Temporal Diagram Research Articles

TEMPORAL EVENTS PROCESSING MODELS IN FINITE STATE MACHINES

Context. The issue of a synthesizable finite state machine with temporal events processing using hardware description language pattern. The object of this study is external event processing in real-time systems.
 Objective. The goal of this work is to introduce methods to express external temporal events on finite state machine state diagrams and corresponding HDL patterns of such events processing in control systems.
 Method. The classification of external events in real-time systems is analyzed. A device class that changes its internal state depending on the temporal external events is introduced. A method to express these events on the temporal state diagram is introduced. Possible model behavior scenarios based on the external event duration are analyzed. A Verilog HDL external event processing pattern is introduced. The efficiency of the proposed model is proved by developing, verifying, and synthesis of a powersaving module in Xilinx ISE. The results and testing showed the model’s correctness.
 Results. External temporal events processing methods in real-time device models are proposed. The corresponding HDL pattern for the proposed model implementation is presented.
 Conclusions. The real-time systems with external temporal events automated synthesis problem has been solved. To solve this problem, a finite state machine model-based device using the Verilog language was developed and tested. The scientific novelty lies in the introduction a method to express temporal events on the state diagram of the finite state machine as well as in a HDL when implementing the proposed model on CPLD and FPGA.

Exploring the Landscape of Social Entrepreneurship and Crowdfunding: A Bibliometric Analysis

The aim of this article is to identify, synthesize, and evaluate the existing research on the nexus of the SE–crowdfunding domain. The researchers used a variety of bibliometric tools, Biblioshiny, and VOSviewer, to examine the scholarly literature on SE and crowdfunding from 2013 through 2022. The data were gathered from the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and the researchers ultimately collected 105 documents for the analysis. As can be seen from the findings, there has been a steady increase in the number of articles published in SE crowdfunding throughout the past decade. The USA seems to be the main research region for SE–crowdfunding literature. Both of the most prolific writers, Maija Renkor and Aaron H. Anglin, are also from the USA. The results also show that the Journal of Business Venturing Insights ranks first for most productive sources, followed by Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Business Horizons, Sustainability, and the Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal. The temporal diagram of co-occurrence analysis indicates that performance, impact, altruism, motivation, and commercialization are emerging topics in the SE–crowdfunding research field. Moreover, the result of the co-citation analysis found four themes in the SE–crowdfunding domain. These include ‘crowdfunding for social entrepreneurship’, ‘impact investing in social enterprises’, ‘crowdfunding as an innovative way to fund social entrepreneurship’, and ‘social innovation and crowdfunding’. In addition, the article provides a helpful starting point for policymakers and practitioners involved in obtaining funds for SE through crowdfunding by considering the associated technological, administrative, and organizational consequences.

The role of spatial words in the spatialisation of time.

Language about time is an integral part of how we spatialise time. Factors like temporal focus can be related to time spatialisation as well. The current study investigates the role of language in how we spatialise time, using a temporal diagram task modified to include the lateral axis. We asked participants to place temporal events provided in non-metaphorical, sagittal metaphorical, and non-sagittal metaphorical scenarios on a temporal diagram. We found that sagittal metaphors elicited sagittal spatialisations of time, whereas the other two types elicited lateral spatialisations. Participants sometimes used the sagittal and lateral axes in combination to spatialise time. Exploratory analyses indicated that individuals' time management habits, temporal distance, and event order in written scenarios were related to time spatialisations. Their temporal focus scores, however, were not. Findings suggest that temporal language plays an important role in how we map space onto time.

COVID-19 pharmacological research trends: a bibliometric analysis

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is ravaging the world. Many therapies have been explored to treat COVID-19. This report aimed to assess the global research trends for the development of COVID-19 therapies. MethodsWe searched the relevant articles on COVID-19 therapies published from January 1, 2020, to May 25, 2022, in the Web of Science Core Collection Database (WOSCC). VOSviewer 1.6.18 software was used to assess data on the countries, institutions, authors, collaborations, keywords, and journals that were most implicated in COVID-19 pharmacological research. The latest research and changing trends in COVID-19-relevant pharmacological research were analyzed. ResultsAfter manually eliminating articles that do not meet the requirements, a total of 5,289 studies authored by 32,932 researchers were eventually included in the analyses, which comprised 95 randomized controlled trials. 3,044 (57.6%) studies were published in 2021. The USA conducted the greatest number of studies, followed by China and India. The primary USA collaborators were China and England. The topics covered in the publications included: the general characteristics, the impact on pharmacists’ work, the pharmacological research, broad-spectrum antiviral drug therapy and research, and promising targets or preventive measures, such as vaccine. The temporal diagram revealed that the current research hotspots focused on the vaccine, molecular docking, Mpro, and drug delivery keywords. ConclusionComprehensive bibliometric analysis could aid the rapid identification of the principal research topics, potential collaborators, and the direction of future research. Pharmacological research is critical for the development of therapeutic and preventive COVID-19-associated measures. This study may therefore provide valuable information for eradicating COVID-19.

A time-domain phase diagram of metastable states in a charge ordered quantum material

Metastable self-organized electronic states in quantum materials are of fundamental importance, displaying emergent dynamical properties that may be used in new generations of sensors and memory devices. Such states are typically formed through phase transitions under non-equilibrium conditions and the final state is reached through processes that span a large range of timescales. Conventionally, phase diagrams of materials are thought of as static, without temporal evolution. However, many functional properties of materials arise as a result of complex temporal changes in the material occurring on different timescales. Hitherto, such properties were not considered within the context of a temporally-evolving phase diagram, even though, under non-equilibrium conditions, different phases typically evolve on different timescales. Here, by using time-resolved optical techniques and femtosecond-pulse-excited scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we track the evolution of the metastable states in a material that has been of wide recent interest, the quasi-two-dimensional dichalcogenide 1T-TaS2. We map out its temporal phase diagram using the photon density and temperature as control parameters on timescales ranging from 10−12 to 103 s. The introduction of a time-domain axis in the phase diagram enables us to follow the evolution of metastable emergent states created by different phase transition mechanisms on different timescales, thus enabling comparison with theoretical predictions of the phase diagram, and opening the way to understanding of the complex ordering processes in metastable materials.

КОРЕКЦІЯ ПОХИБОК У ПРИЛАДАХ ДЛЯ ВИМІРЮВАННЯ ПАРАМЕТРІВ ЕЛЕКТРИЧНОЇ ЕНЕРГІЇ

A study of methods for correcting amplitude and phase errors in devices for measuring the parameters of electric power with digital signal processing with a sampling frequency multiple of the network frequency was made. The generalized flow diagram of measuring device that consists of a few entrance channels was presented. Mathematical expositions that explain the process of correction of additive and multiplicative errors are given. Through a temporal diagram a few variants of encoding of entrance signals are shown. The possibility of correcting phase errors by shifting the moment of the ADC start-up and by turning the axes and transforming the coordinates of the voltage and current vectors is shown. The possibility of correction when measuring the reactive and reactive powers is investigated. Referencese 11, table 1, figures 5.

Temporal scale analysis of shale gas dynamic coupling flow

Shale gas is one of the world’s strategic energy reserves. The microscopic pores and the fracture structure of the shale rocks play an important role in shale gas flow. An effective reservoir simulation must account for the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the microscopic pore structure as well as the dynamics between the gas flow and the gas diffusion processes. In this study, the time lag effect, the dynamic coupling of gas flow and diffusion as well as the heterogeneity and anisotropy of the pores are taken into account in order to properly model shale gas production on a large scale. The effect of these variables on the temporal scale analysis of the wellbore gas pressure is presented, as the reliable estimate of wellbore pressure would allow better prediction of the duration of well shut-in periods. Gas production under the intermittent operation scheme at different temporal scales is discussed. The results showed that the well startup is composed of five stages, while the well shut-in is composed of only three stages. The crossflow stage is prolonged by the dynamic coupling. The heterogeneity, anisotropy and dynamic coupling phenomena are accurately presented on the temporal scale diagram. Moreover, the impact of time lag on the gas pressure is better captured by the dynamic coupling between the gas flow and the gas diffusion. The proposed model better simulates actual shale reservoirs and, hence, would be helpful in selecting suitable production rates.

Visual search of cyclic spatio-temporal events

Abstract. The analysis of spatio-temporal events, and especially of relationships between their different dimensions (space-time-thematic attributes), can be done with geovisualization interfaces. But few geovisualization tools integrate the cyclic dimension of spatio-temporal event series (natural events or social events). Time Coil and Time Wave diagrams represent both the linear time and the cyclic time. By introducing a cyclic temporal scale, these diagrams may highlight the cyclic characteristics of spatio-temporal events. However, the settable cyclic temporal scales are limited to usual durations like days or months. Because of that, these diagrams cannot be used to visualize cyclic events, which reappear with an unusual period, and don't allow to make a visual search of cyclic events. Also, they don't give the possibility to identify the relationships between the cyclic behavior of the events and their spatial features, and more especially to identify localised cyclic events. The lack of possibilities to represent the cyclic time, outside of the temporal diagram of multi-view geovisualization interfaces, limits the analysis of relationships between the cyclic reappearance of events and their other dimensions. In this paper, we propose a method and a geovisualization tool, based on the extension of Time Coil and Time Wave, to provide a visual search of cyclic events, by allowing to set any possible duration to the diagram's cyclic temporal scale. We also propose a symbology approach to push the representation of the cyclic time into the map, in order to improve the analysis of relationships between space and the cyclic behavior of events.

When noise became information: State-of-the-art in biospeckle laser

ABSTRACT Laser was presented to science and industry in the 1960s and shortly became a useful tool in many areas, with applications based on its multiple characteristics such as coherence of light, which presents a phenomenon known as interference pattern, or speckle, when beam returns from an illuminated surface. Despite great application of speckle pattern, its residual presence, for example, in interferometric approaches was considered as a noise, demanding filtering. However, grains themselves became information as their dynamic changes in time started to be linked to biological sample activity. Dynamic laser speckle has been since then a phenomenon widely used to monitor biological activities in many areas from agriculture to medicine. It is known as biospeckle laser (BSL) when adopted in biological material, with high sensitivity to follow very tiny movements in biological tissues, linked to changes in speckle provided by scatterer activities inside and outside cells. Since the 1970s, biospeckle laser usage follows a crescent technologic spiral where technological developments opened room for new applications, while new demands regarding biological monitoring forced the development of new methodologies. Therefore, potential adoption of the phenomenon as a sensor, for instance, in agricultural and medical processes, as well as constant offer of new devices provided new turns in the BSL technologic spiral and opened room for technique improvement. In this study, I present a short history of biospeckle laser (BSL) with applications and development associated with challenges regarding its usage in portable and accessible devices or even in commercial equipment. And the history was packed in a temporal diagram identifying the breakpoints responsible for improvements in the use of the technique.

Smart Distribution Systems

The increasing importance of system reliability and resilience is changing the way distribution systems are planned and operated. To achieve a distribution system self-healing against power outages, emerging technologies and devices, such as remote-controlled switches (RCSs) and smart meters, are being deployed. The higher level of automation is transforming traditional distribution systems into the smart distribution systems (SDSs) of the future. The availability of data and remote control capability in SDSs provides distribution operators with an opportunity to optimize system operation and control. In this paper, the development of SDSs and resulting benefits of enhanced system capabilities are discussed. A comprehensive survey is conducted on the state-of-the-art applications of RCSs and smart meters in SDSs. Specifically, a new method, called Temporal Causal Diagram (TCD), is used to incorporate outage notifications from smart meters for enhanced outage management. To fully utilize the fast operation of RCSs, the spanning tree search algorithm is used to develop service restoration strategies. Optimal placement of RCSs and the resulting enhancement of system reliability are discussed. Distribution system resilience with respect to extreme events is presented. Test cases are used to demonstrate the benefit of SDSs. Active management of distributed generators (DGs) is introduced. Future research in a smart distribution environment is proposed.

Evolution of spatially coexpressed families of type-2 vomeronasal receptors in rodents.

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) is an olfactory structure for the detection of pheromones. VNO neurons express three groups of unrelated G-protein-coupled receptors. Type-2 vomeronasal receptors (V2Rs) are specifically localized in the basal neurons of the VNO and are believed to sense protein pheromones eliciting specific reproductive behaviors. In murine species, V2Rs are organized into four families. Family-ABD V2Rs are expressed monogenically and coexpress with family-C V2Rs of either subfamily C1 (V2RC1) or subfamily C2 (V2RC2), according to a coordinate temporal diagram. Neurons expressing the phylogenetically ancient V2RC1 coexpress family-BD V2Rs or a specific group of subfamily-A V2Rs (V2RA8-10), whereas a second neuronal subset (V2RC2-positive) coexpresses a recently expanded group of five subfamily-A V2Rs (V2RA1-5) along with vomeronasal-specific Major Histocompatibility Complex molecules (H2-Mv). Through database mining and Sanger sequencing, we have analyzed the onset, diversification, and expansion of the V2R-families throughout the phylogeny of Rodentia. Our results suggest that the separation of V2RC1 and V2RC2 occurred in a Cricetidae ancestor in coincidence with the evolution of the H2-Mv genes; this phylogenetic event did not correspond with the origin of the coexpressing V2RA1-5 genes, which dates back to an ancestral myomorphan lineage. Interestingly, the evolution of receptors within the V2RA1-5 group may be implicated in the origin and diversification of some of the V2R putative cognate ligands, the exocrine secreting peptides. The establishment of V2RC2, which probably reflects the complex expansion and diversification of family-A V2Rs, generated receptors that have probably acquired a more subtle functional specificity.

Planning of proactive behaviors for human–robot cooperative tasks under uncertainty

For seamless human–robot cooperation, a robot may need to take several steps proactively to minimize unnecessary delays between the human’s intention and the robot’s corresponding reactions. By predicting exogenous events from human intention and generating proactive plans based on the predicted events, a robot can reduce delays and significantly improve interaction. In this paper, we propose a decision-theoretic proactive planning framework that selects best proactive actions and the best times for those actions as a means to improving human–robot interactions. To this end, we developed a composite node temporal Bayesian network as an extension to handle both the nature of an event and its time of occurrence within a single framework. We also developed a composite node temporal influence diagram that combines a composite node temporal Bayesian network with a limited memory influence diagram to solve proactive planning problems. Experimental results obtained using a robot assistant in a manual assembly task demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed framework.

The Use of Visualization in the Communication of Business Strategies

An experiment was conducted to gather empirical evidence regarding whether the use of visualization is better than text in the communication of a business strategy. A total of 76 managers saw a presentation of the strategy of the financial services branch of an international car manufacturer. The visual representation of the strategy was chosen as the independent variable, and the effects on the audience were measured. Three types of visual support were chosen as conditions: bulleted list, visual metaphor, and temporal diagram. Each subject saw one representation format only. Subjects who were exposed to a graphic representation of the strategy paid significantly more attention to, agreed more with, and better recalled the strategy than did subjects who saw a (textually identical) bulleted list version. However, no significant difference was found regarding the understanding of the strategy. Subjects who were exposed to a graphic representation of the strategy perceived the presentation and the presenter significantly more positively than did those who received the presentation through a bulleted list.

Isolated ferroresonant solutions in transmission lines in the same right-of-way

This paper reports investigations carried out on isolated subharmonic ferroresonant oscillations in a transformer-terminated line due to an energised parallel line on the same right-of-way. The investigation is based on nonlinear dynamics. The motivation for investigating the isolated subharmonics is the reported case of “locking” into a subharmonic ferroresonance solution following a switching operation in the 525kV system of Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), USA. The initial isolated subharmonic steady states are obtained by a class of temporal methods and it is referred to here as “temporal bifurcation diagram” approach. Starting with initial conditions provided by temporal bifurcation diagram, a continuation procedure predicts multiple subharmonic solutions. Analysis of isolated subharmonic solutions reveals that in general they form a closed loop. Further, odd symmetric subharmonic solutions give rise to supercritical and subcritical pitchfork bifurcations. The paper also reports the sensitivity of isolated subharmonics with respect to the length of de-energised line.

Detection and analysis of isolated subharmonic ferroresonant solutions in power transformers

Ferroresonance is characterised by the existence of multiple periodic and non periodic steady states. Depending upon the initial condition the response of a ferroresonant circuit may settle to any one of the following: fundamental, subharmonic, quasi-periodic or chaotic. This paper is concerned with the isolated subharmonic ferroresonant solutions. The initial conditions are obtained by a class of temporal methods and it is referred to here as ‘temporal bifurcation diagram’ approach. Starting with initial conditions provided by temporal bifurcation diagram, a continuation procedure predicts multiple subharmonic solutions. Analysis of isolated subharmonic solutions reveals that in general they form a closed loop. Further, odd symmetric subharmonic solutions give rise to pitchfork bifurcations. The paper also reports the effect of core loss nonlinearity and transformer saturation on the isolated subharmonic solutions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reasoning on temporal class diagrams: Undecidability results

This paper introduces a temporal class diagram language useful to model temporal varying data. The atemporal portion of the language contains the core constructors available in both EER diagrams and UML class diagrams. The temporal part of the language is able to distinguish between temporal and atemporal constructs, and it has the ability to represent dynamic constraints between classes. The language is characterized by a model-theoretic (temporal) semantics. Reasoning services as logical implication and satisfiability are also defined. We show that reasoning on finite models is different from reasoning on unrestricted ones. Then, we prove that reasoning on temporal class diagrams is an undecidable problem on both unrestricted models and on finite ones.

Tradeoffs in knowledge-based construction of probabilistic models

In many domains, the ability to use a knowledge base to automatically construct alternative probabilistic network models and then compare them is desirable. This paper makes two novel contributions towards achieving that goal: first, it analyzes a parameterized class of (a) static, and (b) temporal influence diagram, models which differ in the time-series process describing the temporal evolution of the system being modeled. Second, it applies general scoring metrics for comparing these models with respect to predictive accuracy and computational efficiency. The network rankings facilitate comparing the accuracy/efficiency tradeoffs entailed in using TIDs which differ in (1) the accuracy of capturing the temporal evolution of a dynamic system and (2) data and computational requirements. The scoring metrics are used to compare networks in which all variables evolve according to a Markov process with two novel domain-dependent network approximations. These approximations model the evolution of a parsimonious subset of variables rather than all variables. >

Dynamic network construction and updating techniques for the diagnosis of acute abdominal pain

Computing diagnoses in domains with continuously changing data is difficult but essential aspect of solving many problems. To address this task, a dynamic influence diagram (ID) construction and updating system (DYNASTY) and its application to constructing a decision-theoretic model to diagnose acute abdominal pain, which is a domain in which the findings evolve during the diagnostic process, are described. For a system that evolves over time, DYNASTY constructs a parsimonious ID and then dynamically updates the ID, rather than constructing a new network from scratch for every time interval. In addition, DYNASTY contains algorithms that test the sensitivity of the constructed network's system parameters. The main contributions are: (1) presenting an efficient temporal influence diagram technique based on parsimonious model construction; and (2) formalizing the principles underlying a diagnostic tool for acute abdominal pain that explicitly models time-varying findings.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

The interaction of time-dependent rotating and stratified flow with isolated topography

Laboratory experiments concerned with a time-varying, spatially homogeneous, free stream current past truncated right circular cylinders in the presence of a linear stratification and uniform background rotation are discussed. The current is composed of a sinusoidal component superimposed on a uniform flow. It is shown that such a flow can be investigated by the suitable translation of an obstacle through a fluid otherwise at rest with respect to a rotating observer. The principal dynamical parameters of the system are the Burger, Ekman, Rossby and temporal Rossby numbers and the velocity ratio u1u0 where u1 is the amplitude of the oscillating component and u0 is the magnitude of the uniform flow. The ranges of dynamical parameters considered are of relevance to certain oceanographic current systems. A series of characteristic flow regimes are described for u1u0 = 1.0 and fixed Burger and Ekman numbers; these characteristic flows are depicted on a Rossby against temporal Rossby number flow regime diagram. Emphasis is given to those flow features that are dependent on the time-varying nature of the free stream. For example, for the velocity ratio u1u0 = 1.0, the free stream comes to rest at a given time in each flow cycle. At this instant, for sufficiently small Rossby and temporal Rossby numbers, a residual anticyclonic motion around the obstacle is present. In another region of the flow regime diagram, the wake flow at this phase consists of a jet-like motion toward the topography. Quantitative measures are made of such observable features as the maximum bubble extent for non eddy-shedding flow regimes and eddy speeds for cases of vortex shedding. Some qualitative observations are also made for cases in which there is no background rotation.