Temporary Visitor Research Articles

Water under the bridge: how place meanings shape second homeowners’ engagement in flood risk management in southern Denmark

In Europe, climate change is expected to increase the frequency of extreme precipitation events. Consequently, low-lying areas in southern Denmark may experience increased flooding. In this predominantly rural landscape, large areas of wetland were initially reclaimed for agricultural purposes, before being developed into recreational areas for second homes, many of which are now vulnerable to flooding. Local and national policy on flood risk management and climate change adaptation is based on the assumption that effective adaptation actions require citizen engagement. However, local authorities’ efforts to motivate homeowners to engage in collective actions have had mixed results. We adopt a case study approach, and explore how second homeowners’ place meanings shape, and are shaped by, how they experienced a climate-related hazard, and how this, in turn, informs their motivation to engage in collective flood risk management efforts. Specifically, in-depth narrative interviews were conducted with second homeowners who experienced an extreme weather event in 2011, which led to severe flooding. The findings show that place meanings can vary within the same stakeholder group, in this case, second homeowners. However, both second homeowners whose place meanings can be likened to that of a “temporary visitor”, and those whose place meanings are more akin to that of the “permanent resident” are able to mobilise their place meanings to contest engagement in local authorities’ flood risk reduction initiatives.

Feeling all alone in the world - experiences of patients with a neurological disease during a COVID-19 visitor ban: An interview study.

The aim of this study was to explore how patients with neurological disease experienced a COVID-19 visitor ban and to identify ways of improving the quality of care. In March 2020, a temporary visitor ban was introduced in Danish hospitals to reduce the spread of COVID-19. This led to changes in clinical practice, leaving patients without their loved ones beside them. Since neurological patients are already considered vulnerable due to physical, and sometimes cognitive impairment, we urgently wished to investigate these circumstances to facilitate appropriate support. This study was conducted using a qualitative explorative design. Fourteen patients with neurological disease were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were analysed through inductive thematic analysis. For most patients, being hospitalized during the COVID-19 visitor ban was a painful experience with the potential to negatively influence both their mental and physical health.

Young Floating Population in City: How Outsiderness Influences Self-Esteem of Rural-to-Urban Migrant Children in China?

While scholars note that rural-to-urban migrant children in China tend to have worse mental health than urban-born children, insufficient attention has been paid to understanding this mechanism beyond the Hukou system and the urban-rural dual structure. Using data from China’s Nine-City Survey of Migrant Children, this study reveals that perceptions of being a temporary visitor and an outsider in the city have strong negative effects on migrant children’s self-esteem. Regression analysis shows that migrant children sharing a kitchen with other families, studying in migrant-sponsored schools instead of regular schools for local children and perceiving discrimination from local peers tend to have lower self-esteem.

From the Subcontinent with Love

Abstract “Africa weaves a magic spell around even a temporary visitor,” wrote the former Indian high commissioner to East and Central Africa, Apa Pant, in 1987, echoing the allure that the continent had over him and other fellow Indian diplomats. But the diplomatic roles of men like Pant and the history of Indian engagement with Rhodesia has not, until now, been explored. This article argues that the central role of India in the colonial world ensured that London reined in the white settler Rhodesian government from enacting discriminatory legislation against its minority Indian populations. After Indian independence in 1947, the postcolonial government shifted from advocating specifically for the rights of Indians overseas to ideological support for the independence of oppressed peoples across the British colonial world, a mission with which it tasked its diplomatic representatives. But after India left its post in Salisbury in 1965, Indian public rhetorical support for African nationalist movements in Rhodesia was not matched by its private support for British settlement plans that were largely opposed by the leading African political parties in the country, colored by private patronizing attitudes by India's representatives toward African nationalists and the assumption that they were not yet ready to govern themselves.

Undocumented donors: how driver's licenses can help solve the U.S. organ shortage.

In 2013, Illinois enacted a new law (SB 957) to allow undocumented motorists to acquire Temporary Visitor Driver's Licenses (TVDLs). We explored the impact of this legislation on organ donor registration in the state. Using Freedom of Information Act requests, we obtained the Illinois TVDL and general adult driver's license applicant organ donation statistics for the last 3 years from the Illinois Secretary of State. We found that between 2017 and 2019, TVDLs directly resulted in 91,720 newly registered organ donors. This group registered as organ donors at rates significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than the general population. In the 3 years studied, only 7.3% of general driver's license registrants became new organ donor registrants, while TVDL drivers signed up at an average rate of 44.9%. TVDLs resulted in a significant increase in registered organ donors. Similar policies implemented nationwide could increase donor registrations substantially. In addition, this finding among a population largely of Latin American origin may suggest strategies for future organ donor registration efforts globally.

An environmental scan of visitation policies in Canadian intensive care units during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

PurposeIn response to the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2, hospitals in Canada enacted temporary visitor restrictions to limit the spread of COVID-19 and preserve personal protective equipment supplies. This study describes the extent, variation, and fluctuation of Canadian adult intensive care unit (ICU) visitation policies before and during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe conducted an environmental scan of Canadian hospital visitation policies throughout the first wave of the pandemic. We conducted a two-phased study analyzing both quantitative and qualitative data.ResultsWe collected 257 documents with reference to visitation policies (preCOVID, 101 [39%]; midCOVID, 71 [28%]; and lateCOVID, 85 [33%]). Of these 257 documents, 38 (15%) were ICU-specific and 70 (27%) referenced the ICU. Most policies during the midCOVID/lateCOVID pandemic period allowed no visitors with specific exceptions (e.g., end-of-life). Framework analysis revealed five overarching themes: 1) reasons for restricted visitation policies; 2) visitation policies and expectations; 3) exceptions to visitation policy; 4) patient and family-centred care; and 5) communication and transparency.ConclusionsDuring the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, most Canadian hospitals had public-facing visitor restriction policies with specific exception categories, most commonly for patients at end-of-life, patients requiring assistance, or COVID-19 positive patients (varying from not allowed to case-by-case). Further studies are needed to understand the consistency with which visitation policies were operationalized and how they may have impacted patient- and family-centred care.

The ‘summer of discontent’: Exclusion and communal resistance at the London 2012 Olympics

London 2012 promised local small businesses access to lucrative Olympic event-tourism and visitor trading opportunities. However, as urban spaces were transformed to stage live Games, many local stakeholders found themselves locked out. We focus on one ‘host’ community, Central Greenwich, who emerged negatively impacted by such conditions. 43 in-depth interviews and secondary evidence reveal that this was a community determined to resist. Few papers have extended the concept of resistance to the context of mega-events so we examine why communities resisted, and how physical tactics and creative resistance were deployed. Although efforts afforded some access for local businesses - they proved too little, too late. We develop and present a ‘tactics for resistance’ approach, a series of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ tactics businesses could use to encourage proactive, as opposed to reactive, communal resistance required to protect local interests and afford access to opportunities generated by temporary mega-event visitor economies.

Letters to my Native Soil: Lewis Nkosi writes home (2001 2009) eds. by Lindy Stiebel and Therese Steffen

Reviewed by: Letters to my Native Soil: Lewis Nkosi writes home (2001 2009) eds. by Lindy Stiebel and Therese Steffen Itala Vivan (bio) Lindy Stiebel and Therese Steffen (eds) (2014) Letters to my Native Soil: Lewis Nkosi writes home (2001 2009). Zürich: LIT This precious book comes as a sequel to the seminal collection Still Beating the Drum: critical perspectives on Lewis Nkosi edited by Lindy Stiebel and Liz Gunner, and published by Rodopi in 2005. It is entirely different in tone and materials collected, yet it positions itself as a necessary corollary to that earlier work. Both books have in common the main object of their analysis the South African writer Lewis Nkosi – and both reflect the perceptive and loving presence of Lindy Stiebel, who weaves around him a fabric of critical attention and affectionate friendship. Letters to My Native Soil, however, germinated from the intent to devote a posthumous homage to the writer, who died in Durban in 2010 after a long year of illness, and never managed to write down his memories into the book he had planned and provisionally entitled Memoirs of a Motherless Child. Lewis Nkosi lived outside and far from South Africa for almost 50 years from 1961, and was only able to go back there after the end of apartheid. He refused the definition of 'exile writer' for his own experience, yet he was in fact cut off from his homeland and the culture that had raised him. Maybe in his youth it was good for him to get away from the stifling and provincial atmosphere of South Africa where colonialism was clinging on and apartheid raged, and face the world at large where he soon managed to emerge and make himself heard. But he never grew new roots in any other country and kept wandering from one place to another, to the point that even his regained homeland seemed strange to him. He had developed the sensitivity of an outsider and, as a truly postcolonial intellectual, [End Page 150] placed himself in the interstice and the in-between. Possibly he would have laughed at this new definition of his position in the world because he liked to make fun of all definitions and labels. It is also true however that, after visiting what was then proudly called New South Africa, he never settled there, and moved in and out of the country as a temporary visitor, although the correspondence published in Letters to My Native Soil proves his desire to find something of his old self there, even if this only meant tracing his way back to the grave of his grandmother who had brought him up and sent him to school in a situation of great hardship. This correspondence also shows that the only thing Lewis Nkosi could accept and appreciate as he did in fact appreciate was a 'native soil' of the imagination, passed on through literature. Literature had become home for the restless writer who trusted the power of the word well above anything else, as he says in his inspiring speech 'In Defense of the Study of Literature' given at the University of Zambia in 1983 and republished here as Appendix One: I would like to defend the study of literature as a mode of intellectual activity whose results […] have a special significance for society. […] I would like to defend a cultural practice, a critical activity, a discursive practice whose object is literature. […] Literature is a specific mode of appropriating reality, a legitimate form of cognition, and therefore we can say that it provides us with a specialised form of knowledge. (207-210) And it is indeed through literature that Lewis Nkosi was engaged in the correspondence reflected in the book. It was the only way to go back home to a country which had forgotten him and expelled his work from literary histories and anthologies. His two correspondents professor Lindy Stiebel and the then doctoral student Litzi Lombardozzi helped him to assemble the scattered elements of his biography into a consistent timeline and to retrieve lost pieces of writing. It is funny, but also somewhat painful, to read how Lewis, when questioned about the whereabouts of...

Refugees, migrants, visitors and internally displaced persons: investigating acculturation in Academia

ABSTRACTWhat is the boundary of the academic space, and who can belong within it? The migration of skilled practitioners into Academia from other workplaces brings with it the opportunity to expand the understandings and functions of higher education. Similar to processes of geographic/political migration, the acculturation resulting from this professional resettlement can lead to the assimilation, integration, separation or marginalization of academic migrants. Within this article, we explore how differing pathways within and into Academia from other professional contexts can impact upon an academic immigrant's sense of belonging.Adopting the roles of an economic migrant, a refugee, an internally displaced person and a temporary visitor, we entangle our professional narratives with themes of citizenship and migration, to examine the complexity of integration and inclusion within higher education. Our imaginative reconceptualization of academic migration leads into a discourse analysis guided by contemporary theory on acculturation and recollections of the acculturative queries we have encountered on our own journeys.

Vighnaharta Shree Siddhivinayak

Ganesh is a popular deity all over India, invoked before all Hindu ceremonies as the Lord of Beginnings and Remover of Obstacles (Vighnaharta). His close association with Mumbai is well attested through the Ganapati Utsav, the Ganesh festival, not least because images of his immersion in the sea against a backdrop of skyscrapers have become a visual cliche about the paradox of the modern and the traditional in today's India. But while this form of Ganesh is a temporary visitor to the city, Ganesh as Siddhivinayak has become perhaps the most visible deity in the city with a large new temple built during the period when the name of the city, Bombay, was changed to the local version of the city's name, said to derive from the goddess Mumba Devi. The article looks at a devotional film about Siddhivinayak, produced in cooperation with the shrine, to see how Ganesh is understood today by the way the shrine tells the story of the deity and his devotees.

Temporary Visitor: Reevaluating my Undergraduate Service-Learning Experience Tutoring at a California Juvenile Probation Camp

Temporary Visitor: Reevaluating my Undergraduate Service-Learning Experience Tutoring at a California Juvenile Probation Camp

Occurrence of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 in two Mediterranean coastal habitats: Temporary visitor or permanent resident?

Coastal habitats worldwide are threatened by invasive alien species (IAS) that can alter community and ecosystem processes. Invasions are of particular concern for the Mediterranean Sea, and IAS-related descriptors of good ecological status have been recently proposed in European reference regulations.Here, the occurrence of the Atlantic blue crab Callinectes sapidus was analysed in two Mediterranean coastal habitats, the Acquatina lagoon and Torre Colimena basin (SE Italy). The blue crab is to date recognized as an IAS; however, quantitative information on abundance patterns of the species are scant, and its functional role in European waters is virtually unexplored.Blue crabs were sampled seasonally using crab traps. Specimens were enumerated, sexed, and measured. In addition, in both habitats the carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures of C. sapidus were determined at its maximum seasonal abundance, and compared against those of other representatives of the benthic food web.In the Acquatina lagoon, C. sapidus was collected only in spring and summer, while other autochthonous crab species were predominantly captured in winter and autumn. In contrast, in the Torre Colimena basin the blue crab was the only captured brachyuran; it was collected during the whole sampling period, and showed summer abundances more than twice as higher than those observed in the Acquatina lagoon. In both environments, juveniles and ovigerous females were sampled, and males dominated over females. Condition factors calculated using individual width–weight data showed that blue crabs from the Torre Colimena basin had higher condition factors compared to those from the Acquatina lagoon.Independently from the environment, Callinectes sapidus δ13C values in summer were consistent with those characterizing autochthonous crabs and other representatives of the macrozoobenthos. Its δ15N signature, however, varied significantly, suggesting that in the Acquatina lagoon the species may have more predatory trophic habits.Our study indicates the occurrence of established populations of Callinectes sapidus in both study sites, yet characterized by different biological characteristics and roles within the local benthic food web. The results are compared to information on blue crab populations in their native habitats, while their ecological implications are discussed in the context of the effort currently made to clarify the joint effects of invasions and climate change on marine ecosystems.

Bilateral trade impacts of temporary foreign visitor policy

Using country-level panel data from 1950 to 2003, this paper critically examines the impact of the US Visa Waiver Program (VWP) on bilateral trade levels. Our empirical analysis uses a variety of specifications, estimators, and robustness checks, including a “random growth” specification that controls for selection bias from both time-varying and time-invariant unobserved country-specific characteristics. The results indicate that a temporary foreign visitor policy with less requirements, such as the US VWP, tends to increase the bilateral trade levels between the US and the selected VWP countries, especially for US exports. This suggests that VWP may have encouraged business travel and commerce enough such that there are export benefits from this less restrictive temporary foreign visitor policy of about 10–20% (~2–4% in tariff equivalent terms).

When Hemingway Hated Paris: Divorce Proceedings, Contemplations of Suicide, and the Deleted Chapters of The Sun Also Rises

When Hemingway Hated Paris: Divorce Proceedings, Contemplations of Suicide, and the Deleted Chapters of The Sun Also Rises Jeffrey Herlihy-Mera I do not know what I thought Paris would be like but it was not that way. –The Ernest Hemingway Collection, JFK Library item 186 Literary expatriation had an important role in the development of twentieth-century modernist writing, particularly for Americans in Paris during the interwar years. The critics who study this group tend to focus on similar themes—rejection of conservative mores in America, sexual liberation and alcohol consumption, creative cross-fertilization, and so on—such that the cultural migration to France itself is generally treated as a positive experience. Susan Beegel, editor of The Hemingway Review, notes that “Hemingway criticism has tended to celebrate expatriation” (“Report” 1), and due to this inclination, literary scholarship (and work from popular spheres, certainly) has constructed an idealistic image of “Ernest Hemingway in Paris.” Upon close review of the journalism, letters, and fiction he wrote during his residence in France, however, we find an expatriate scene that is sometimes wrought with strain, irritability, even contempt. “[I’ve] been in hell now since Christmas” (Selected Letters 217), he wrote to F. Scott Fitzgerald in September 1926 before enduring several months of despondency, during which he contemplated suicide and drafted a last will. The critical locus of this essay interprets the outcomes of long-term cultural immersion, the consequences of cultural [End Page 49] shocks and readjustments, and the implications of social distance—to analyze an important but often neglected dimension of Hemingway’s life in Paris. Expatriate Criticism: A Celebratory Register The critical inclinations concerning Ernest Hemingway in Paris likely derive from the tendency to use A Moveable Feast as a definitive resource on the period. The memoir is unreliable on many levels, however, because it was written in Cuba and Idaho thirty years after Hemingway left the city. The nostalgic tones therein imply that Hemingway was enduringly captivated by and happy in the city, but that portrayal is contradicted by many nonfiction texts and letters he wrote while in Paris (which I will soon discuss). These negative aspects of foreign life, nonetheless, tend to be overlooked by Hemingway critics, nearly all of whom read Paris as a positive experience: Robert Gajdusek asserted that “Paris always remained his favorite city” (10); David Donnell proclaimed without qualification that “Hemingway loved Paris” (56); and Richard Bennet Hovey’s opinion is that “We know that Hemingway preferred being an expatriate” and “that he loved Paris” (69). Hemingway’s relationship with Paris was a succession of high and also very low points, but this is clouded by the glowing nature of much of the critical work on the topic. The demographic of the scholars who study this theme is also an important factor in the discussion. Very few American critics who have written about Hemingway in Paris live and work in France (Katy Masuga and Adam Gopnik are notable exceptions). Many visit Paris—possibly for up to a year or two as a student or visiting lecturer—before commencing their work, but the realities of scholarship in non-US cultural studies command circumstances local to those subjects. The studies of expatriation (carried out from the US) tend to overlook many critical circumstances about long-term cultural displacement—many of which are negative. Brooke Lindy Blower, for example, spent a year in Paris and returned to the US to write Becoming Americans in Paris: Transatlantic Politics and Culture between the Wars. While she noted that “It is hard to resist such romanticizing” (1) about expatriate life in Paris (see also Benstock 4, Kennedy xi, and Pizer 20, 26), her critical perspectives are dominated by a somewhat unreal positivity of the temporary visitor: “Through American eyes,” she commented, “Paris glimmered, shimmied” (19). She believes the place has “a seductive atmosphere” and “87,775 trees for lovers to embrace under” (4). While Blower arrived at these judgments through analyses of primary texts and other materials from 1918 to 1939, some of the speculative assumptions on expatriation itself—in particular, her perceptions of the rhythms of everyday life—are at least indirectly interpreted through her personal experience (see Blower...

The Auteur as Fool: Bakhtin, Barthes, and the Screen Performances of Woody Allen and Jean-Luc Godard

ANY ASSOCIATION BETWEEN AUTEURS AND in cinema immediately brings to mind clown-like figures played by Charles Chaplin, Buster Keaton, Jerry Lewis, and Woody Allen, all of whom incarnate similar characters across a vast array of films and in addition direct all or many of pictures in which they perform. Common to these fools is their recurring features and a certain foreignness that posits them as outsiders. In words of Bakhtin, who theorized about fool in literature, this figure is endowed with to be 'other,' the right not to understand, right to confuse (159, 163), thus becoming mask that author wears in order to freely question world, to denaturalize it. This, after all, is nature of all comedy. But fool's inherent marginality goes beyond this figure's subversive attitude, as I argue in this article. The fool's misplacement or inappropriateness can be traced back to its origins in performing arts-to intermittent quality of fool's presence in some traditions in popular theater (its role limited to providing comic relief or commentary on main action) or as bridge between different numbers in circus or in variety shows.1 As thus, fool often has been perceived as a temporary visitor, as an outsider to diegesis, existing between show and audience. Bakhtin's study of fool in novel goes even further, claiming that this figure's theatrical genesis (it originates in public square) positions it as an intruder to literary genre, thereby bridging also different media (as discussed later). Similarly, I argue that when read through figure of fool, types of authorial self-inscription I analyze in cinematic works constitute directors as external to diegesis, crossing, in addition, boundaries of genre and even frame. I contrast ways in which played by Woody Allen and Jean-Luc Godard turn author's image into textual manifestation of problematic connection between their real existence and their screen personas. My goal is to explore how these directors achieve this effect with performances informed by both fool and, in works of American filmmaker, stand-up comedian. These two figures are somewhat external to worlds they inhabit and comment on, refusing to fully merge with it. I look into impact of this refusal on film-author mixture, questioning whether it produces chemical precipitation or dissolution of author component. The fool's subversive nature carries a selfreflexive element that, though pertaining to all clown-like characters played by famous directors, varies in degree, obtaining different perceptions of narrative closure and connections between filmic and extra-filmic. But it is particularly in works by Allen that fool's foreignness has repercussion in question of film authorship that I want to discuss. The director promotes a self-reflexive meditation that dialogues with challenges to auteur brought about with structuralist turn in film studies. In fact, I argue that effects produced by Allen's screen performances make him comparable not so much with usual suspects of slapstick and screwball comedy, but with none other than Godard, whose career parallels theoretical underpinnings of film studies, from auteurism to its total dismissal, culminating with film collectives of late 1960s, and also influence of semiotics, Marxism, feminism, and psychoanalysis. Here, however, terms of comparison with Allen lie with Godard's appearances in some films of 1980s-notably as buffoonish characters of Uncle Jean/Monsieur Godard in First Name: Carmen (1983), Prince/the Idiot in Soigne ta droite (1987), and Professor Pluggy/Monsieur Godard in King Lear (1987). I argue that these embody director's understanding of his identity as an author. …

헤어리베치에서 톱다리개미허리노린재 발생양상 및 기주에 따른 발육 및 선호성

충남 아산의 보리와 헤어리베치가 혼작된 포장과 대전 유성의 헤어리베치 포장에서 5월 중순부터 채종 후인 7월 중순까지 집합페로몬트랩을 이용해 유인된 톱다리개미허리노린재의 발생양상을 조사한 결과, 종자의 결실이 이루어지는 6월 하순부터 포장내로 유입되어 들어오는 개체수가 증가하기 시작하였으나 7월 중순 채종작업이 끝나면서 유입개체가 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 이후에도 11월 초까지 계속적으로 유인되는 것이 확인되었다. 헤어리베치 포장에서는 톱다리개미허리노린재 외에도 닮은수염노린재, 알락수염노린재, 변색장님노린재, 실노린재를 포함한 총 33종의 노린재목 곤충이 채집되어 많은 종류의 노린재류들이 서식하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 실내에서는 헤어리베치를 먹이로 제공하였을 경우에는 정상적인 발육이 이루어지지 않았으며, 4령 약충 이후부터 생존율이 감소하고 성충으로의 우화가 이루어지지 않았으며, 먹이 선호성에 있어서도 헤어리베치보다는 콩을 더 선호하는 것으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 헤어리베치는 톱다리개미허리노린재가 정상적인 발육을 하면서 개체군을 발달시키기에 적합한 기주식물로 판단되지 않으며, 종자결실기에 맞춰 종자를 흡즙하기 위한 방문서식처로서 작용할 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단되었다. The seasonal occurrence of Riptortus pedestris Fabricius was investigated using pheromone traps baited with its aggregation pheromone in the fields with various crop composition (mixture culture of barley and hairy vetch in Asan, Chungnam; monoculture of hairy vetch in Yuseung, Daejeon) from mid-May to mid-July of seed gathering season in 2010. The invasion of R. pedestris into the experimental fields began to increase rapidly from late-June in which period hairy vetch and barley reach the beginning of seed formation stage. After seed gathering season in mid-July, the invasion rate of R. pedestris decreased, and the activity was continually observed till early-November. In addition to dominant R. pedestris species, 33 species of hemiptera including Apolyaus watajii, Dolycoris baccarum, Adelphocoris suturalis, and Yemma exlis were collected, which indicated abundant species diversity in the hairy vetch fields. In the laboratory, R. pedestris did not developed successfully to adult stage on food sources of hairy vetch, with decreasing survival rate after 4th instar and the failure of emergence to adult stage. Also, R. pedestris showed higher preference on soybeans than hairy vetch. Consequently, hairy vetch may be not true host for the development and survival of R. pedestris. It is considered that R. pedestris is a temporary visitor at the season of seed formation in hairy vetch fields.

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2004

British Columbia Regional Meeting, 2004

Review of Marine mammals of Svalbard, by K. M. Kovacs, I. Gjertz &amp; C. Lydersen

Every year, tourists converge on Svalbard hoping to catch sight of the big marine mammals. But most tourists are not zoologists. For a temporary visitor, it is no easy task to recognize marine mammals. Of course polar bears and walruses are easy to distinguish—and they also top the visitor’s wish list—but tourists also want to see seals and especially whales. These animals seldom “pose” the way polar bears and walruses sometimes do. They may give you no more than a brief glimpse and then leave you wondering: What was that? How big is a seal? What does it eat?

The immigrant, refugee, or internationally adopted child.

1. Jerri Ann Jenista, MD* 1. 2. *Departments of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI. Objectives After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the variety of backgrounds of immigrant children. 2. Delineate which groups of immigrant children have high rates of unaddressed health issues. 3. List the major health-care issues for immigrant children. 4. Characterize the screening that should be performed at the point of immigration for children. 5. Characterize medical, social, and mental health issues that are prevalent and frequently poorly addressed in this patient population. As never before, the United States is becoming a population of immigrants. In the year 2000, more than 28 million persons born in other countries were resident in the United States, a 43% increase during the decade of the 1990s. Over the same period, immigrants and children born to immigrants accounted for 70% of the population growth. Immigrant health is a complex topic. Not only do many immigrant children arrive with multiple unaddressed health issues, but there is evidence that the health of some immigrant children actually declines after living in the United States. Becoming an immigrant is never easy. Although our emphasis is on the health-care needs of this diverse population, the most important long-term issues may be those of identity and acculturation. As one immigrant author so eloquently notes, “We have to live these half-lives of people who cannot forget what they used to be and who are afraid of being addressed in a foreign language, no longer able to utter anything meaningful.” (Hemon A. The Question of Bruno . London, England: Picador; 2000) Immigrant children are a diverse group and are encountered in every pediatric practice (Table 1⇓). By far, the largest category is the temporary visitor. More than 3 million children, 0 to 19 years of age, arrive each year to the United States, usually accompanying their parents, who are visitors, temporary workers, …

Niche overlap and polyspecific associations among sympatric cercopithecids in the campo animal reserve, Southwestern Cameroon

The community structure and polyspecific associations found in five sympatric resident primates (Cercopithecus nictitans, C. cephus, C. pogonias, Cercocebus torquatus, andC. albigena) and a temporary visitor (Mandrillus sphinx) were studied within the Campo Animal Reserve, a tropical rain forest in southwestern Cameroon. Several ecological variables of the six species, e.g. the number of foraging groups in the study area, group size, home range size, biomass density, and individual density, were estimated by undertaking a systematic census and by other means, e.g. tracing.C. nictitans was the most abundant species in terms of its foraging groups, biomass, and individual densities. The foraging biomass varied significantly among the six species. The five resident species frequently formed polyspecific groups.M. sphinx also associated with them when it visited the area. The food items fed on by the five resident species were also checked. An index for synecological analysis revealed that the five species shared similar food niches. The five species also utilized similar foraging areas and strata, possibly depending on the availabilities of common foods. The above results cannot be explained by conventional equilibrium-competition models. For understanding the polyspecific associations, it is proposed that the primates form polyspecific foraging groups in order to optimize their foraging biomass. This idea leads to a model that can also explain certain of the grouping behaviors, such as group fission-fusion, found in large body size primates.