Tenant Farmers Research Articles

A Rank-Based Quotient Analysis of Constraints Faced by PM-KISAN Beneficiaries across Southern States of India: Key Issues and Policy Implications

The Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN) scheme, launched in 2018, aims to provide crucial financial support to farmers in India. This study analyses the constraints experienced by PM-KISAN recipients across five southern Indian states: Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka and Kerala. Data was gathered from 1,900 farmers through open-ended surveys, and the constraints were ranked using the Rank Based Quotient (RBQ) method. The top constraint, cited by 98.2% of farmers, was the inadequacy of the Rs. 6,000 annual payments, which was considered insufficient for meaningful agricultural investment. Other key issues included exclusion due to outdated land records (88.8%), ineligibility of tenant farmers (85.5%), irregular fund disbursement (75.4%), and a lack of awareness about the scheme's guidelines (70.5%). These findings indicate the need for policy reforms, including increasing the grant amount, revising eligibility criteria, and improving awareness and transparency in fund distribution. Addressing these issues could significantly improve the impact of the PM KISAN scheme, particularly for small and marginal farmers.

Contract Farming & Cost of Funding: Evidence from Madurase Solar Salt Small Businesses

This study aimed to estimate the indirect expenses borne by tenant farmers due to credits they receive in community salt farming operations managed through contract farming systems in Pamekasan Regency. Credits constitute a crucial aspect of tenant farmers’ rights within the community salt farming contract farming framework. This study employed a comparative analysis of the cost of funds based on the adopted contract farming models, specifically the two-way and three-way contract farming structures. Moreover, it investigated the correlation between the cultivated salt field’s size and the magnitude of the cost of funds endured by tenant farmers. The results of the analysis reveal that the average costs of funds borne by tenant farmers are notably high, ranging from 5.24% to 6.71% per month. Surprisingly, these figures exceed the loan interest rates offered by two formal financial institutions: BRI and Bank JATIM. Another significant finding is the positive correlation between the size of cultivated salt fields and the magnitude of the cost of funds borne by tenant farmers. Lastly, there is a clear positive relationship between the credit amount received and the corresponding cost of funds endured by tenant farmers. The substantial costs of funds shouldered by tenant farmers involved in the community salt farming, operated through contract farming systems in Pamekasan Regency, signify inefficiencies within the contract farming structure. It is expected that the government can aid these tenant farmers by disbursing subsidized credits through collaborations with relevant ministries and local formal financial institutions.

Who (actually) gets the farm? Intergenerational farm succession in the United States

AbstractFarm succession is a central issue in agricultural policy. Yet although many studies explore succession planning, little is known about how farms are actually transferred. We provide the first population‐level evidence on intergenerational farm succession by linking US census records for millions of farmers' children in 1900 and 1910 to identify which children own and operate the family farm up to 40 years later. We first show that daughters are rarely successors. Using a within‐family identification strategy, we find that first‐born sons are slightly more likely than their younger brothers to be successors while their parents are working aged. However, birth order is not predictive of who receives the farm when parents are older or deceased. For later farm transfers, sons who were previously tenant farmers are much more likely than their brothers to be successors, possibly because they are better prepared. Fewer than one‐fifth of farmers transfer their farm to any son. Our study relies on rich historical data because current policy prevents the necessary data linkages for studying intergenerational farm succession. Providing a secure system for researchers to link modern agricultural data to population microdata, similar to what has been achieved with other data sources, would yield crucial insights into long‐term agricultural policy issues in the US.

Power in the Social Gospel: Howard Kester, Claude Williams and the Southern Tenant Farmers Union

This essay explores how social gospelers in the U.S. South organized for relational power by building institutions for economic and political democracy in the 1930s and 1940s. In their organizing, Howard Kester and Claude Williams built relational power and institutions that fed the institutional ecology of the Civil Rights movement in the 1950s. While it might be surprising to find a worthwhile analysis of power by social gospelers like Kester and Williams, they keenly understood the role of power in theology, the work of the church, and movement building, especially as they organized for the Southern Tenant Farmers Union (STFU). Kester and Williams built relational power by building institutions through which grassroots people organized to build political and economic power to confront the ravages of racial capitalism.

Agricultural Workers, Tenant Farmers, and the Midcentury U.S. Welfare State: A View from the Lower Mississippi Valley

Agricultural Workers, Tenant Farmers, and the Midcentury U.S. Welfare State: A View from the Lower Mississippi Valley

Utilizing Design Thinking and User Experience Research for Effective Agricultural Labor Recruitment Web Application Design

The agricultural sector faces a significant challenge in recruiting a skilled workforce, with both landowners and tenant farmers struggling to find new laborers. Factors such as inadequate rural infrastructure and facilities, coupled with limited technology adoption, have diminished the appeal of working in the agricultural sector. Consequently, agricultural productivity has declined due to a shortage of adequate labor. To address this issue, a prototype web application named “Partner Tani” was designed to facilitate labor recruitment for farmers. The application design process employed the Design Thinking methodology and the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ) to thoroughly understand user requirements. The design outcomes encompass both user interface and administrator interface components, developed using Figma. The prototype application features functionalities such as login, account registration, profile management, job posting and search, and complaint reporting. Evaluation using the UEQ revealed that the prototype application achieved exceptional scores across all user experience dimensions: Attractiveness (average score: 2,11), Perspicuity (average score: 1,42), Efficiency (average score: 2,33), Dependability (average score: 1,50), Stimulation (average score: 1,75), and Novelty (average score: 1,67). Average scores for Attractiveness, Efficiency, Stimulation, and Novelty fell within the “Excellent” range, while Perspicuity and Dependability scores were above average. These findings indicate that the “Partner Tani” application prototype holds promise in delivering a satisfying and efficient user experience for agricultural labor recruitment.

The plantation system and the roots of the southern rural mortality penalty in the northern Blackland Prairies of Texas

In recent decades, public health researchers have observed that the health of rural people has declined relative to the health of urban people in the United States. This disparity in health and life expectancy across the rural/urban divide has been described as the Rural Mortality Penalty. However, public health researchers have also noted that health and life expectancies are not uniform across the rural United States, but vary according to race, sex, gender, and other factors. Rural health disparities also vary geospatially and are especially pronounced in the American South, leading to recent calls for greater attention to the structural factors that shape the health of rural Southerners. In this study, we take an anthropological and historically explicit approach to study the impacts of systemic violence on rural health. Specifically, we focus on farm labor within the plantation system as a context where geospatial, racial, and sexual differences in mortality, often studied in isolation, find a common historical source. Here we analyze vital records data from the post-emancipation period in the Blackland Prairies ecoregion of Texas, a period when emerging forms of plantation labor such as tenant farming, convict leasing, and migrant labor were being developed to maintain the plantation economy after the abolishment of chattel slavery. We find that the plantation system remains a strong predictor of differential mortalities in rural Texas, accounting for nearly all the variation that exists across the rural/urban divide and elucidating the complex interactions of race, sex, labor, and health in the rural South.

Navigating Power Structures: Symbolism, Realism, and Naturalism in The Grapes of Wrath through a Postcolonial Lens

This paper explores the representation and negotiation of power systems in John Steinbeck’s famous book “The Grapes of Wrath” by using a postcolonial framework. This study seeks to identify the manner in which questions of power, oppression, and resistance are depicted in the book by analyzing its themes of symbolism, realism, and naturalism through the lens of postcolonial theory. This study examines the symbolic meaning of people, situations, and events connected to hegemonic systems and colonial legacies through rigorous textual analysis. Additionally, it explores how the novel’s naturalism and realism illuminate the historical, socio-economic and environmental surroundings, emphasizing the connection between systemic inequality and power dynamics. This study clarifies how colonial ideas sustain exploitation and disenfranchisement by examining the experiences of marginalized groups, including tenant farmers, migrant labourers, and indigenous communities. Finally, this study advances our knowledge of how literature can be a platform for opposing and criticizing established power systems. It provides insights into the resilience and resistance strategies used by marginalized people.

The Relationship between the Sharecropping System, Informal Credit, and Productivity: The Empirical Evidence from the Madurese Traditional Solar Salt Business

The ease in obtaining a loan is often regarded as a key advantage of the sharecropping system in the traditional solar salt business of Pamekasan Regency. The challenges faced by tenant farmers in accessing formal financial institutions have led to the continued prevalence of the sharecropping system in rural areas. This research aims to find the relationship between the sharecropping system, informal credit, and salt land productivity. The first analysis employs a multiple linier regression model on 93 tenant farmers in Pamekasan Regency to analyze the factors that influenced the amount of informal credit. Next, a quantitative descriptive analysis was carried out regarding the relationship between the sharecropping system, the amount of informal credit, and the productivity of solar salt fields area. Findings indicate that the significant factors affecting the credit amounts requested by tenant farmers include the cost of funds, loan duration, profits garnered by tenant farmers, the availability of collaterals, and the presence of other credit sources. The second conclusion of this research findings is that the extent of solar salt land area has a positive correlation with the informal credit amount, as does the productivity of the land. It should be an expected necessity for the government to play a larger role in supplying formal credit to small-scale farmers. This includes measures like credit rationing to diminish the influence of landowners.

“A bloodless social revolution”: Land reform and multiple cropping in Cold War Taiwan, 1950–1979

Societal Impact StatementMultiple cropping, the cultivation of several crops on the same land in a year, occupied an important part of Taiwan's agricultural research from 1950 to 1970. This research originated in the context of Taiwan's land reform and diversification programs and their connections to the government's political ambition to maximize food production. The study of how multiple cropping was politicized and depoliticized by different actors helps to expand the narratives of the Green Revolution in Asia, analyze their legacies, and highlight Taiwan's role in the international exchange of visions of agricultural development during the Cold War.Summary Scholars have recently expanded the history of the Green Revolution to move beyond the narrative of North–South technological diffusion. This article enriches the scholarship with the case of multiple cropping in Taiwan and its connection to Cold War geopolitics. Rice productivity in postwar Taiwan was boosted through a land reform launched by the Sino‐American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR) in the 1950s. Backed by American aid and staffed by scientists from the Republic of China (ROC) government, the JCRR envisioned to turn tenant farmers into landowners so as to encourage labor input and adoption of seeds and fertilizers. By 1960, the JCRR presented its reform as a “bloodless social revolution” and extended its focus to multiple cropping through a diversification program. The JCRR further created the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in 1971 to spread Taiwan's breeding and cropping techniques. The ROC's diplomatic isolation in the 1970s, however, prompted the center to reinterpret Taiwan's success in multiple cropping from a political achievement to a technological triumph, thus reinforcing the technology‐driven narrative used by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Through Taiwan's influences on IRRI's rice breeding and multiple cropping research, this paper illustrates that the history of the Green Revolution requires more complex narratives. In addition, with Taiwan's political and economic transition since the 1980s, farmers began to reclaim their voice and influence agricultural policies. The case thus highlights the need of democratic participation in agricultural research, a concern that remains relevant today.

Аграрное развитие Аргентины во второй половине XIX – начале ХХ вв.

The work is devoted to the final stage in the formation of agrarian regime in Argentina. The foundation for contempo-rary Argentina was built at that time On the Argentina pampas a significant change took place. A land that had produced cat-tle useful only for hides, tallow and salted beef was trans-formed into cultivated fields and pastures where fences closed stock into alfalfa pastures. The rise of the farming and sheep ranching accompanied this shift in the cattle economy. Frigorificos – plants for production of chilled beef made it possible to be sold in markets of Great Britain. Argentina be-came one of the world’s leading exporters of wheat, corn, beef mutton and wool. It indicates that behind this economic accomplishment lies land structure – the predominance of large ownership – latifundia. Argentina had no homestead act or other long-seal land distribution plan that wood root immi-grants to the nation by granting them ownership of the soil. The Argentina landed elites owned most of the good land with the result that immigrants became tenants on short term leases. The farming developed primary as servant to the predom-inant sheep and cattle interests. The result was a pampa without settler filled with migrant tenant farmers a land exploited but not possessed. The predominance of latifundia and the land tenant system retarded the intensification of agrarian sector: Argentina failed to build a modern agrarian economy.

THE IMPACT OF THE MUZARA'AH PRODUCT SHARING SYSTEM IN THE CULTIVATION OF COFFEE LANDS IN KERINCI REGENCY, INDONESIA

Purpose: The people of Kerinci Regency often do muzara'ah profit sharing called pduo in coffee land management. Therefore, the background of muzara'ah needs to be analyzed to determine the agreement system, the distribution of results, and the impact on the income of tenant farmers and landowners. Design/ Methodology/Approach: To get answers to the research objectives, qualitative research was conducted using a case study approach to obtain research results. Finding: The maharajah profit-sharing system is motivated by farmers who do not own land and have limited capital, landowners due to age, and other jobs such as traders and civil servants, so they do not have time to manage the land. Oral and non-verbal contracts with no witnesses present precede the management system. Muzara'ah profit sharing has a positive impact on increasing the income of tenant farmers and landowners. Research Implications: Based on this research's results, coffee farmers' income can be increased through the Muzara'ah profit-sharing system.Keywords: Muzara'ah; Coffee; Pduo; Management

Mapping the Brink of Literary History at Ellisland Farm

This article presents new documentary evidence of the history of Ellisland farm, where Burns lived between 1788 and 1791. Its main subject is an April 1787 map of Ellisland executed by the surveyor William McCartney for the landowner Patrick Miller of Dalswinton in anticipation of what would become Burns’s tenancy. The article examines McCartney’s map alongside a later 1817 survey map and other supporting evidence, identifying temporal layers on the 1787 map that capture Burns’s activities as an improving tenant farmer at Ellisland. It further positions the 1787 map within the memorialisation and literary tourism that evolved around Burns in the nineteenth century.

Exploring the Role of 'Intermediaries' between Non-Operating Landowners and Tenant Farmers in Promoting Conservation on Rented Farmland.

Promoting conservation on rented farmland is a challenge for stakeholders working with non-operating landowners (NOLs) and tenant farmers (operators). We conducted an online survey to identify stakeholders who engage with NOLs, and understand how their positioning as 'intermediaries' could be leveraged to help bridge the NOL-operator communication gap. A majority of identified stakeholders/intermediaries worked in government agencies, university extension, law firms, or farm management companies. Intermediaries believed that NOLs trusted them for several conservation activities, however, they believed that NOLs were more influenced by operators than by intermediaries. The message that engaging in conservation can help preserve the farm for future generation was perceived to be influential in motivating NOLs. Our findings suggest the need for a holistic approach to engage NOLs by accounting for trust in and influence of intermediaries and operators, and the salience of conservation messages and messaging when promoting conservation behaviors on rented farmlands.

Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani Kacang Merah Berdasarkan Status Kepemilikan Lahan Di Desa Tempok Kecamatan Tompaso Kabupaten Minahasa

The aim of the research is to analyze red bean farming income based on land ownership status in Tempok Village, Tompaso District, Minahasa Regency. The research took place from June to August 2023. The data used in the research were primary data obtained from direct interviews with red bean farmers using questionnaires, and secondary data obtained from research results and journals. Sampling used a purposive sampling method, namely farmers were selected based on the last harvest in May and June, and the samples were divided into three categories, namely farmers who own their own land, farmers who rent land, and sharecroppers who work on other people's land. The number of respondents was 12 red bean farmers consisting of 4 owner farmers, 4 tenant farmers and 4 sharecroppers. The data collected was analyzed descriptively using farming income analysis. The results of the research show that red bean farming income is based on land ownership status, namely: owner farmers amounting to IDR49.129.667, tenant farmers amounting to IDR41.991.500, and sharecroppers amounting to IDR25.925.000 per planting season.

The Ralahine experiment and the politics of land in late nineteenth-century Ireland

In 1823 Robert Owen arrived in Dublin to give a series of lectures setting out how a ‘New View of Society’ might be made manifest in Ireland. At the heart of Owen’s vision was the establishment of a series of co-operative, self-sustaining communities that would at once take people out of poverty while shaping their moral character. Owen’s visit would have been unremarkable if not for the fact that ten years later, a landlord called John Vandeleur reorganised his estate into a co-operative colony: Ralahine co-operative society, an Owenite commune where tenant farmers effectively become co‑partners in the estate’s management. Even though two years later the society collapsed, the legacy and memory of Ralahine exerted a hold over the imaginations of an assortment of land reformers, nationalists, and co-operators in Ireland. This article shows how a failed experiment in co-operative community building created an influential resource of co-operative knowledge that shaped political imaginaries and inspired alternative visions of property ownership in response to crises occurring in the second half of the nineteenth century. In particular, the work of Owenites involved in Ralahine, such as Craig and William Pare, is examined to locate the enduring historical relevance of the Irish Owenite commune.

Ijon Practice on Landowner Rice Farming; Agency-Structure Perspective

The status of farmers in the socio-economic study of agriculture referring to land ownership consists of landowner farmer, tenant farmer, and sharecropper. Landowner farmer holds the highest position. Many landowner farmers have been trapped in “Ijon” practice for years, which makes them work on their own land to pay their debts for a long period of time. The purpose of this study is to find out the background of farmers who were involved in the ijon practice, the reasons behind their entanglement in the ijon practice, the uses of loans, and how the loans were paid. The study location was village of XYZ in East Nusa Tenggara Province, involving 22 farmers who were involved in the practice of ijon. This study used a qualitative analysis of agency structure from Gidden’s perspective. This paper concludes that farmers were involved in the ijon practice to meet urgent non-productive needs. Most of the farmers’ earnings are used to pay debts. Farmers who are trapped in the ijon system for a long period of time will bear the status of “the landowner farmers who work as farm laborers on their own land.” This status has yet to be categorized in the agricultural economic approach.

On Cemetery Hill: The legacy of burials at Clemson University, a public university in the southern USA

AbstractGround‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used to map anomalies characteristic of unmarked graves on the grounds of the modern Woodland Cemetery on the campus of Clemson University. Hundreds of these anomalies are believed to represent newly discovered unmarked graves belonging to African Americans including enslaved people, convicted laborers, sharecroppers, domestic workers, tenant farmers and wage workers, who contributed to the wealth of the Fort Hill Plantation or to building and maintaining the university. These burials appear to be in an organized arrangement indicating the presence of a burial ground where the graves would have been marked at the time of internment. Analyses of reflections from the bottom of the grave shaft detected horizontal bases as well as possible chambered and vaulted burials, a common vernacular burial type among African Americans in the 19th and early 20th centuries. A fewer number of graves showed hyperbolic reflections that can be produced by graves that contain coffins or a large artefact. This may indicate burial practices that changed over time or the status of the interred individual. The estimated length of the grave shaft in GPR grid data suggests that small adults or adolescents made up most of the burials (58%), then adults (28%) and infants and children (13%). In 1924, Woodland Cemetery was developed on Cemetery Hill, which had its first recorded burial in 1837. Plots were then gifted to prominent University leaders, faculty, staff and their families. The unmarked burials were found juxtaposed among these modern graves requiring modification of the current protocol for the operating cemetery to preserve the sacred space and to prevent destruction of these burials. This work affirms ongoing efforts by this public university to address its origins from a plantation and segregation in the American South.

A Swamp in Name Only: Imagined Geography, Abandonment, and the Archive in W. E. B. Du Bois's The Quest of the Silver Fleece

Abstract This article illustrates how Black literary production in the Jim Crow era grappled with the necessity of seeking representation shaped by a historically dispossessory archive. In The Quest of the Silver Fleece (1911) the reinvention of swampland by an abandoned Black woman into a farmable and habitable settlement constitutes a form of recovery that would secure representation for Black tenant farmers. At the same time, the article argues, this act of recovery, much like the multigeneric and multivocal form of the novel itself, ultimately exceeds the forms of representation that, for W. E. B. Du Bois, both make Black subjectivity possible and seek to regulate it.

Barns, granaries and security: crop storage, processing and investment in medieval England

ABSTRACT Increased storage capacity was an essential part of demesne farming in England, as many surviving barns indicate. Their size facilitated their use also as winter workplaces for threshing grain and pulses. Another use, although undocumented, was probably wool storage. Church estates in particular invested in them, but the later Middle Ages saw many, mostly smaller, barns built by prospering tenant farmers. They therefore had considerable social as well as commercial significance.