Temporary Neurologic Dysfunction Research Articles

Central (Aortic) Cannulation versus Peripheral (Axillary or Femoral) Cannulation in Acute Type A Aortic Dissections: A Meta-Analysis of Comparative Studies.

There has been an increased interest in using antegrade cannulation techniques during surgery for type A aortic dissection. While the utilization of central artery cannulation has been on the rise in recent times, its effectiveness and safety still require thorough examination. This study aimed to explore both the efficiency and safety of central arterial cannulation. A meta-analysis was conducted on studies that evaluated surgical outcomes when using central artery cannulation (CAC) in comparison to axillary artery cannulation (AXC) or femoral artery cannulation (FAC). 10 retrospective observational studies were included, enrolling 3022 patients (CAC = 1208 vs. FAC = 606; CAC = 1051 vs. AXC = 1119). Among these, 4 articles involved axillary artery cannulation, femoral artery cannulation, and central artery cannulation. Central cannulation was linked to decreased short-term mortality [odds ratio, 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.48, 0.89), 2 = 3.27, p = 0.007; = 0; p = 0.86] compared to femoral cannulation. Additionally, central cannulation was associated with a lower occurrence of temporary neurological dysfunction (TND) [odds ratio, 0.57, 95% CI (0.38, 0.85), 2 = 0.88, p = 0.006; = 0%, p = 0.83] when compared with femoral cannulation. However, there was no statistical significance in mortality and TND between the central cannulation and axillary cannulation groups. This meta-analysis reveals that central cannulation surpasses femoral cannulation in lowering short-term mortality and the occurrence of TND among patients undergoing surgery for type A acute aortic dissection. However, central cannulation does not exhibit a higher mortality and TND compared to axillary cannulation.

Clinical outcome of a branch-first approach with a novel continuous whole-brain perfusion strategy for total arch surgery

BackgroundCerebral protection strategies have been investigated since the introduction of aortic arch surgery and have been modified over the centuries. However, the cerebral protective effects of unilateral and bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion are similar, with opportunities for further improvement.MethodsA total of 30 patients who underwent total arch surgery were enrolled in this study. Patients were assigned to the novel continuous whole-brain or unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion group according to the cerebral perfusion technique used. Preoperative clinical data and 1-year postoperative follow-up data were collected and analyzed.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the incidence of permanent neurological deficit, mortality, or therapeutic efficacy. However, the incidence of temporary neurological dysfunction in the novel whole-brain perfusion group was significantly lower than that in the unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion group.ConclusionsIn this study, the branch-first approach with a novel whole-brain perfusion strategy had no obvious disadvantages compared with unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion in terms of cerebral protection and surgical safety. These findings suggest that this new technique is feasible and has application value for total arch surgery.

Relative band power in assessing temporary neurological dysfunction post- type A aortic dissection surgery: a prospective study

Temporary neurological dysfunction (TND), a common complication following surgical repair of Type A Aortic Dissection (TAAD), is closely associated with increased mortality and long-term cognitive impairment. Currently, effective treatment options for TND remain elusive. Therefore, we sought to investigate the potential of postoperative relative band power (RBP) in predicting the occurrence of postoperative TND, with the aim of identifying high-risk patients prior to the onset of TND. We conducted a prospective observational study between February and December 2022, involving 165 patients who underwent surgical repair for TAAD at our institution. Bedside Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) was utilized to monitor the post-operative brain electrical activity of each participant, recording changes in RBP (RBP Delta, RBP Theta, RBP Beta and RBP Alpha), and analyzing their correlation with TND. Univariate and multivariate analyses were employed to identify independent risk factors for TND. Subsequently, line graphs were generated to estimate the incidence of TND. The primary outcome of interest was the development of TND, while secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) admission and length of hospital stay. A total of 165 patients were included in the study, among whom 68 (41.2%) experienced TND. To further investigate the independent risk factors for postoperative TND, we conducted both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses on all variables. In the univariate regression analysis, we identified age (Odds Ratio [OR], 1.025; 95% CI, 1.002–1.049), age ≥ 60 years (OR, 2.588; 95% CI, 1.250–5.475), hemopericardium (OR, 2.767; 95% CI, 1.150–7.009), cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) (OR, 1.007; 95% CI, 1.001–1.014), RBP Delta (OR, 1.047; 95% CI, 1.020–1.077), RBP Alpha (OR, 0.853; 95% CI, 0.794–0.907), and Beta (OR, 0.755; 95% CI, 0.649–0.855) as independent risk factors for postoperative TND. Further multivariate regression analyses, we discovered that CPB time ≥ 180 min (OR, 1.021; 95% CI, 1.011–1.032), RBP Delta (OR, 1.168; 95% CI, 1.105–1.245), and RBP Theta (OR, 1.227; 95% CI, 1.135–1.342) emerged as independent risk factors. TND patients had significantly longer ICU stays (p < 0.001), and hospital stays (p = 0.002). We obtained the simplest predictive model for TND, consisting of three variables (CPB time ≥ 180 min, RBP Delta, RBP Theta, upon which we constructed column charts. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) were 0.821 (0.755, 0.887). Our study demonstrates that postoperative RBP monitoring can detect changes in brain function in patients with TAAD during the perioperative period, providing clinicians with an effective predictive method that can help improve postoperative TND in TAAD patients. These findings have important implications for improving clinical care in this population.Trial registration ChiCTR2200055980. Registered 30th Jan. 2022. This trial was registered before the first participant was enrolled.

Direct aortic cannulation versus femoral arterial cannulation for early outcomes in acute type A aortic dissection: A study-level meta-analysis.

To investigate the impact of direct aortic cannulation (DAC) versus femoral arterial cannulation (FAC) on clinical outcomes of surgery for acute type A aortic dissection. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched until August 25, 2023, to conduct a meta-analysis. Primary endpoints of the study were operative mortality and postoperative stroke. Secondary endpoints were cardiopulmonary bypass time, myocardial ischemic time, hypothermic circulatory arrest time, temporary neurological dysfunction (TND), combined stroke and TND, re-exploration for bleeding, and need for renal replacement therapy. A random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled effect size, and a leave-one-out method was used for the primary endpoints for sensitivity analysis. 15 studies met our eligibility criteria, including a total of 7941 samples. Operative mortality was significantly lower in the DAC group with a pooled odds ratio (OR) of 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61-0.85)]. Incidence of postoperative stroke was also lower in the DAC group with a pooled OR of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.66-0.94). However, after excluding one study with the greatest weight, the difference became nonsignificant. DAC was also associated with a lower incidence of postoperative TND, and re-exploration for bleeding with a pooled OR of 0.52 (95% CI: 0.37-0.73), and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.47-0.77), respectively. This meta-analysis showed that patients who underwent ATAAD repair with DAC had a lower incidence of operative mortality, postoperative stroke, TND, and re-exploration for bleeding compared to those who underwent FAC.

Can Open Distal Repair Be Safely Used in All Patients with Type A Acute Aortic Dissection?

The distal suture line during aortic dissection repair can be performed by a closed technique or by an open technique. This study presents a retrospective comparison of both methods regarding their postoperative outcomes. 120 patients who underwent surgery for acute aortic dissection type A were divided into two groups. In group A (n = 81), open distal anastomosis was performed under hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion. In group B (n = 39), distal anastomosis was performed with the aorta cross-clamped under mildly hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Primary outcomes were operative mortality, neurologic morbidity, and long-term survival. Hospital mortality (17.3% for the open group vs. 12.8% for the closed group, p = 0.53), permanent neurologic dysfunction (8.7% vs. 8.3%, p = 1.0), and temporary neurologic dysfunction (31.9% vs. 22.2%, p = 0.298) were not significantly different between groups. No significant difference in actuarial 5- and 10-year survival was observed (88% vs. 86% and 53 vs. 73%, respectively, p = 0.396). After propensity-score adjustment, the technique of distal aortic repair was not found to be a predictor of the primary outcomes. We conclude that the open repair can be used in most if not all cases of surgical repair of type A acute aortic dissection.

Early outcome of simplified total arch reconstruction under mild hypothermia (30–32 °C) with distal aortic perfusion

ObjectiveWe designed a simplified total arch reconstruction (s-TAR) technique which could be performed under mild hypothermia (30–32 °C) with distal aortic perfusion. This study aimed to compare its efficacy of organ protection with the conventional total arch reconstruction (c-TAR).MethodsWe reviewed the clinical data of 195 patients who had ascending aortic aneurysm with extended aortic arch dilation and underwent simultaneous ascending aorta replacement and TAR procedure between January 2018 and December 2022 in our center. 105 received c-TAR under moderate hypothermia (25–28 °C) with circulatory arrest (c-TAR group); rest 90 received s-TAR under mild hypothermia (30–32 °C) with distal aortic perfusion (s-TAR group).ResultsThe s-TAR group demonstrated shorter CPB time, cross-clamp time and lower body circulatory arrest time compared with the c-TAR group. The 30-day mortality was 2.9% for the c-TAR group and 1.1% for the s-TAR group (P = 0.043). The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was shorter in the s-TAR group. Paraplegia was observed in 4 of 105 patients (3.8%) in the c-TAR group, while no such events were observed in the s-TAR group. The incidence of temporary neurologic dysfunction was significantly higher in the c-TAR group. The incidence of permanent neurologic dysfunction also showed a tendency to be higher in the c-TAR group, without statistical significance. Furthermore, the incidence of reoperation for bleeding were significantly lower in the s-TAR group. The rate of postoperative hepatic dysfunction and all grades of AKI was remarkably lower in the s-TAR group. The 3-year survival rate was 95.6% in the s-TAR group and 91.4% in the c-TAR group.Conclusionss-TAR under mild hypothermia (30–32℃) with distal aortic perfusion is associated with lower mortality and morbidity, offering better neurological and visceral organ protection compared with c-TAR.

Total aortic arch replacement in acute type A aortic dissection - a single institutional experience.

Total arch replacement in the presence of acute aortic dissections is one of the most challenging areas of aortic surgery. Data on outcome in the Indian scenario is sparse. The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of arch replacements in a single tertiary care center. In this single-center experience, 20 patients underwent total arch replacement between 2012 and 2022. Demographic, intraoperative, and postoperative data were abstracted from hospital records. Only patients with acute type A aortic dissection needing an arch repair were included. Patients with hemi-arch repairs, hybrid repairs, and those operated upon due to aneurysmal disease were excluded from the study. Comparison was made between survivors and non-survivors. Temporal trends for the procedure were assessed. The study included 20 patients who underwent total aortic arch replacement (TAR) during the study period (2012-2022). The mean age was 49.3 ± 12.5years, and 15 (75%) of the patients were males. Seven (35%) patients were operated within 24h of symptom onset. Permanent stroke was seen in 1 (5%) patient and temporary neurological dysfunction was observed in 1 (5%) patient. The re-exploration rate was 6 (30%) in the entire cohort and in-hospital mortality was 4 (20%). Follow-up was complete in 18 (90%) of the study population and 14 (87.5%) among survivors. There was one late death in our study which occurred after 46months of the index operation. The overall mean survival was 76.1months (95% CI: 49.86-102.43). TAR can be performed both with acceptable mortality and morbidity in the presence of acute aortic dissections.

Coping Strategies and Posttraumatic Growth Following Transient Ischemic Attack: A Qualitative Study.

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is defined as a temporary neurological dysfunction due to focal brain ischemia. We aimed to identify common coping strategies and the possible occurrence of posttraumatic growth in TIA patients. Semistructured interviews were conducted with TIA patients three months after TIA. We asked the participants about possible changes in the aftermath of their TIA and their way of coping with said changes. All interviews were tape-recorded and subsequently transcribed verbatim. Thematic content analysis was performed to identify main categories and themes. Seventeen patients with a median age of 66 years completed the semistructured interviews. Qualitative content analysis revealed 332 single codes, from which the three main categories "impairments as a consequence of TIA", "coping strategies" and "posttraumatic growth" were generated. The main categories were further subdivided into seven categories and thirty-six themes. TIA patients may suffer from various physical impairments, which also involve medication side effects. Activating resources on the one hand, and avoiding negative thoughts and feelings on the other hand, were identified to be the relevant coping strategies in TIA patients. Posttraumatic growth seems to be a common phenomenon after TIA, which may have important implications for treatment and rehabilitation.

Ministernotomy approach to aortic arch inclusion and frozen elephant trunk in the treatment of acute Stanford A aortic dissection.

This study aimed to report our results of ministernotomy approach to Liu’s aortic root repair technique, Liu’s aortic arch inclusion technique with frozen elephant trunk (FET) in the treatment in type A aortic dissection (TAAD). We retrospectively analyzed data on 68 Stanford A aortic dissection patients from October 2017 to March 2020. All patients underwent Liu’s aortic root repair technique, Liu’s aortic arch inclusion technique with FET and mild-moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest combined with ministernotomy approach. 154 TAAD patients between January 2014 and December 2016 underwent complete sternotomy were selected as control group. Clinical characteristics, data during operation, in-hospital and postoperative outcomes of these patients were observed. The mean hypothermic circulatory arrest time in ministernotomy Patients was 39.3 ± 7.9 min, aortic cross-clamp time was 105.9 ± 12.8 min, cardiopulmonary bypass time was 152.8 ± 24.3 min. Three patients died of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in ministernotomy Patients. Perioperative temporary neurological dysfunction occurred in three (4.41%) patients, and 53 (77.9%) patients did not require any blood product transfusion during and after operation in ministernotomy Patients. Postoperative CT angiography (CTA) examination at 6-32 months showed excellent outcomes except in three (4.41%) cases where arch false lumen patency persisted. The Liu’s aortic root repair technique, Liu’s aortic arch inclusion technique with FET and mild-moderate hypothermia circulatory arrest simplify the surgical procedure and reduce bleeding, which can be accomplished through minimally invasive approach.

Efficacy of pump-controlled selective antegrade cerebral perfusion in total arch replacement: A propensity-matched analysis.

Pump-controlled selective antegrade cerebral perfusion (PC-SACP) in total arch replacement (TAR) can regulate cerebral flow accurately, which might be beneficial for cerebral protection. However, the safety of PC-SACP for TAR combined with frozen elephant trunk implantation (FET) in patients with acute Type A dissections (ATAAD) is ambiguous. A total of 192 patients with ATAAD underwent TAR at our institution from October 2019 to July 2021. The patients were divided into two groups based on PC-SACP used: PC group (SACP carried out by using a separate pump, n = 35) and Control group (SACP carried out as a traditional method, n = 157). Patients under PC-SACP were propensity-score matched to patients without PC-SACP, resulting in 35 pairs of patients. Preoperative characteristics, including age, gender, weight, and preoperative creatinine level, were similar between the two groups. Cardiopulmonary bypass time, cross-clamp time, circulatory arrest time, and minimum nasopharyngeal temperature did not differ between the two groups. However, SACP time (54 versus 40, P = 0.001) in the PC group was significantly longer than that in the Control group. The incidence of temporary neurologic dysfunction (5.7% versus 8.6, P = 0.643) showed a no significantly lower trend in the PC group compared with the Control group. Other clinical outcomes showed no significant intergroup differences. PC-SACP in TAR is safe and feasible and might be beneficial for avoiding brain injury caused by "luxury" perfusion.

Analysis of Risk Factors of Postoperative Neurological Complications in Patients with Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection Undergoing Sun’s Procedure

Objective: This study analyzed the risk factors of neurological complications in patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after Sun’s procedure in a single-center with the purpose of improving the effects. Methods: From January 2019 to December 2020, the clinical data of 480 patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection, who were treated by Sun’s procedure in our center were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the risk factors of postoperative neurological complications. According to whether there were neurological complications after surgery, they were divided into two groups: the group with complications (n=70) and the group without complications (n=410). The clinical data of the two groups were collected and compared. Results: There were 70 cases of patients with postoperative neurological complications in 480 cases. The incidence rates of temporary neurological dysfunction (TND) and permanent neurological dysfunction (PND) was 11.5% (55/480) and 3.1% (15/480), respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the age (? 70 years), stroke history, femoral artery intubation and cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time were associated with postoperative PND (p &lt; 0.05). Renal dysfunction, emergency surgery, postoperative hypernatremia, postoperative hyperglycemia, postoperative hypoxemia, postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, and assisted time of suction influenced the occurrence of postoperative TND (p &lt; 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (? 70 years), stroke history, femoral artery intubation and CPB time were independent risk factors for PND. Renal dysfunction, emergency surgery, postoperative hypernatremia, postoperative hyperglycemia, postoperative hypoxemia, postoperative low cardiac output syndrome, and aspiration time were independent risk factors for TND. Compared with the two groups, the hospitalization time and ICU time of the patients in the neurological complications group were significantly prolonged, and the mortality rate was significantly increased (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: There are many risk factors for neurological complications in patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after surgery. With the improvement of surgical techniques, optimization of cerebral perfusion, and interventions for risk factors, Sun’s procedure remains the preferred treatment for Stanford type A aortic dissection.

Risk factors of cerebral complications after Stanford type A aortic dissection undergoing arch surgery

To explore the risk factors of cerebral neurological complications after surgery for Stanford type A aortic arch surgery. One hundred sixteen patients who received Stanford type A aortic dissection from January 2012 to December 2019 were recruited. All patients received surgery under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) and general anesthesia. They were grouped by degree of postoperative cerebral neurological complication. The related factors of cerebral neurological complications were analyzed by single-factor analysis and multi-factor logistic regression. Postoperative neurological complications were observed in 31 cases (26.72%). Two groups were identified: permanent neurological dysfunction (PND) was observed in seven cases, and temporary neurological dysfunction (TND) was observed in 24 cases. In-hospital mortality was 9.48% (11/116), with six in the cerebral complication groups and five in the non-complication group. Single-factor analysis showed the associated factors were age, stroke history, carotid plaque or stenosis, emergency surgery, renal dysfunction, hypotension, aortic clamping time, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest time, postoperative hypoxemia, postoperative low cardiac output and plasma transfusion >800ml, and erythrocyte suspension transfusion >6 U. Multi-factor logistic analysis showed the independent predictive factors were DHCA time >40min, plasma transfusion >800ml, erythrocyte suspension transfusion >6 U, history of stroke, and carotid plaque or stenosis. The factors independently associated with neurological complications are DHCA time >40min, plasma transfusion >800ml, erythrocyte suspension transfusion >6 U, history of stroke, and carotid plaque or stenosis. Our findings suggest that patients with these risk factors should receive intervention during treatment to reduce cerebral neurological complications.

Direct proximal right subclavian artery cannulation during surgery of the thoracic aorta.

ObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes of single sternum access for right subclavian artery cannulation without infraclavicular incision in surgery of the thoracic aorta.MethodsBetween January 2015 and December 2019, 44 consecutive patients underwent surgery of the thoracic aorta with cannulation of the right subclavian artery, after sternotomy and before pericardiotomy, through a direct percutaneous cannula with a single access without additional infraclavicular skin incision. The indication for surgery was type A acute aortic dissection in 29 patients (65.9%), proximal aortic aneurysm in 11 (25%), and aneurysm of the aortic arch in 4 (9%). Operative procedures were replacement of the ascending aorta in 23 patients, Bentall procedure in 10, hemiarch replacement in 6, and total arch replacement in 5. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and cross-clamp times were 185 ± 62 minutes and 138 ± 41 minutes, respectively.ResultsThe in-hospital mortality rate was 6.8%. Permanent neurologic dysfunction occurred in 3 patients (6.8%) and temporary neurologic dysfunction occurred in 4 patients (9.0%). There were no vascular complications related to this technique. No lesions to the vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerves have been reported.ConclusionsIn our experience, a single sternum access for right subclavian artery cannulation avoids the risk and complications of an infraclavicular incision required for axillary artery cannulation. This technique is safe and represent a valid option for CBP and antegrade cerebral perfusion during surgery of the thoracic aorta.

Aortic arch surgery at 32°C: mild hypothermia and unilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion.

With development of antegrade cerebral perfusion, the necessity of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (CA) in aortic arch surgery has been called into question. To minimize the adverse effects of hypothermia, surgeons now perform these procedures closer to normothermia. This study examined postoperative outcomes of hemiarch replacement patients using unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion and mild hypothermic CA. Single-centre retrospective review of 66 patients undergoing hemiarch replacement with mild hypothermic CA (32°C) and unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion between 2011 and 2018. Antegrade cerebral perfusion was delivered using right axillary artery cannulation. Postoperative data included death, neurological dysfunction, acute kidney injury and renal failure requiring new dialysis. Additional intraoperative metabolic data and blood transfusions were obtained. Eighty-six percent of patients underwent elective surgery. Mean age was 67 ± 3 years. Lowest mean core body temperature was 32 ± 2°C. Average CA was 17 ± 5 min. No intraoperative or 30-day mortality occurred. Survival was 97% at 1 year, 91% at 3 years and 88% at 5 years. Permanent and temporary neurological dysfunction occurred in 1 (2%) and 2 (3%) patients, respectively. Only 3 (5%) patients suffered postoperative stage 3 acute kidney injury requiring new dialysis. Intraoperative transfusions occurred in 44% of patients and no major metabolic derangements were observed. In patients undergoing hemiarch surgery, mild hypothermia (32°C) with unilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion via right axillary cannulation is associated with low mortality and morbidity, offering adequate neurological and renal protection. These findings require validation in larger, prospective clinical trials.

Effect of different types of cerebral perfusion for acute type A aortic dissection undergoing aortic arch procedure, unilateral versus bilateral

BackgroundAntegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP), including unilateral and bilateral, is most commonly used for cerebral protection in aortic surgery. There is still no consensus on the superiority of the two methods. Our research aimed to investigate the clinical effects of u-ACP and b-ACP.Methods321 of 356 patients with type A aortic dissection were studied retrospectively. 124 patients (38.6%) received u-ACP, and 197 patients (61.4%) received b-ACP. We compared the incidence of postoperative neurological complications and other collected data between two groups. Besides, we also analyzed perioperative variables to find the potential associated factors for neurological dysfunction (ND).ResultsFor u-ACP group, 54 patients (43.5%) had postoperative neurological complications, including 22 patients (17.7%) with permanent neurologic dysfunction (PND) and 32 patients (25.8%) with temporary neurologic dysfunction (TND). For b-ACP group, 47 patients (23.8%) experienced postoperative neurological complications, including 16 patients (8.1%) of PND and 31 patients (15.7%) of TND. The incidence of PND and TND were significantly different between two groups along with shorter CPB time (p = 0.016), higher nasopharyngeal temperature (p≦0.000), shorter ventilation time (p = 0.018), and lower incidence of hypoxia (p = 0.022). Furthermore, multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis confirmed that preoperative neurological dysfunction (OR = 1.20, p = 0.028), CPB duration (OR = 3.21, p = 0.002), and type of cerebral perfusion (OR = 1.48, p = 0.017) were strongly associated with postoperative ND.ConclusionsIn our study, it was observed that b-ACP procedure exhibited shorter CPB time, milder hypothermia, shorter ventilation time, lower incidence of postoperative hypoxia, and neurological dysfunction compared to u-ACP. Meanwhile, the incidence of ND was independently associated with three factors: preoperative neurological dysfunction, CPB time, and type of cerebral perfusion.

The use of cIMT as a predictor of postoperative stroke in patients undergoing surgical repair of acute type a aortic dissection

BackgroundAcute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is a life-threatening condition that requires surgical intervention. Stroke remains an extremely serious adverse outcome that can occur in ATAAD patients undergoing aortic arch repair, leading to higher rates of patient mortality and decreased postoperative quality of life. In the present study, we sought to determine whether carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) is a reliable predictor of postoperative stroke risk.Materials and methodsThis was a prospective study of 76 patients with ATAAD undergoing aortic arch repair. For all patients, cIMT was determined preoperatively through a Doppler-based method. Incidence of different forms of neurological dysfunction, including temporary neurological dysfunction (TND) and stroke, was monitored in these patients, and the relationship between cIMT and stroke incidence was assessed using a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Prognostic variables associated with stroke risk were further identified through univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsA total of 26/76 (34.2%) patients in the present study suffered from neurological dysfunction, of whom 16 (21.0%) suffered from TND and 10 (13.2%) suffered a stroke. The remaining 50 patients (65.8%) did not suffer from neurological dysfunction. The cIMT values in the stroke, TND, and neurological dysfunction-free patients in this study were 1.12 ± 0.19 (mm), 0.99 ± 0.13 (mm), and 0.87 ± 0.13 (mm), respectively. A total of 4 patients in this cohort died during the study, including 1 in the TND group and 3 in the stroke group. An ROC curve analysis indicated that cIMT could predict stroke with an area under the curve value of 0.844 (95% CI, 0.719–0.969; p < 0.001). A multivariate analysis revealed that cIMT > 0.9 mm was independently associated with stroke risk (p = 0.018).ConclusionWe found that cIMT can be used to predict postoperative stroke risk in ATAAD patients undergoing aortic arch repair, with a cIMT > 0.9 mm coinciding with increased stroke risk in these patients.Trial registrationChiCTR1900022289. Date of registration 4 April 2019 retrospectively registered.

Serum Neuron-Specific Enolase Level as Predictor of Neurologic Outcome after Aortic Surgery

This study aimed to evaluate the significance of serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) level as a predictor of neurologic injury in thoracic aortic surgery. We neurologically assessed 60 consecutive patients who underwent thoracic aortic surgery for thoracic aortic aneurysm (n = 26) and aortic dissection (n = 34). Using moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest with antegrade cerebral perfusion, total arch replacement and hemiarch replacement were performed in 37 and 23 patients, respectively. Serum NSE levels in venous blood samples drawn before surgery and at 1 day after surgery were measured. Severity of neurologic injury was categorized as either uncomplicated (n = 48), temporary neurologic dysfunction (TND, n = 5), or permanent neurologic dysfunction (PND, n = 7). The extent of stroke was estimated on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The NSE level significantly differed among the three groups (PND > TND > uncomplicated) on the first postoperative day. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the cutoff value of NSE level was 34.14 ng/mL for neurologic injury (sensitivity, 0.769; specificity, 0.851) and 43.56 ng/mL for PND (sensitivity, 1.000; specificity, 0.963). The NSE level significantly correlated with the extent of stroke (r = 0.61, p < 0.001). Serum NSE level is a significant predictor of adverse neurologic outcomes and extent of stroke after thoracic aortic surgery.

Total arch replacement using a 4-branched graft with antegrade cerebral perfusion

ObjectiveTotal arch replacement (TAR) is an established standard surgical procedure. We report >1000 cases of TAR using a 4-branched graft with antegrade cerebral perfusion (ACP) during a 15-year period. MethodsSince May 2001, 1005 patients who underwent total aortic replacement (mean age 69.8 ± 11.2 years; range, 9-92 years; 744 male) underwent TAR with a 4-branched graft. All surgeries were performed under hypothermia with ACP. There were 252 emergent operations for acute aortic dissection or aneurysm rupture. Concomitant operations included coronary arterial bypass grafting in 196 patients, aortic valve repair or replacement in 64, and aortic root replacements in 38. ResultsThe operation time was 482 ± 171 minutes, cardiopulmonary time was 254 ± 94 minutes, cardiac ischemia time was 145 ± 51 minutes, ACP time was 160 ± 47 minutes, and lower body circulatory arrest time was 62 ± 16 minutes. The hospital mortality rate was 5.2%. The permanent neurological dysfunction rate was 3.6% and temporary neurological dysfunction rate was 6.4%. There were no spinal cord complications. The 5-year survival rate was 80.7% and 10-year survival rate was 63.1%. Fifteen patients (1.5%) underwent reoperation for the arch grafts because of a pseudoaneurysm (11 patients), hemolysis (3 patients), and infection (1 patient). ConclusionsTAR using a 4-branched graft with ACP could be accomplished with acceptable short- and long-term results.

Aortic arch cannulation with the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography for Stanford type A aortic dissection

BackgroundAortic arch cannulation for an antegrade central perfusion during the surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection can be performed within median sternotomy. We summarize the safety and convenient profile of the central cannulation strategy using the guidance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in comparison to traditional femoral cannulation strategy.MethodsSixty-two patients with acute Stanford type A aortic dissection underwent aortic arch surgery in our hospital. All the patients were operated by the same surgeon. Cannulation was performed in 33 patients through the aortic arch under the guidance of TEE (Group A) and in 29 patients through the femoral artery (Group F). Under moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest, the brain is continuously perfused in an anterograde manner through the brachiocephalic and left common carotid arteries. Preoperative characeristics and surgical information were collected for each patient. Additionally, 30-day mortality rate and the incidence of the temporary neurological dysfunction were recorded as the outcomes. To compare the categorical variables, we used the chi-squared test. Continuous variables were compared using the t-test.ResultsPreoperative characteristics were almost similar between the two groups. The mean operation time (7.33 ± 1.14 h vs. 8.93 ± 2.59 h, P = 0.002) and the mean cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time (260.97 ± 45.14 min vs. 298.28 ± 95.89 min, P = 0.024) were significantly shorter in Group A than those in Group F. The 30-day mortality rates were 9.09 and 27.59% in Groups A and F, respectively (P = 0.057). And the incidences of temporary neurological dysfunction were 39.39 and 65.52% in Group A and F, respectively (P = 0.040).ConclusionsAortic arch cannulation with the guidance of TEE during the aortic arch surgery is a simple, fast, safe, and less invasive technique for establishing cardiopulmonary bypass for Stanford type A aortic dissection.

Deep chronic microvascular white matter ischemic change as an independent predictor of acute brain infarction after thoracic aortic replacement.

Postoperative brain injury is a cause of mortality and morbidity in patients who undergo thoracic aortic replacement. Chronic microvascular white matter ischemic change (WMIC) has been shown to be associated with acute brain infarction in the general population. WMIC has also been shown to be an independent predictor of non-focal neurocognitive changes, generalized seizures, and temporary neurologic dysfunction in patients who undergo thoracic aortic replacement. The aim of this study is to determine if WMIC is a risk factor for acute brain infarction in patients who undergo thoracic aortic replacement. A case-control study of patients who underwent thoracic aortic replacement between 2001 and 2014 were reviewed for neurological changes after surgery and acute brain infarction on postoperative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Patients with neurological changes were matched with control patients who underwent thoracic aortic replacement and had postoperative neurological symptoms without acute brain infarctions. Acute infarction was re-assessed by reviewing DWI sequences on postoperative MRI. WMIC was assessed on FLAIR and T2WI sequences on both preoperative and postoperative MRI. Logistic regression was performed assessing the relationship of WMIC and acute ischemic infarction. 5171 patients underwent thoracic aortic replacement; 179 had postoperative neurological changes, and of those 53 patients had acute brain infarction on postoperative DWI. Patients with deep WMIC were more likely to have acute DWI infarctions after thoracic aortic replacement (P = 0.023). Our matched retrospective case-controlled study shows deep WMIC to be a predictor of acute brain infarction on DWI after thoracic aortic replacement.