Temporary Clearance Research Articles

Efficacy of Fractional CO2 Laser in Onychomycosis: A Clinical Evaluation.

Efficacy of Fractional CO2 Laser in Onychomycosis: A Clinical Evaluation.

How Socio-Economic Differences between Farmers Affect Forest Degradation in Western Mexico

Many forests under community use in tropical countries become degraded and lose carbon stocks as a result of agricultural activities such as shifting cultivation and cattle grazing, although these processes rarely result in deforestation. A better understanding of processes specifically causing forest degradation may be of interest to policy makers concerned with the design of programs to conserve forests, for example under international policy on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+). On the basis of data from a farmer survey carried out in the western Pacific area of Mexico, this study uses a cross-sectional regression model to identify the variables that explain variations between groups of farmers in the amounts of land temporarily cleared for shifting cultivation, which results in decreasing the density of forest biomass. We found that, contrary to common perception about shifting cultivation, within each community, many farmers, both richer and poorer, carry out shifting cultivation. Moreover, it is the wealthier farmers that are making more temporary clearances for such activities when compared with those with less resources. We conclude that, for effectiveness in the design of national programs for REDD+, intra-community differences in farmer status should be taken into account. Moreover, REDD+ interventions should consider the impacts of this program on farmers without rights to land.

PENAL FISCAL LIABILITY FOR VIOLATING THE CONDITIONS OF TEMPORARY ADMISSION PROCEDURE

Fiscal crimes and violations are in principle of a blanket character, and their specifi c characteristics are linked to the content of many provisions of the fi nance act, which complement the statutory features of offences under the Polish Penal Fiscal Code. This situation takes place in the case of offences under Art. 88 of the Penal Fiscal Code involving violations of procedural rules for temporary admission. The criminal-law evaluation of the fi scal offences from this provision requires taking into account the fi scal regulations included in the legal acts in the fi eld of customs law. This article thoroughly analyses the issues related to the temporary admission procedure with simultaneous assessment of the behaviour of the perpetrator, which may constitute fi scal offence violation conditions of temporary clearance.

A practical application of onychomycosis cure - combining patient, physician and regulatory body perspectives.

Due to the high relapse rates and the rise of predisposing factors, the need for curing onychomycosis is paramount. To effectively address onychomycosis, the definition of cure used in a clinical setting should be agreed upon and applied homogeneously across therapies (e.g. oral, topical and laser treatments). In order to determine what is or what should be used to define cure in a clinical setting, a literature search was conducted to identify methods used to evaluate treatment success. The limitations, strengths, prevalence and utility of each outcome measure were investigated. Seven ways to measure treatment success were identified; mycological cure, patient/investigator assessments, complete cure, quality of life instruments, severity indexes, clinical cure and temporary clearance. Despite its shortcomings, mycological cure is the most objective and consistent outcome measure used across onychomycosis studies. It is suggested that diagnostic goals of onychomycosis should be used to define cure in a clinical setting. Modifications to outcome measures such as incorporating molecular-based techniques could be a future avenue to explore.

Ribavirin therapy of hepatitis E infection may cause hyporegenerative anemia in pediatric renal transplant patients

HEV infection can lead to chronic hepatitis in immunosuppressed patients; extrahepatic manifestations are rarely seen. Here, we report a 13-year-old renal transplant patient with chronic hepatitis E and renal involvement. Ribavirin therapy led to temporary virus clearance and amelioration of kidney function. However, ribavirin therapy caused severe hyporegenerative anemia, which has so far only been reported in patients treated with a combination of ribavirin and interferon alpha.

Diverse expression of selected cytokines and proteinases in synovial fluid obtained from osteoarthritic and healthy human knee joints.

BackgroundOsteoarthritis (OA) is defined by signs and symptoms of inflammation within the affected joint. The aim of this study is to determine the mRNA expression levels of selected cytokines and matrix-metalloproteinases of cells found in synovial fluid (SF) obtained from osteoarthritic knee joints compared to healthy controls.MethodsSF was obtained from 40 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty due to evident OA and from 10 healthy controls. Expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-1 and MMP-3 was assayed among both groups by performing qPCR. Patients were configured concerning age, gender and BMI.ResultsIL-1β, MMP-1 and MMP-3 showed significantly higher expression among the OA group compared to control (P < 0.001). Strong correlation appeared between expression of MMP-1 and MMP-3 among OA patients (r = 0.856); no correlation was found between age, gender or BMI and cytokine/proteinase expression. Expression of IL-1β, MMP-1 and MMP-3 within SF was elevated in OA-patients.ConclusionConsequently, cells within SF expressing cytokines and proteinases may play a relevant role in the progression of joint destruction. Considering the fact that SF in an OA joint comprises abnormal amounts of detrimental bioactive proteins, temporary clearance, dilution or suppression/modulation by means of lavage or disease-modifying medication may be promising to constitute interim relief or even postpone disease progression due to decreased inflammatory and/or degrading activity within the articular environment.

Changes in the pathogenicity of relapsed diminazene aceturate (DA)-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei as the trypanosomes are transmitted from DA-treated hosts to another set of animals

This study investigated the changes in pathogenicity of relapsed diminazene aceturate (DA)-resistant Trypanosoma brucei brucei (TBB) as the trypanosomes are transmitted from DA-treated hosts to another set of animals. The Federe strain of T. brucei brucei which was known to be DA resistant was used to infect two groups of rats, one of which was treated at the peak of infection. There was temporary clearance of the trypanosomes from blood of the treated group and subsequent relapse of the infection. The relapsed trypanosomes were used to infect a group of rats (group A1), and the pathogenicity of the relapsed T. brucei brucei in this rat group was compared to that of a group infected with primary T. brucei brucei stock that was not treated with DA (group B1). Results showed that when compared with the B1 rats, the A1 group had a slower onset of parasitaemia, significantly lower (p < 0.01) level of parasitaemia all through the study, significantly longer (p < 0.01) time period to reach peak parasitaemia, significantly longer (p < 0.01) post-infection survival time and significantly higher (p < 0.05) packed cell volume from day 6 post-infection. Further sequential transmission of this same T. brucei brucei infection to another group of rats (A2 and B2) produced the same effects on the above parameters used to assess pathogenicity. It was concluded that beyond temporarily clearing trypanosomes from blood of treated animals, treatment with DA reduces the pathogenicity of DA-resistant T. brucei brucei, and this reduced pathogenicity is carried on as the T. brucei brucei is further sequentially transmitted to another set of animals.

Late Holocene environmental change in the Howgill Fells, Northwest England

New data from Chapel Beck in the southwest Howgill Fells combined with existing data support the identification of three phases of extensive hillslope gullying after 2200, between 1250–700 and after 500 cal. BP. Examination of cumulative probability density function (CPDF) plots of the distribution of calibrated radiocarbon dates confirms the identification of these phases. There are differences in the spatial distribution of geomorphic activity between these phases; with the c. 2200–1800 cal. BP episode limited to the western Howgill Fells. In comparison, the 1250–700 and post-500 cal. BP episodes are more widespread cross-region phenomena, and affected the more remote central fells. Pollen and geochemical data reveal several phases of increased human activity in these uplands, with small-scale temporary clearances during the late Bronze Age / early Iron Age and more substantial clearances during the late Iron Age and Romano-British times (2300–1500 cal. BP), and these were followed by woodland expansion and decline in human activity during both the mid- to late Iron Age and the period after the Roman withdrawal from Britain (after 1500 cal. BP). The final substantial woodland clearances occurred from c. 1100–900 cal. BP, after which there has been little woodland recovery. A range of pollen sites across the Howgill Fells indicate that there is spatial variability in the level of human activity and impact. Iron Age / Romano-British woodland clearances appear to have affected the west of the region more than the remote central valleys, whereas the later 1100–900 cal. BP woodland reduction affected the entire region. This pattern is similar to that identified from the geomorphology, and demonstrates the importance of pollen sites that record local palaeo-vegetation information and the significance of using a series of sites to explore intra-regional variability in the vegetation history. We suggest that human activity is a critical factor in mediating the late Holocene geomorphic record, but climate and particularly individual storms are the trigger mechanism responsible for erosion and incision on hillslopes and within the wider fluvial system. Palaeoclimate data (humification and plant macrofossil) from peat deposits at Archer Moss identify shifts to wetter conditions: c. 3100–2700; 2400–1700; 1300–1100; and after 650 cal. BP, and probably reflect increases in summer wetness. Of these, the 2400–1700, 1300–1100 and post-650 cal. BP wetter phases coincide with increased geomorphic activity, and perhaps encouraged incision on hillslopes rendered more susceptible to erosion by the activities of people.

Mid to late Holocene vegetation and land use history in the Weald of south-eastern England: multiple pollen profiles from the Rye area

The High Weald is an unusually well-wooded area in southern England. A high proportion of this woodland is ancient, being formerly exploited as seasonal pasture and coppice. Multiple pollen profiles from the Rye area have been used to elucidate the origins of this cultural landscape. By combining sites with small and large pollen source areas, both local and regional patterns of vegetation change have been determined. The mid-Holocene Tilia-dominated woodlands were subjected to temporary clearance as early as the Neolithic. This woodland was more extensively exploited over a ca. 700 year period from the beginning of the Bronze Age. The main elements of the modern landscape (woodland, pasture and limited cultivation) can be traced back to a more intensive phase of human activity, which commenced in the late Bronze Age. A regional increase in Fagus sylvatica pollen ca. 750 B.C. probably reflects the use of the Wealden woods for pasturage. There is no palynological evidence that the fuel demands of the Roman iron industry resulted in widespread woodland destruction. The early Anglo-Saxon period appears to have been one of land-use continuity, with a second increase in Fagus pollen at ca. A.D. 700 corresponding to historical evidence for the presence of wood-pastures in the Weald.

Nonresponders to previous chronic hepatitis C treatment

The main strategy governing treatment of chronic hepatitis C is the prevention of future liver complications. There is good evidence that curing hepatitis C infection prevents progression of liver disease and allows histologic regression to occur. Therefore, the primary goal of medical treatment is to cure the viral infection. Combination therapy with peginterferon alfa and ribavirin is the current standard of care; there are no other medical therapies currently available. Those who failed to respond to an earlier version of antiviral therapy should strongly consider treatment with peginterferon/ribavirin if possible. Nearly half of patients who start peginterferon/ribavirin are unable to achieve a sustained disappearance of infection. If there were problems related to dosing or adherence the first time around, it is reasonable to consider re-treating with more aggressive support. Nonresponders to the current therapy who have early-stage liver disease can afford to wait until new antiviral agents come along in the next 5 to 10 years. However, physicians should encourage nonresponding patients with advanced fibrosis to consider experimental alternatives in the meantime, provided there is a logical rationale for the treatment proposed. Some re-treatment strategies still aim to cure the hepatitis C virus infection whereas others focus on limiting liver damage. The best candidates for the first strategy are patients who had temporary clearance of the virus during previous treatment and those with hepatitis C virus genotype 2 or 3 infection. Logical candidates for the second strategy are those who already have advanced fibrosis. It is preferable to pursue further attempts at treatment within the framework of a controlled trial. Studies with strong rationales include those investigating high-dose peginterferon/ribavirin, long-term peginterferon suppression, potential immune modulators, and potential inhibitors of liver fibrosis. The rationales are weaker for re-treatment with a second brand of peginterferon/ribavirin, daily standard interferon plus ribavirin, and ribavirin monotherapy.

A Record of Atmospheric Pollution and Vegetation Change as Recorded in Three Peat Bogs from the Northern Pennines Pb-Zn Orefield

The metal mining landscape of the northern Pennines is unique, containing a relatively large concentration of mines dating back possibly to the Roman period. Little attention, however, has been given to understanding how the metal mining industry has altered the natural landscape. This paper sets out to address this by using palaeoenvironmental techniques to reconstruct the vegetational landscape and atmospheric pollution history surrounding the metal mines of the upper Rookhope valley, Weardale and Moorhouse National Nature Reserve in Teesdale. Results from pollen analysis suggest that small, temporary woodland clearance occurred during the Neolithic and Bronze Age, followed by more substantial clearances during the Iron Age and Romano-British period. Metal mining had little impact on vegetation, in particular woodland, until Medieval times. Evidence of higher lead concentrations and a permanent reduction in arboreal pollen percentages in the pollen diagrams correlate with the growth of the lead mining industry from the eleventh century AD onwards as documented in historical records.

P23-14 溶融塩電解法を用いた金属廃棄物除染技術の開発

Economical and efficient decontamination techniques should be developed for various radioactive wastes arising from decommissioning, considering such viewpoints as safety, reduction of disposal cost, effective usage, etc. The decontamination approach using the molten salt electrolytic technique was carried out for contaminated metals such as stainless steel (SUS304), sintered stainless steel, aluminium, and Monel alloy, generated from the decommissioning of the uranium refining and conversion facility. Stainless steel or Monel alloy that had a smooth surface could be decontaminated down to 0.3 Bq/g, the temporary clearance level, by the molten salt electrolytic technique. Intricate shape materials such as pipes, angle materials, and valves could attain the clearance level by cutting the insulating parts. The decontamination efficiency is independent of the electrolytic current density, and the direction of the decontamination object (anode) facing the cathode. However, the application of this technique encounterd difficulty for the decontamination of sintered stainless steel or aluminium, whose surface absorbed uranium in the salt easily. Judging from the result of this experiment, it is feasible to adopt the molten salt electrolytic technique for the decontamination of contaminated metals. As for the practical application of the decontamination system, further studies into its related techniques are required.

Successful preemptive cidofovir treatment for CMV antigenemia after dose-reduced conditioning and allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation.

Cidofovir (CDV) is a nucleotide analogue with proven in vitro effects against cytomegalovirus (CMV) and adenovirus and has been successfully used in the treatment of CMV retinitis in AIDS patients. We performed a prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of CDV in 17 patients with hematological malignancies after allogeneic blood stem cell transplantation from related (n=3) and unrelated (n=14) donors. Dose-reduced conditioning (DRC) regimen consisted of busulfan (Bu)/fludarabine (Flu) (n=9) and idarubicin/cytosine arabinoside/Flu (n=1). Myeloablative conditioning (MC) was performed with Bu/cyclophosphamide (Cy)/etoposide (Eto) (n=4), Bu/Cy (n=2), and total body irradiation (TBI)/Cy/Eto (n=1). Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) was used in seven patients with DRC and in six patients with MC. In all patients, either the donor, host, or both were CMV IgG positive pretransplant. Indication for therapy was preemptive treatment of primary CMV antigenemia defined as two consecutive positive tests of pp65 antigenemia assay after transplant. In case of response with a decreasing number of pp65-positive leukocytes, CDV was scheduled in a dosage of 5 mg/kg body weight once a week for 2 weeks followed by maintenance therapy every 2 weeks in an outpatient setting. All patients received probenecid and prehydration as recommended. Patients were monitored using an immunostaining assay for pp65 antigen and a qualitative and quantitative CMV polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Success of treatment was defined as negativity for the pp65 antigen. After DRC, nine of ten patients (90%) showed a response with seven of nine revealing a complete clearance of the virus (pp65 negative, qualitative PCR negative). In the remaining two responders, treatment was changed to ganciclovir because of either renal impairment or slow clearance of antigenemia. Only one of seven patients in the MC group experienced a temporary clearance of pp65 antigen. After MC, two patients experienced CMV disease. Treatment-related toxicity rate was moderate with four patients developing reversible renal impairment (creatinine 133-180 micromol/L); one patient with proteinuria and three patients with complaints of nausea and vomiting. Our data suggest the feasibility of CDV administration in patients after allogeneic transplantation. In the recommended dose, it might be used successfully for low-risk patients, e.g., after DRC or organ transplantation, in an outpatient setting.

Characterising prehistoric lowland environments using local pollen assemblages

This paper discusses the archaeological value of small pollen sites which reflect patchy local vegetation conditions typical of prehistoric floodplains. It is argued that both floristics and vegetation structure can only reliably be gained from macrofossil analysis and/or local pollen assemblages where the problem of the mixing of pollen from different communities is minimised and site to site differences are maximised. This exploits the pollen recruitment characteristics of small sites and differences between the pollen transport curves between canopy and understorey/ground cover species, many of which are known to be reliable indicators of vegetation structure and management. The data used to illustrate this approach are taken from six archaeological and environmental sites in the Soar and Nene valleys. The data available at present suggests small-scale temporary clearances of the Neolithic floodplains with regeneration. It is not until the Bronze Age that larger scale deforestation occurs and it appears to be associated with ritual use of the floodplain. By the middle-late Iron Age the floodplains are almost totally deforested and used for grazing. A common feature of the sites is an expansion of Pteridium (bracken) as clearance occurs and its use as bedding in the Iron Age is indicated by macrofossil finds at one site. Given the small scale of the Neolithic clearances (however caused), including permanent changes to the herb curves it is suggested that this may reflect a forest farming (grazing) system. The coincidence of the landscape-scale deforestation of the floodplain and the construction of funery monuments raises the question as to whether the deforestation was primarily a ritualization of the landscape, agriculturally driven, or both.

LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN ASIAN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS B USING LAMIVUDINE PROPHYLAXIS

367 PURPOSE: We studied the efficacy and safety of a nucleoside analogue lamivudine in prophylaxis against recurrent hepatitis B (HBV) in Asian patients after liver transplantation (LTx). METHODS: From September 1995 to September 1998, 27 Asian patients (age 17-60yr; M:F, 24:3) who were positive for HBsAg from chronic HBV underwent primary LTx using lamivudine prophylaxis. Ten (37%) patients were of UNOS status 1 and 6 (22%) had associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Fifteen patients received oral lamivudine (100 mg daily) for > 30 days (median, 90 days; 54-374 days) before LTx and 12 underwent LTx within 7 days (median, 4 days; 1-7 days) of lamivudine treatment. Sixteen patients were HBeAg-positive and 9 HBVDNA-positive (Quantiplex™ bDNA assay, Chiron Diagnostics) before lamivudine treatment. Six of 16 patients cleared HBeAg and 5 of 9 cleared HBVDNA before LTx. Lamivudine prophylaxis was continued after LTx and Hepatitis B immunoglobulin was not used. RESULTS: Five patients died of causes not related to HBV at 5 to 36 days after OLT. The remaining 22 (82%) patients were followed-up for a median of 15 months (4 to 39 months) after LTX. There was no adverse effect attributed to lamivudine. In 7 patients, HBsAg persisted or reappeared after a period of temporary clearance, and 15 patients remained HbsAg-negative at a median of 17 months after LTx. One (4.5%) patient developed recurrent hepatitis due to a mutant strain at the YMDD locus 397 days after LTx. There was no biochemical or histologic evidence of recurrent hepatitis B in the remaining 21 patients and none had detectable HBVDNA (by PCR) in serum at a median of 17 months (4 to 39 months) after LTx. CONCLUSIONS: At a median follow-up of 15 months, Lamivudine monotherapy is safe and effective in preventing recurrent hepatitis B following LTx in Asians.

Birds and air traffic safety on Zagreb airport (Croatia)

One of the objectives of the new State of Croatia, as a Mediterranean country oriented towards tourism, is safety of its air traffic. The frequency of use of Zagreb airport is currently 688 flights, or about 20000 passengers a week. In 1996, research was carried out at the airport concerning air traffic safety with respect to the presence of birds on the airfield. Biological methods, in which birds were chased away by means of trained birds of prey, were used. For the Zagreb airport experiment nine birds involving three different species: Falco peregrinus, Accipiter gentilis and Falco cherrug were utilised. The results showed that the air traffic safety on Zagreb airport with regard to possible bird-plane strikes improved. Other bird clearing methods, applied over the 1987–1996 period also reduced bird-plane interferences but were noted to be less effective. With the biological, bird of prey method, 100% temporary clearance was achieved. Habitat modification, which involved removal from the airport vicinity of all factors attractive to the birds, only removed 20–30% of the birds, but this was of a more permanent nature. Use of fire-arms achieved a 80–90% temporary bird clearance. A combination of all three methods would appear to be most effective and measures for further monitoring for safe air traffic movement at Zagreb airport are proposed.

Propionibacterium Endophthalmitis Following Molteno Tube Repositioning

We describe an aphakic patient who developed recurrent Propionibacterium acnes endophthalmitis after Molteno tube revision. The patient presented with a red painful right eye, decreased vision, and a hypopyon. A moderate anterior chamber reaction and mild vitritis were present. Two weeks earlier, the patient had undergone Molteno tube repositioning. A diagnosis of P. acnes endophthalmitis was made after positive culture of anterior chamber needle aspirate. Initially the patient was treated with repeated intraocular vancomycin injections, to which the eye "responded poorly." Temporary clearance of the infection was achieved after placement of the tube in the subconjunctival space. The patient required explantation of the implant to achieve complete resolution of the infection. Tube reinsertion into the anterior chamber resulted in recurrence of the infection. The evaluation of alternative therapies of aqueous tube shunt-related endophthalmitis would require a large case-controlled series of patients.

Pyostomatitis vegetans associated with ulcerative colitis: Temporary clearance with fluocinonide gel and complete remission after colectomy

Pyostomatitis vegetans is a rare condition characterized by pustules that affect the oral mucosa. It is consistently associated with inflammatory bowel disease and is usually resistant to treatment. We present the case of a 65-year-old white man with pyostomatitis vegetans that was associated with ulcerative colitis and adenocarcinoma of the colon. Fluocinonide gel resulted in a complete but temporary clearance of the lesions. Complete remission was achieved immediately after a total colectomy.

Recovery from chronic rotavirus infection in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency: virus clearance mediated by adoptive transfer of immune CD8+ T lymphocytes

Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice lack both functional T and B cells. These mice develop chronic rotavirus infection following an oral inoculation with the epizootic diarrhea of infant mice (EDIM) rotavirus. Reconstitution of rotavirus-infected SCID mice with T lymphocytes from immunocompetent mice allows an evaluation of a role of T-cell-mediated immunity in clearing chronic rotavirus infection. Complete rotavirus clearance was demonstrated in C.B-17/scid mice 7 to 9 days after the transfer of immune CD8+ splenic T lymphocytes from histocompatible BALB/c mice previously immunized intraperitoneally with the EDIM-w strain of murine rotavirus. The virus clearance mediated by T-cell transfer was restricted to H-2d-bearing T cells and occurred in the absence of rotavirus-specific antibody as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, neutralization, immunohistochemistry, and radioimmunoprecipitation. Temporary clearance of rotavirus was observed after the transfer of immune CD8+ T cells isolated from the intestinal mucosa (intraepithelial lymphocytes [IELs]) or the spleens of BALB/c mice previously infected with EDIM by the oral route. Chronic virus shedding was transiently eliminated 7 to 11 days after spleen cell transfer and 11 to 12 days after IEL transfer. However, recurrence of rotavirus infection was detected 1 to 8 days later in all but one SCID recipient receiving cells from orally immunized donors. The viral clearance was mediated by IELs that were both Thy1+ and CD8+. These data demonstrated that the clearance of chronic rotavirus infection in SCID mice can be mediated by immune CD8+ T lymphocytes and that this clearance can occur in the absence of virus-specific antibodies.

Antimalarial activity of new floxacrine-related acridinedione derivatives: studies on blood schizontocidal action of potential candidates against P. berghei in mice and P. falciparum in vivo and in vitro.

Deoxyfloxacrine derivatives (1-hydrazone: S 83 0083; 1-imine: S 84 7277) and floxacrine derivatives (10-methoxy-floxacrine: L 84 7667; 1-imine: L 84 7693) selected from a series of newly synthesized 3-aryl-7-chloro-3,4-dihydro-1,9(2H,10H)-acridinediones were evaluated for blood schizontocidal activities in mice infected with asexual stages of various drug-resistant lines of P. berghei and in New World monkeys infected with blood schizonts of different chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum. All compounds tested showed high activity against drug-resistant lines of P. berghei (ED50: 1.0-4.4 mg/kg x 5, per os) and were distinctly superior in their antimalarial potency to floxacrine. Compounds L 84 7667 and L 84 7693 proved to be highly active against the FCBR strain of P. falciparum in vitro (IC50: 0.73-1.78 nmol); they effected temporary clearance of parasitemias due to the Palo Alto strain of P. falciparum in squirrel monkeys at oral doses of 15 mg/kg given daily for 5 consecutive days. Compounds S 83 0083 and S 84 7277, showing moderate in vitro effects (12.9-24.8 nmol), cleared parasitemias of the FCBR strain of P. falciparum in owl monkeys at oral doses of 20 mg/kg (S 84 7277) given daily for 5 or 7 consecutive days (follow-up period, 17 and 30 days, respectively) or at doses of 20 mg/kg (x 4) (S 83 0083) followed by doses of 40 mg/kg (x 3) within a follow-up period of 30 days. These observations suggest that the range of doses required for the cure of established P. falciparum infections is probably too large to cover infections with strains of the least susceptibility and might evoke toxic reactions by the potential candidates tested.