Temporal Markers Research Articles

Accomplishing lesson ending: bringing lesson to an end

ABSTRACT This ethnomethodological study examines the dynamics of lesson closure in diverse classroom settings, drawing on the sequential analysis of five video-recorded lessons in history, literature, chemistry, and geography classes. The detailed analysis of teacher-student interactions during the lesson endings in a tenth-grade high school classroom in Ankara sheds light on the temporal, social, and interactional processes involved in concluding lessons. The ringing of the bell emerges as a key temporal marker signalling the end of the lesson, while teachers play a central role in orchestrating closure through verbal and non-verbal cues. The interactional dynamics between teachers and students also reveal the negotiation of roles and responsibilities, with students demonstrating orientation to the lesson closure through preparatory actions. Furthermore, the structured nature of lesson closure is evident in sequential patterns and the deployment of terminal components. The study highlights the dynamic nature of classroom interactions during lesson endings, underscoring the formal interactional dynamics at play. Overall, the findings contribute to the understanding of lesson closure processes and offer insights for educators, researchers, and policymakers aiming to enhance teaching and learning experiences in diverse educational contexts.

The fluency vs. disfluency dichotomy in writing processes as reflected in the structure of the inter-key intervals empirical distribution

ABSTRACT The broader aim of this study is the corpus-based investigation of the written language production process. To this end, temporal markers have been keylog recorded alongside the writing processes to exploit pauses to segment the speech product into linear units of performance. However, identifying these pauses requires selecting the relevant interkey intervals (IKI) between production microevents. Different models have been applied to identify such components in the empirical distribution of these delays, in particular Gaussian mixture models (GMM), yet no consensus has emerged regarding the number and interpretation of these components. Here, we analyze IKI distributions from a corpus of keylogs and show that a model with two components is robustly selected across a large range of participants. Furthermore, we show that the contents of these modes are consistent with a fluency vs. disfluency interpretation of the modes by identifying which kinds of events fall into each mode.

‘Happy Loong Year”: translating festive language into English in Shantou’s coffee shops

ABSTRACT Temporal markers provide unique opportunities for a community to revisit traditions, construct identity, and negotiate solidarity. The linguistic landscape (LL) encapsulating the celebration of the Chinese New Year, a momentous festival for both the Chinese community and people worldwide, presents a distinctive avenue for exploring the contestation and negotiation of diverse values and viewpoints in envisioning the future in the public sphere. The paper investigates the use of multilingual and multimodal resources to commemorate the Chinese New Year in Shantou’s coffee shops, revealing a diverse textual and visual narrative of celebration. In this process, socially constructed linguistic borders dissolve, facilitating the meshing and fusion of languages and enabling the reimagination, reinterpretation, and rewriting of the New Year. The juxtaposition of elements in differing linguistic and semiotic repertoires opens a dialogue, wherein values and traditions associated with the New Year are negotiated and reconstructed within the context of the evolving social attitudes and beliefs in post-pandemic Shantou.

Remembering the life and dying days of a deceased close other: Memory recall and associations with loss context.

Grievers recall memories from both the life of the deceased and the dying days, but differences in recall across these memory types are not well-characterized. In this study, 100 bereaved German adults described up to ten important memories of a deceased close other (M = 7.86). Memories from the dying days were classified into: final memories, health transition events, last time events, and temporal markers. Among those who provided at least one dying days memory (73%), these memories were reported to be recalled privately and shared socially more often than memories from the deceased's life. Memories from the dying days were rated as less emotionally positive than those from the life, and contextual factors from the loss shaped memory recall frequency and emotional valence. Results underscore the need for appropriate end-of-life care to lay a foundation for adaptive remembering and suggest the relevance of dying days memories in therapeutic settings.

Time Imagery in Bulgarian Revival-Period Poetry

This paper traces the temporal markers (year, day, hour, minute, moment) in Bulgarian Revival-period poetry. In addition, it zooms into the lyrical interpretations of time as the legacy of ancient attitudes and images (in terms of parallels with Greco-Roman mythology and with the Bible). Personal perceptions of time are linked to the specificity of historical events and their meaning; time is illustrated with the distinct ages of human beings and with the different seasons; it is also seen as a marker of the dynamics of the present.

Creation and the Revelation of God: Interwoven and Interactive Themes across John 1:1–2:12

Abstract John 1:19–51 provides a bridge from the prologue (1:1–18) into the body of the narrative and the inauguration of Jesus’s public ministry at a wedding feast (2:1–12). The primary theme underlying these opening days has long been debated. Further, do the days articulated by the regular temporal markers tally to six or seven? The evangelist presents the prologue in a chiasm that turns on the pivot of v. 12b. The opening and closing elements correspond to one another (creation imagery in vv. 1–5; revelation imagery in vv. 16–18), but the latter has been fundamentally affected by the pivot: the incarnation of the Word of God and the human response to it. Moreover, as a prologue, its structure and content profoundly affect what follows. Based upon these foundations, this essay argues that themes of both creation and revelation are interwoven and interactive across these early passages.

A comparative analysis of the ballads of V.A. Zhukovsky, J.G. Byron and V.M. Hugo

The object of this study is the ballads of V.A. Zhukovsky, J. Byron and V.M. Hugo. The purpose of the work: to conduct a comparative analysis of "Lyudmila" by V.A. Zhukovsky, "The Bride of Abydos" by J. Byron and "The Bride of the Timpani Player" by V.M. Hugo. The material basis of the study was the work of the following authors: R.S. Buurma, B.M. Gasparov, Z.N. Bakalova, A.S. Bakalova. The article examines the role of epigraphs in ballads; analyzes how fantastic images are reflected in the ballads of V.A. Zhukovsky, J. Byron and V.M. Hugo; the difference between the poetic dimensions of works is noted; analyzes how historical, geographical and temporal markers are represented in ballads. The ballads of Byron and Hugo also differ in their relation to romantic ideals. Byron placed the loneliness and torment of the hero at the center of his ballads, and also reflected in them his negative attitude towards society and power. Hugo, on the contrary, preached the ideals of struggle and freedom, heroic overcoming of difficulties. The article examines aspects of the study of the ballad genre in Russian and Western European romanticism. The Russian ballad is largely influenced by folklore ballads, both national and Western European, and represents a heterogeneous genre formation. The ballads of Byron and Hugo also differ in their relation to romantic ideals. Byron put the loneliness and torment of the hero at the center of his ballads, and also reflected in them his negative attitude towards society and power. Hugo, on the contrary, preached the ideals of struggle and freedom, heroic overcoming of difficulties and catastrophes, which resonated in the hearts of many of his contemporaries. A comparative examination of the poems "The Bride of Abydos" by George Gordon Byron and "Lyudmila" by Vasily Andreevich Zhukovsky allows us to look at both works through the prism of romantic literature, to identify their distinctive features and the general context of the era in which they were created. The main difference between the two poems lies in the cultural contexts in which the plots develop. Based on the above, we conclude that the ballads of V.M. Hugo, J. Byron and V.A. Zhukovsky demonstrate the presence of both similarities and differences.

Temporal markers in a temperate ice core: insights from 3H and 137Cs profiles from the Adamello Glacier

Temporal markers in a temperate ice core: insights from ³H and ¹³⁷Cs profiles from the Adamello Glacier

Original or post-war paintings? The fixed wooden scenery of the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza: a guided multidisciplinary approach based on scientific analyses and HBIM

Archival resources, a photogrammetric survey, analysis of materials and techniques, and evaluation of the state of conservation were interconnected phases in the interdisciplinary research on the perspective scenery of the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza. To fill existing gaps related to the history of this unique artefact and to the undocumented retouching of paint layers on the scenery during post-war reconstruction work, a broad analytical approach (optical microscopy, XRPD, SEM–EDX, μFTIR and μRaman) was applied to micro-samples, the selection of which was guided by consolidated geometrical and archival data. The aims were to obtain a characterisation of the pigments and binders and to evaluate the microstratigraphic sequence, the state of conservation of the scenery flats, and the deterioration processes involved. The findings unveiled a discernible variability in the production techniques of the finishes, frequently lacking the classic microstratigraphic sequence associated with the traditional method for painting on wooden panels from the sixteenth century. Moreover, by identifying many pigments that could be used as temporal markers we were able unequivocally to establish, for the first time, that a significant part of the scenery designed by the architect Vincenzo Scamozzi was heavily repainted in the post-WWII period. These analytical results and all the data collected on the artefacts over time were related through an HBIM model, enabling the historical and technical-analytical information to be linked to the geometrical survey and thus to provide guidance for actions based on current and future knowledge for the maintenance and monitoring of the Teatro Olimpico.

Exploring the influence of subjective thermal perception on electroencephalogram characteristics based on prior thermal experience

Achieving thermal comfort for occupants in a dynamic environment that reflects their previous thermal experiences is essential for enhancing satisfaction. Current models do not fully consider these dynamic elements, thus limiting advancements in occupants' thermal comfort. This study aims to delineate the characteristics of electroencephalogram (EEG) responses aligned with subjective thermal perception in various thermal environment scenarios, inclusive of past thermal experiences. It focuses on identifying EEG indices, brain regions, and temporal markers that can distinguish between different thermal perceptions. The study involves sixteen male participants who undergo three thermal experience scenarios: predicted mean vote (PMV) 0 → PMV +2, PMV +2 → PMV –2, and PMV -2 → PMV +2. Our results highlight the sensitivity of the F3 channel in the left frontal lobe to thermal environments. The study identifies a pivotal time frame of 6 min after the experiment's start as significant for differentiating thermal perception groups. Additionally, it reveals that the EEG indices reacting to thermal changes vary depending on the participants' previous thermal experiences. These findings indicate that physiological signals, particularly EEG responses, can serve as effective biomarkers for distinguishing thermal perceptions in diverse thermal experience scenarios. This research emphasizes the need to integrate a variety of thermal environment scenarios, considering previous thermal experiences, into personal comfort models for more effective and tailored thermal comfort solutions.

Seventeenth-Century Barniz de Pasto Objects from the Collection of the Hispanic Society Museum & Library: Materiality and Technology

The Hispanic Society Museum & Library (HSML) holds a collection of nine viceregal barniz de Pasto objects, made by Indigenous artisans in the 17th and 18th centuries. Designed to imitate Asian lacquers and intended for European aesthetic tastes, barniz de Pasto is an example of Indigenous technique and knowledge that has survived to the present day. An in-depth analysis of five of these barniz de Pasto objects, dated to the first half and last quarter of the 17th century based on their iconography, was carried out through a combination of non-invasive and micro-invasive techniques, including portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectroscopy to investigate the possible presence of inorganic pigments, and fiber-optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) and reflectance imaging spectroscopy (RIS) to provide molecular information on colorants and their distributions across the objects. Dyes and pigments were also identified using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). The nature of the resin was determined by FTIR and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS), while the decoration stratigraphy and composition were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). This paper confirms the use of mopa mopa, the resin used in the barniz de Pasto technique, in two objects not previously analyzed, and identifies indigo, insect-based red, calomel, lead white, and an unknown flavonol-based yellow dye, and challenges the use of calomel as a temporal marker for these works. Taken together, these results expand our understanding of the material use and explorations undertaken by artists during this time period to create such elaborate and enduring objects.

Exploring the functionality of -sa/se affixes for conveying potential and unreal scenarios

The article focuses on the grammatical and semantic potential of the -sa/-se affix in forming the conditional and desirable mood in the Turkish language. It allowed the authors to trace the gradual transitions from actual reality to a broader one through the sphere of potentiality toward unreality. It was found that the affix -sa/-se is involved in forming the hypothetical and unreal word modality, i.e., it directly affects the seme. The proposed scientific research systematizes the existing knowledge about the paradigm of meanings that the -sa/-se affix can realize. Using a comprehensive methodological approach, it determines the interrelation between its position and function in the Turkish language construction. This includes a continuous sampling method, a descriptive method, a method of contextual analysis to establish the specifics of the formation of different contexts by this morpheme, and a method of pragmatic analysis. The article shows that the affix -sa/-se can express both unreal and real conditions. The authors of this paper have investigated that the sequence of formants in the formation of an unreal condition semantics has the following form: a condition affix (in preposition), an affix that realizes the temporal value. While forming a semi-real condition, the formant does not have a temporal indicator since, in hypothetical constructions, there is a clear opposition between the real and the desired. In the case of verbal modeling of a real condition, the temporal marker is the one in the preposition to the condition affix. As a word-forming formant, the affix realizes a wide range of other modal meanings and can express a more grammatically formalized epistemic modality.

It Costs To Exist: Acceptability Judgments of the Temporal Concord of the Auxiliary Verbs You and Hui in Taiwan Mandarin.

The mechanisms underlying the processing of the temporal reference of a sentence are still unexplored. Most of the previous psycholinguistic studies used the temporal concord violation between deictic time adverbs and tense marking on the verb to investigate this issue. They found that processing past tense marking is more difficult than non-past tense, indicated by lower accuracy rates and/or longer reaction time. However, it is not clear whether this complexity is due to tense marking or the temporal reference it denotes. This paper examines this issue with a judgment acceptability experiment in Taiwan Mandarin, which is analyzed as a tenseless language. The two modal auxiliary verbs you and hui were placed after deictic past time adverbs (grammatical with you but not with hui) and deictic future time adverbs (grammatical with hui but not with you). The temporal concord violation of the auxiliary verb you led to higher acceptability rates but longer reaction time than hui, reflecting higher processing difficulties. This paper argues that these complexities are due to the existential-assertive meaning of you, which interplays with the meaning of the event described by the verb rendering the situation more or less likely to occur in the future. The computation of the temporal concord of hui, displaying a future sense meaning, is more straightforward and therefore easier to process. This suggests that the mechanisms responsible for temporal reference processing are of different nature depending on the semantics of the temporal marker in the sentence.

Immune-pineal-ocular axis in amphibians: unveiling a novel connection?

Melatonin is a hormone known as an endogenous temporal marker signaling the dark phase of the day. Although the eyes seem to be the main site of melatonin production in amphibians, little information is available about the natural variation in the ocular melatonin levels and its modulation following immune stimulation. We investigated the daily variation of plasma and ocular melatonin levels in bullfrogs (Lithobates catesbeianus) and their modulation following an immune stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in yellow cururu toads (Rhinella icterica). For the daily variation, bullfrogs were bled and then euthanized for eye collection every 3h over 24h to determine plasma and ocular melatonin levels. We found a positive correlation between ocular and plasma melatonin levels, with maximum values at night (22h) for both plasma and the eyes. For immune stimulation, yellow cururu toads received an intraperitoneal injection of LPS or saline solution during the day (10h) or at night (22h). Two hours after injection, toads were bled and euthanized for eye collection to obtain plasma and ocular melatonin levels. In addition, the liver and bone marrow were collected to investigate local melatonin modulation. Our results demonstrate that retina light-controlled rhythmic melatonin production is suppressed while liver and bone marrow melatonin levels increase during the inflammatory assemblage in anurans. Interestingly, the LPS injection decreased only ocular melatonin levels, reinforcing the central role of the eyes (i.e., retina) as an essential organ of melatonin production, and a similar role to the pineal gland during the inflammatory response in amphibians. Together, these results point to a possible immune-pineal-ocular axis in amphibians, yet to be fully described in this group.

Rastros documentales de la (des)aparición de cuerpos: inhumaciones irregulares y antropología forense en un cementerio público de Córdoba

This article reflects on the extensive use of irregular burials in public cemeteries as a method of disappearance/elimination of bodies during the last civic-military dictatorship in Argentina. Drawing on a historical-anthropological perspective, it investigates a paradigmatic case: the discovery of one of the largest mass graves in Latin America, located in the San Vicente Cemetery in the city of Córdoba, Argentina. The underlying assumption guiding the analysis is that irregular burial involved the intervention of bureaucratic-administrative instances linked to the regular handling of corpses—hospitals, morgues, and public cemeteries—resulting in the existence of documentary traces that currently account for its use and extent. The article begins with the description of a letter written in 1980 by morgue workers and a newspaper article about the first identification in Córdoba, serving as temporal markers of a lengthy search process. The geographical and historical reconstruction of San Vicente and its burial practices configure it as a territory of marginalities and impurities, as a receiver of bodies of the sick, the poor, and also “subversive delinquents.” Analyzed as cultural artifacts, the morgue's entry books and the 1980 letter reveal different aspects of the irregular burial practice and how the bodies of the murdered were incorporated into the routines of state agencies. Such records were crucial in the forensic anthropological work of searching for and locating the large mass grave. The article is framed among studies focusing on the “legal” and “administrative” forms of state repression and terror. It seeks to highlight the importance of preliminary investigation and interdisciplinarity in the application of forensic anthropology, not only in the analyzed geographical area but also in clarifying the multiple violences that permeate the region.

Modulation of Corticospinal Excitability during Action Observation in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness.

Brain imaging studies have recently provided some evidence in favor of covert cognitive processes that are ongoing in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) (e.g., a minimally conscious state and vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome) when engaged in passive sensory stimulation or active tasks such as motor imagery. In this exploratory study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex to assess modulations of corticospinal excitability induced by action observation in eleven patients with DoC. Action observation is known to facilitate corticospinal excitability in healthy subjects, unveiling how the observer's motor system maps others' actions onto her/his motor repertoire. Additional stimuli were non-biological motion and acoustic startle stimuli, considering that sudden and loud acoustic stimulation is known to lower corticospinal excitability in healthy subjects. The results indicate that some form of motor resonance is spared in a subset of patients with DoC, with some significant difference between biological and non-biological motion stimuli. However, there was no covariation between corticospinal excitability and the type of DoC diagnosis (i.e., whether diagnosed with VS/UWS or MCS). Similarly, no covariation was detected with clinical changes between admission and discharge in clinical outcome measures. Both motor resonance and the difference between the resonance with biological/non-biological motion discrimination correlated with the amplitude of the N20 somatosensory evoked potentials, following the stimulation of the median nerve at the wrist (i.e., the temporal marker signaling the activation of the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex). Moreover, the startle-evoking stimulus produced an anomalous increase in corticospinal excitability, suggesting a functional dissociation between cortical and subcortical circuits in patients with DoC. Further work is needed to better comprehend the conditions in which corticospinal facilitation occurs and whether and how they may relate to individual clinical parameters.

Curve Walking Reveals More Gait Impairments in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment than Straight Walking: A Kinect Camera-Based Study.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease and other types of dementia detectable through gait analysis. Curve walking, which demands greater cognitive and motor skills, may be more sensitive in MCI detection than straight walking. However, few studies have compared gait performance in older adults with and without MCI in these conditions. To compare the capability of curve and straight walking tests for the detection of MCI among older adults. We employed a Kinect v.2 camera to record the gait of 55 older adults (30 healthy controls, 25 with MCI) during single-task straight and curve walking tests. We examined 50 gait markers and conducted statistical analyses to compare groups and conditions. The trail was approved with protocol No. IR.SEMUMS.REC.1398.237 by the ethics committee of Semnan University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Older adults with MCI exhibited more compromised gait performance, particularly during curve walking. Curve walking outperformed straight walking in MCI detection, with several gait markers showing significant differences between healthy controls and MCI patients. These markers encompass average velocity, cadence, temporal markers (e.g., gait cycle subphase durations), spatial markers (e.g., foot position changes during gait subphases), and spatiotemporal markers (e.g., step and stride velocities). Our study suggests curve walking as a more informative and challenging test for MCI detection among older adults, facilitating early diagnosis using non-invasive, cost-effective tools like the Kinect v.2 camera, complementing cognitive assessments in early diagnosis, and tracking MCI progression to dementia.

Takotsubo syndrome: left atrial and ventricular myocardial strain impairment in the subacute and convalescent phases assessed by CMR.

We investigated the differences in impairment of left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) contractile dysfunction between subacute and convalescent takotsubo syndrome (TTS), using myocardial strain analysis by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) feature-tracking technique. We retrospectively selected 50 patients with TTS clinical-radiological diagnosis who underwent CMR within 30days since symptoms onset: 19 studied during the early subacute phase (sTTS, ≤ 7days) and 31 during the convalescence (cTTS, 8-30days). We measured the following: LV global longitudinal, circumferential, and radial strain (lvGLS, lvGCS, lvGRS) and strain rate (SR) and LA reservoir (laS_r), conduit (laS_cd), and booster pump strain (laS_bp) and strain rate (laSR_r, laSR_cd, laSR_bp). Patients were compared with 30 age- and sex-matched controls. All patients were women (mean age 63years). TTS patients showed altered LV- and LA-strain features, compared to controls. sTTS was associated with increased laS_bp (12.7% versus 9.8%) and reduced lvEF (47.4% versus 54.8%), lvGLS (-12.2% versus 14.6%), and laS_cd (7.0% versus 9.5%) compared to cTTS (p ≤ 0.029). The interval between symptoms onset and CMR was correlated with laS_bp (r = -0.49) and lvGLS (r = 0.47) (p = 0.001 for both). At receiver operating characteristics analysis, laS_bp was the best discriminator between sTTS and cTTS (area under the curve [AUC] 0.815), followed by lvGLS (AUC 0.670). LA dysfunction persists during the subacute and convalescence of TTS. laS_bp increases in subacute phase with progressive decrease during convalescence, representing a compensatory mechanism of LV dysfunction and thus a useful index of functional recovery. Atrial strain has the potential to enhance the delineation of cardiac injury and functional impairment in TTS patients, assisting in the identification of individuals at higher risk and facilitating the implementation of more targeted and personalized medical therapies. • In TTS, after ventricular recovery, atrial dysfunction persists assessable with CMR feature tracking. • Quantitative assessment of atrial strain discriminates atrial functions: reservoir, conduit, and booster pump. • Atrial booster pump changes after acute TTS, regardless of ventricular function. • Atrial strain may serve as a temporal marker in TTS.

ЛІНГВОПРАГМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СМИСЛОВОГО ПОЛЯ ДЕСКРИПТИВНИХ ТЕКСТІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ДЕСКРИПЦІЇ ОБРАЗУ БЕЗІМЕННОГО У РОМАНІ А.МАНДЗОНІ «ЗАРУЧЕНІ»

The linguopragmatic features of descriptive texts devoted to the description of the negative character Nameless in A. Manzoni's novel "Betrothed" are analyzed. It has been established that the regularities of information quantization in the semantic field of descriptive texts can be schematically presented in the following way: referent-subject – quality of the referent (evaluation) – locative markers (peculiarities of perception) – temporal markers (sequence of referent-subject’s potential actions, repetition), unfolding of causal structures. It has been established that the organization of meaning-making of a descriptive text is determined by the modal meaning of intrinsic possibility that implies a connection between a subject and its immanent quality. Such connection determines subject’s typical behavior and is related to generalization and evaluability. Tha modal meaning of intrinsic possibility is based on the connection “generalized quality – potential ability”. The connection between subject and its immanent characteristics determines the quantization of information in a microtext and counteracts the openness of channels of information deployment. Temporal relations in descriptive texts are usually expressed through Imperfetto (repeatability, generalization), Modo Condizionale (evaluation), Periodo Ipotetico (unfolding of causal structures). In the semantic space of A. Manzoni’s novel “Betrothed” denotative lexical units (evaluatively neutral vocabulary, locative markers) can acquire an evaluative meaning under the influence of sense field of descriptive texts. Descriptive texts verbalize system-forming meanings “immanent property”, “potential ability”, “evaluation”, “conditionality”, “generalization”. The various linguistic means that verbalize the specified system-forming meanings include Imperfetto (repeatability, generalization), Modo Condizionale, lexical units of evaluative semantics (immanent property, evaluability), Periodo Ipotetico (potential ability, conditionality), existential predicate “essere”, verbs of semantics of movement being part of stylistic device of personification, verbs of causal semantics, modal units of intrinsic possibility “potere”, “ardire”. The dominance of statics over dynamics in descriptive text determines the peculiarities of the functioning of verbs of movement being part of stylistic device of personifications when describing natural phenomena (“saliva”, “si spiegava”, “scorreva”). Verbs to indicate actions of referent-subject as potentially possible in the unfolding of causal structures are introduced not directly but through the modal verbs of intrinsic possibility “potere”, “ardire”. Temporal markers are used to show the sequence of referent-subject’s typical actions. To describe the image of the Nameless in the novel “Betrothed”, A. Manzoni chooses stylistic devices that are organized according to the principle of relevant salience. Synonymous series of lexical units with evaluative connotation creates a negative evaluation in the semantic field of descriptive texts. Descriptive text models top-down perception that is determined by subject’s immanent quality. Personification performs the function of emphasis (“sporge in fuori”), metonymy – generalization (quantifiers of totality: “tutto”, “nessuno”), simile and epithet – evaluation. Perception is verbalized in the direction "from top to bottom" through antithesis and gradation. The main stylistic device is antithesis reflecting the opposition between the negative character and the environment. Metonymy and synecdoche form an antithesis that accentuates the contrast between the omnipotence of the Nameless and the powerlessness of his enemies.

Природная образность в эрзянской женской лирике

the article is devoted to the study of the poetics of the natural code of modern Erzya women’s lyrics. The subject of the study is a complex of floristic and faunal images in women’s poetic discourse, their semantic and structural features, and aesthetic functions. Objective: to identify the natural symbolic images represented in the works of the Erzya poets; to reveal their functional and semantic features. Research materials: poems by L. Ryabova, A. Podgornova, M. Slugina, T. Mokshanova. Results and novelty of the research: as a result of the study, we come to the conclusion that in the aesthetic system of the Erzya women’s lyrics, various natural images are presented – floristic (trees, flowers), faunistic (animalistic, ornithological, insectic), which are endowed with original metaphorical semantics, symbolic significance. They correlate with the national and world folklore and mythological tradition, allow to implicate the worldview, emotional and psychological state of a lyrical heroine, concretize spatial and temporal markers, reveal the author’s individual creative concept and value preferences. They lead to the understanding of complex ontological, existential, axiological categories, problems of ethnic and ecological content. The scientific novelty of the article is determined by the fact that Erzya women’s lyrics in the aspect of natural landscape imagery for the first time becomes the object of scientific reflection. Most of the works are introduced into the context of Finno-Ugric literary studies for the first time