Temporal Relationship Of Events Research Articles

Efficient Spatial-Temporal Normalization of SAE Representation for Event Camera

Event-based cameras are a new type of vision sensor that can encode spatial-temporal context in a pixel-level event stream. Its appealing properties offer great potential for applications requiring low processing latency and low power consumption. As an effective representation of events, the surface of active event (SAE) has become a favorable choice for corner detection and object classification, among others. These tasks apply normalizations as an essential preprocessing step to extract time-invariant features from SAEs. However, previous normalization methods have some drawbacks, including low efficiency, requiring parameter tuning, etc. These drawbacks largely limit their performances in practical tasks. In this work, we propose a highly efficient normalization method, i.e., chain normalization, to break the limits in the previous state-of-the-art. We leverage the inherent properties of SAE in designing. First, we propose a novel SAE implementation to utilize the characteristics of SAE. Compared with previous works, our method can efficiently capture the spatial and temporal relationships of events and enable robust normalization. Second, we further increase the efficiency by using a novel stacking strategy. We compare our method to the state-of-the-art with extensive experiments, showing high classification accuracy and a significant improvement in runtime performance. We also release the source codes for future distribution and improvement in the community.

The Alignment of Prosody and Clausal Structure in Dalabon

Comparisons of prosodically defined units and grammatical structure in typologically diverse languages may reveal insights into how language is processed. This paper presents examples of intonation units comprising two or more verbs in Dalabon, a polysynthetic head-marking language from Australia. The prosody, semantics and grammar of these multi-verb intonational units is examined and it is shown that intonation is used as a delimitative device to signal the higher-level groupings of grammatical constituents in the discourse. What is interesting in these findings is that, despite the multiple grammatical constructions available to signal subordination in Dalabon, grammatical subordination is infrequently used. Instead, Dalabon speakers make use of intonation to group two or more verbs, in order to represent the close temporal relationship of events. The close examination of multi-verb intonational units presented in this paper may reveal more about the interaction between intonation and syntactic organization in a polysynthetic, head-marking language such as Dalabon.

Preserving Temporal Relationships of Events for Wireless Sensor Actor Networks

In this paper, we present the performance evaluation of an algorithm for preserving temporal relationships of events in Wireless Sensor Actor Networks (WSANs). The algorithm consists of two modules, which deal with the problems of temporal event ordering and time synchronization. These two problems are approached as a whole as they complement each other: in order to temporally order the events, the nodes must be synchronized. The goal of the proposed event ordering algorithm for WSANs is to reduce the overhead in terms of energy dissipation and delay. We also propose a tunable time synchronization algorithm employing a hybrid synchronization scheme suited for clustered topology. The proposed algorithm utilizes the message exchange necessary for event ordering and routing for synchronization purposes by piggybacking messages with synchronization pulses and replies to reduce the communication cost of synchronization. Simulation experiments showed that the event ordering algorithm is capable of reducing the overhead when compared to previously proposed algorithms. The synchronization algorithm demonstrated that the combination of synchronization techniques was well suited for the communication mode utilized in a clustered topology. The approach of piggybacking synchronization pulses and replies resulted in a considerable gain, which we demonstrated in the number of messages that were piggybacked for synchronization purposes.

A MODEL FOR TEMPORAL KNOWLEDGE VISUALIZATION

ABSTRACT In order to assist knowledge receivers to efficiently and accurately understand the useful knowledge and information from a large number of digital documents, knowledge representation mechanism has become an important issue that the content providers should concern. In the traditional knowledge sharing environment, the abstract temporal knowledge such as temporal information or temporal relationship of events is hard to be fully recognized by knowledge receivers in a short time based on the text-oriented knowledge representation schemes. Therefore, a visual representation scheme for the text-oriented temporal knowledge will support knowledge receivers to efficiently recognize this type of knowledge. The core idea of this research is to extract and tag the temporal terms from text-oriented documents via temporal knowledge analysis and tagging procedure. As a result, the temporal relationships of events can be derived from the temporal information and the corresponding visualized display of temporal knowledge can also be established according to the extracted temporal information and events. This research develops a methodology for temporal knowledge visualization so that computer systems can automatically convert the text-oriented temporal knowledge into visualized display. A methodology for temporal information extraction and temporal relationship analysis is developed. Furthermore, a Web-based temporal knowledge extraction and representation system (TKERS) is also developed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed methodology. As a whole, this research provides an effective visualization methodology for the knowledge providers and receivers to improve efficiency for temporal knowledge recognition. The methodology can be further applied in many enterprise activities such as e-training or knowledge management to enhance reuse of temporal knowledge.

Eosinophilia Possibly Associated with Intravenous Levofloxacin

Objective: To report the first published case of eosinophilia following the administration of intravenous levofloxacin. Case Summary: An 84-year-old white man was admitted for community-acquired pneumonia, for which he received intravenous levofloxacin therapy. The absolute eosinophil count on admission was 120 cells/mm3 (differential 3.5%). On day 6 of admission and therapy, the absolute eosinophil count peaked at 957 cells/mm3 (differential 16.8%) and then returned to a normal value of 1.2% on day 7, one day after discontinuation of levofloxacin. Discussion: Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antimicrobials used frequently to treat a variety of infections. A review of MEDLINE (1996-May 1999) did not yield any previous reports of eosinophilia associated with intravenous levofloxacin therapy. However, many quinolones have been associated with eosinophilia, occasionally with significant associated morbidity. This patient's eosinophilia developed within one day of initiating levofloxacin and resolved within one day of discontinuation of the drug. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of eosinophilia related to intravenous levofloxacin therapy. Conclusions: The temporal relationship of events in this case suggests that levofloxacin was the cause of this patient's eosinophilia. We report this case to alert clinicians to the possibility of eosinophilia associated with levofloxacin.

An event-based spatiotemporal data model (ESTDM) for temporal analysis of geographical data

Abstract Representations historically used within GIS assume a world that exists only in the present. Information contained within a spatial database may be added-to or modified over time, but a sense of change or dynamics through time is not maintained. This limitation of current GIS capabilities has recently received substantial attention, given the increasingly urgent need to better understand geographical processes and the cause-and-effect interrelationships between human activities and the environment. Models proposed so-far for the representation of spatiotemporal data are extensions of traditional raster and vector representations that can be seen as location- or feature-based, respectively, and are therefore best organized for performing either location-based or feature-based queries. Neither form is as well-suited for analysing overall temporal relationships of events and patterns of events throughout a geographical area as a temporally-based representation. In the current paper, a new spatio-tem...

Space, Things, Time, and Events--An Essay on Stratigraphy

This paper is an attempt to analyze meaning of basic concepts of stratigraphy. It is, by its very nature, personal and subjective interpretation, even if throughout whole essay deliberate effort has been made to maintain an objective and unbiased attitude and rigorous and exacting method in analysis of somewhat complex problems involved. The first part of essay deals with concepts of stratigraphy, space, locality, material things, formations, time, events, simultaneity, and succession. This part lays down basis, and states premises, on which second part of essay is built up by simple process of deductive reasoning. The fundamental premises set forth are: (1) stratigraphy is the study of shape, dimensions, and spatial relations of of and of space-time relations of which of represent; (2) bodies of rock or formations are purely three-dimensional material things divorced from idea of time; (3) means both date and duration, first concept being fundamental one, as second concept can be expressed n terms of first one, whereas reverse is not true; (4) is system of imaginary infinitesimal world-wide instants in space-time continuum, constituting kind of frame in which we locate of external world; (5) of geology are happenings in external world; (6) there are two kinds of events: instantaneous and (7) bodies of rock, though purely material things, are record of past lithogenetic flow and (8) time relationships between lithogenetic flow can be classed as simultaneous, partly simultaneous, successive, or subsequent. The second part of essay deals essentially with concepts of correlation, time-table, key-events, relationship between stratigraphy and zones, stages, time-rock units, and time-units. A strict deductive reasoning, based on premises set forth in first part of essay, leads me to conclude that (1) means the establishment of temporal relations between and that this can only be achieved indirectly, by means of linking connecting unrelated events; (2) geological is tabular statement of chronological order in which took place; (3) key-events of time-table are and (4) we can correlate se imentary flow represented by of rocks with unrelated paleontological of time-table only by means of linking event: fossil content of of rock. This leads naturally to regard zones as events of historical paleontology, and to define as the life-range of or of group of associated species, and to accept Oppel's definition of as grouping of However, same deductive reasoning shows that present concept of stage transcends Oppel's definition and has developed into correlation concept, with net result that is now conceived as image of a dynamic as opposed to mere association of static species in successive zones. A as correlation concept, is recorded life range of whole dynamic fauna, which though diversified in phyla and classes, unevenly distributed in space and time, and undergoing changes with passing of time, yet forms coherent whole, congruent totum characterized by state of evolution once given and never repeated. Both concepts, those of and stage, are, therefore, concepts of historical paleontology and not concepts of historical stratigraphy. Pursuing subject further, same deductive thinking leads me to conclusion that what many stratigraphers call time-rock units are, in truth, zone event-stratigraphical units, i.e., concept that ties together number of past through their results (rocks), with given event, also through its results (fossils). And pushing argument still further, to its ultimate end, I see no intrinsic difference between so-called time-units and paleobiological To my way of thinking, Tremadocian Age and Tremadocian Stage, for instance, are interchangeable expressions, because both concepts are based not on pure time, but on succession of paleontological events. To summarize this abstract: physical stratigraphy is science that deals with spatial relationship of material things; historical stratigraphy deals with spatial and temporal relationships of events.