followed by the removal of solvents in further research.

Optimization and evaluation of chitosan buccal films containing tenoxicam for treating chronic periodontitis: In vitro and in vivo studies

The objective of the present study was to optimize and evaluate a buccal mucoadhesive tenoxicam (TNX) local delivery system for the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Full 32 factorial design was adopted to evaluate the effect of the concentration of chitosan and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) on buccal film characteristics. The results showed that PVP concentration exerted a significant synergistic effect on film swelling, while chitosan slightly, but insignificantly, retarded film swelling. In addition, chitosan exhibited the only significant agonistic effect on mechanical film properties. Furthermore, PVP significantly enhanced the Higuchi diffusion slope of the drug release from buccal films, while it was antagonized by chitosan. The optimized formula showed adequate mechanical properties for buccal films. The in vivo salivary pharmacokinetic study of the optimized film revealed rapid and sustained salivary TNX delivery in the buccal cavity. This study indicated that the optimized TNX mucoadhesive buccal film is an optimal alternative dosage form to oral therapy for the treatment of chronic periodontitis and can provide a means to overcome the off-targeted side effects of orally delivered drug.

Effect of nanostructured lipid carriers on transdermal delivery of tenoxicam in irradiated rats

Transdermal delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is an effective route of drug administration, as it directs the drug to the inflamed site with reduced incidence of systemic adverse effects such as gastric hemorrhage and ulcers. Tenoxicam (TNX) is a member of NSAIDs that are marketed only as oral tablets due to very poor absorption through the skin. The current study intended to formulate and characterize a hydrogel loaded with nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) to enhance the transdermal delivery of TNX. Six formulations of TNX were formulated by slight modifications of high shear homogenization and ultrasonication method. The selected formula was characterized for their particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (EE), in-vitro drug release and ex-vivo skin permeation studies. Moreover, the effectiveness of the developed formula was studied in-vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema and hyperalgesia model in irradiated rats. Formula F4 was chosen from six formulations, as the average diameter was 679.4 ± 51.3 nm, PDI value of about 0.02, zeta potential of −4.24 mV, EE of 92.36%, globules nanoparticles without aggregations and absence of interactions in the developed formula. Additionally, the in-vivo study showed the efficacy of formula F4 (TNX-NLCs hydrogel) equivalent to oral TNX in reducing the exaggerated inflammatory response induced by carrageenan after irradiation. In conclusion, the present findings suggest that TNX-NLCs hydrogel could be a potential transdermal drug delivery system alternative to the oral formulation for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tenoxicam Tablets and The Comparison with Marketed Product

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tenoxicam Tablets and The Comparison with Marketed Product

Brain targeting stealth lipomers of combined antiepileptic-anti-inflammatory drugs as alternative therapy for conventional anti-Parkinson’s

This study presents an alternative therapy to conventional anti-Parkinson’s treatment strategies; where motor and non-motor symptomatic complications are considered. Thus; providing sustainability, patient compliance, therapeutic safety and efficiency, based on triggering secretion of endogenous dopamine (DA). Exogenous DA has long been considered the best therapy, however, its poor blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, fluctuated plasma levels, and non-motor complications negligence, decreased response to therapy with time. Consequently; brain targeting Tween®80-coated pegylated lipomers were tailored for intravenous administration (IV) of L-Dopa, and two drugs of reported neuroprotective effect: lamotrigine (LTG) and tenoxicam (TX). Single-step nanoprecipitation method was used; for its reproducibility and ease of scaling-up. Formulation targeting and anti-PD efficiency was evaluated against marketed standards and L-Dopa. In-vitro and in-vivo pharmacokinetic and dynamic studies were carried out for setting optimization standards upon varying inter-components ratio. Results revealed that lipomers are, generally, significantly efficient in brain targeting compared to oral tablets. LTG-lipomers (LF20) showed the maximum anti-PD compared to its TX and L-Dopa analogues. Combining LTG and TX had synergistic effect; highlighting a new prescription for both drugs. Thus; offering a safe, targeted, and therapeutically efficient sustained dosage form, capable of mitigating PD risk and treating it though weekly administration. Hence; presenting a novel promising anti-neurodegenerative strategy; on employing various mechanisms that were previously achieved through additional therapeutic supplements.

Electroanalytical Determination of the Antiinflammatory Drug Tenoxicam in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms.

The electro-oxidation behavior of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug tenoxicam (TX) was studied on multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and square wave voltammetry (SWV). The GCE was modified with MWCNT for sensitive determination of TX by voltammetric methods. The current peaks for TX occurred at around 0.520 V for DPV and 0.570 V for SWV when the potential was scanned in the positive direction. The oxidation process of TX showed irreversible and diffusion-controlled behavior. The linear responses were obtained in the range from 2×10-7 to 1×10-5 M with the limit of detection (LOD) 1.43×10-9 for DPV and from 8×10-9 to 8×10-6 with the LOD 9.97×10-10 for SWV in 1 M acetate buffer solution at pH 5.5. Fully validated DPV and SWV were successfully applied for the determination of TX from pharmaceutical dosage form and yielded satisfying results.