Temporal Depths Research Articles

Religion and Entrepreneurial Exits: Divine Attributions and Eternal Time-frames

This conceptual study, drawing upon the literature on causal attributions and time perspectives, explores how religion may influence entrepreneurs' decisions to exit ventures. Religious beliefs and principles will likely shift entrepreneurs' (a) causal attributions of success and failure from internal or external loci to a third locus of causality, i. e., the divine, and (b) temporal depths from weeks, months, or years to eternity. Such shifts may, in turn, influence entrepreneurial exits through the nonmarket logic of religion, with contemplative practices acting as the underlying mechanism. Using the context of Jainism, a minority religion – originating in India – characterized by self-employed adherents and a seeming paradox between austerity and ostentation, this study develops propositions that relate religion to business exits.

Independent Evolutionary Lineages in a Globular Cactus Species Complex Reveals Hidden Diversity in a Central Chile Biodiversity Hotspot.

Unraveling the processes involved in the origin of a substantial fraction of biodiversity can be a particularly difficult task in groups of similar, and often convergent, morphologies. The genus Eriosyce (Cactaceae) might present a greater specific diversity since much of its species richness might be hidden in morphological species complexes. The aim of this study was to investigate species delimitation using the molecular data of the globose cacti “E. curvispina”, which harbor several populations of unclear evolutionary relationships. We ran phylogenetic inferences on 87 taxa of Eriosyce, including nine E. curvispina populations, and by analyzing three plastid noncoding introns, one plastid and one nuclear gene. Additionally, we developed 12 new pairs of nuclear microsatellites to evaluate the population-level genetic structure. We identified four groups that originated in independent cladogenetic events occurring at different temporal depths; these groups presented high genetic diversity, and their populations were genetically structured. These results suggest a complex evolutionary history in the origin of globular cacti, with independent speciation events occurring at different time spans. This cryptic richness is underestimated in the Mediterranean flora of central Chile, and thus unique evolutionary diversity could be overlooked in conservation and management actions.

A Deep Multiscale Spatiotemporal Network for Assessing Depression From Facial Dynamics

Recently, deep learning models have been successfully employed in many video-based affective computing applications (e.g., detecting pain, stress, and Alzheimer’s disease). One key application is automatic depression recognition – recognition of facial expressions associated with depressive behaviour. State-of-the-art deep learning algorithms to recognize depression typically explore spatial and temporal information individually, by using 2D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to analyze appearance information, and then by either mapping facial feature variations or averaging the depression level over video frames. This approach has limitations in terms of its ability to represent dynamic information that can help to accurately discriminate between depression levels. In contrast, models based on 3D CNNs allow to directly encode the spatio-temporal relationships, although these models rely on temporal information with fixed range and single receptive field. This approach limits the ability to capture variations of facial expression with diverse ranges, and the exploitation of diverse facial areas. In this article, a novel 3D CNN architecture – the Multiscale Spatiotemporal Network (MSN) – is introduced to effectively represent facial information related to depressive behaviours from videos. The basic structure of the model is composed of parallel convolutional layers with different temporal depths and sizes of receptive field, which allows the MSN to explore a wide range of spatio-temporal variations in facial expressions. Experimental results on two benchmark datasets show that our MSN architecture is effective, outperforming state-of-the-art methods in automatic depression recognition.

A Spatiotemporal Convolutional Neural Network for Automatic Pain Intensity Estimation from Facial Dynamics

Devising computational models for detecting abnormalities reflective of diseases from facial structures is a novel and emerging field of research in automatic face analysis. In this paper, we focus on automatic pain intensity estimation from faces. This has a paramount potential diagnosis values in healthcare applications. In this context, we present a novel 3D deep model for dynamic spatiotemporal representation of faces in videos. Using several convolutional layers with diverse temporal depths, our proposed model captures a wide range of spatiotemporal variations in the faces. Moreover, we introduce a cross-architecture knowledge transfer technique for training 3D convolutional neural networks using a pre-trained 2D architecture. This strategy is a practical approach for training 3D models, especially when the size of the database is relatively small. Our extensive experiments and analysis on two benchmarking and publicly available databases, namely the UNBC-McMaster shoulder pain and the BioVid, clearly show that our proposed method consistently outperforms many state-of-the-art methods in automatic pain intensity estimation.

Temporal Evolution of Seabed Scour Induced by Darrieus-Type Tidal Current Turbine

The temporal evolution of seabed scour was investigated to prevent damage around a monopile foundation for Darrieus-type tidal current turbine. Temporal scour depths and profiles at various turbine radius and tip clearances were studied by using the experimental measurements. Experiments were carried out in a purpose-built recirculating water flume associated with 3D printed turbines. The scour hole was developed rapidly in the initial process and grew gradually. The ultimate equilibrium of scour hole was reached after 180 min. The scour speed increased with the existence of a rotating turbine on top of the monopile. The findings suggested that monopile foundation and the rotating turbine are two significant considerations for the temporal evolution of scour. The scour depth is inversely correlated to the tip-bed clearance between the turbine and seabed. Empirical equations were proposed to predict the temporal scour depth around turbine. These equations were in good agreement with the experimental data.

The Theater of Anamnesis: The Spaces of Memory and the Exteriority of Time in Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre

When Wilhelm suffers his first great loss in the Lehrjahre, that of Mariane, he recovers his spirits on his travels by re-immersing himself in the natural world. He is revived by the rejuvenating power of nature, but also by the animating power of memory:alle erduldeten Schmerzen waren aus seiner Seele weggewaschen, und mit volliger Heiterkeit sagte er sich Stellen aus verschiedenen Gedichten . . . an diesen einsamen Platzen scharenweis seinem Gedachtnisse zuflossen. Auch erinnerte er sich mancher Stellen aus seinen eigenen Liedern, er mit einer besondern Zufriedenheit rezitierte. Er belebte Welt, vor ihm lag, mit allen Gestalten der Vergangenheit, und jeder Schritt in Zukunftwar ihm voll Ahnung wichtiger Handlungen und merkwurdiger Begebenheiten.1[all the pains he had suffered had been washed away from his soul, and in complete cheerfulness he recited to himself passages from various poems . . . and these passages swam in shoals into his memory in these lonely places. He also remembered many passages from some songs of his own which he recited with especial satisfaction. He enlivened the world which lay before him with all sorts of figures from his past, and every step that he took into the future was full of presentiment of important actions and strange occurrences.]2This passage illustrates what Novalis, partly on the basis of this novel, identified as one of the central hallmarks of Romanticism: the mysterious play of memory and premonition: Nichts ist poetischer als Erinnerung und Ahndung oder Vorstellung der Zukunft3 (Nothing is more poetic than remembrance and premonition or imagination of the future).4 For Hardenberg, the sense of presence proper to the poet is not a punctual now ordered within a linear series of nows. The poet's geistige Gegenwart (spiritual present) is rather a present die beide [Erinnerung und Ahnung] durch Auflosung identifiziert- und diese Mischung ist das Element, Atmosphare des Dichters (Novalis 2: 468, n. 123; that dissolves [memory and premonition] into an identity- and this mixture is the element, the of the poet). In creating the atmosphere of Poesie, the pre-rational communication between past and present, present and future, becomes a distinctive feature of Romantic interiority.My argument in this essay, however, is that Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre not only evokes the Romantic temporal subject, but also radically undermines its elusive interiority. The novel's manifest aim in this regard is to communicate and publicize the temporal interior, thereby exposing the hidden exteriority of that interior. It reveals the soul's temporal depths to be an effect generated by the interplay of its manifold surfaces.In order to contextualize this reading, however, it is first of all necessary to situate the novel's memory-thematic within what is generally recognized to be its fundamental conflict-namely the conflict between self and other, or between the authentic, private self and the inauthentic, socialized self. Wilhelm's many reveries and reminiscences are the expressions of his ostensibly authentic self, and as such they signal Wilhelm's deep affinity with Mignon and the Harper. Through their common sensibility toward the deep past and distant future, these figures together form what Friedrich Schlegel appropriately designates die heilige Familie der Naturpoesie5 (Holy Family of natural poetry). The Tower then stands for the socialized self, or the self that has developed beyond the sphere of narcissistic self-reflection. The literature on the novel also tends to take sides along these lines. The classical line of Lehrjahre-interpretation established by Schiller and continued by Dilthey generally aligns itself with the Tower as the standard-bearer for social reality. Giuliano Baioni, for example, reads the novel against Mignon, as a representative of formless bourgeois interiority, and posits that the novel's goal lies in the education of the Sturmer und Dranger to reality. …

Politics of Strata

Modern western political thought revolves around globality, focusing on the partitioning and the connecting up of the earth’s surface. But climate change and the Anthropocene thesis raise pressing questions about human interchange with the geological and temporal depths of the earth. Drawing on contemporary earth science and the geophilosophy of Deleuze and Guattari, this article explores how geological strata are emerging as provocations for political issue formation. The first section reviews the emergence – and eventual turn away from – concern with ‘revolutions of the earth’ during the 18th- and 19th-century discovery of ‘geohistory’. The second section looks at the subterranean world both as an object of ‘downward’ looking territorial imperatives and as the ultimate power source of all socio-political life. The third section weighs up the prospects of ‘earth system governance’. The paper concludes with some general thoughts about the possibilities of ‘negotiating strata’ in more generative and judicious ways.

Temporal Depth in Sensemaking: Foundations of Environmental Velocity Framing in Nascent Industries

Particularly under conditions of uncertainty and ambiguity, sensemaking of managers have a degree of discretion with respect to the way in which they use time in representation. With a few notable exceptions, research focusing explicitly upon the temporal dimension in sensemaking and framing is surprisingly sparse. We seek to better understand the role of temporal depth could play in sensemaking and framing one’s environment in nascent industries. To do so, we explore manager’s sensemaking and framing of environmental velocity in the nascent electric vehicle industry during 2012-2013. We find that actors systematically tend to draw upon different temporal depths to construct actor-centered conceptions of the direction and degree of change in a nascent field. We contribute to current research on environment velocity with a framework of how temporal depth is used for sensegiving and sensebreaking, in order to improve a firm’s relative position within a nascent industry.

Evaluation of the Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking Demarcation Line Profile Using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

To evaluate the depth of the stromal demarcation line after corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) using anterior segment optical coherence tomography. In this prospective, interventional case series, 23 patients (27 eyes) with progressive keratoconus were enrolled. All patients underwent uneventful CXL treatment. Corneal stromal demarcation line depth was measured centrally, 3 mm temporally, and 3 mm nasally by 2 independent observers using anterior segment optical coherence tomography at 1 month postoperatively in all patients. Mean depth of the corneal stromal demarcation line measured by the first observer was 310.67 ± 31.04 μm (range, 258-364 μm) centrally, 212.07 ± 24.5 μm (range, 178-279 μm) nasally, and 218.04 ± 21.91 μm (range, 191-261 μm) temporally. Mean depth of the corneal stromal demarcation line measured by the second observer was 308.78 ± 29 μm (range, 262-381 μm) centrally, 211.04 ± 23.93 μm (range, 180-277 μm) nasally, and 217.22 ± 25.51 μm (range, 179-271 μm) temporally. There was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between central and both nasal and temporal depths of the corneal stromal demarcation line (paired samples t test) for both observers. There was no statistically significant difference between nasal and temporal corneal stromal demarcation line depths (paired samples t test, P > 0.05) for each observer. Mean depth of the corneal stromal demarcation line after CXL treatment is greater centrally in comparison with nasal and temporal depths.

Retrieval of 24-Hour Aerosol Optical Depths from Mie Lidar Data at Phimai, Thailand

Temporal Aerosol Optical Depths (AODs) of Phimai district, Nakhon Ratchasima province in Thailand were retrieved from measured Mie lidar data on 17-20 February 2005 using Fernald method. The ground-based station was selected for its high and diverse local agricultural activities contributed to the aerosol content which allows for various parameters such as concentration, size distribution and aerosol optical properties to be investigated by Mie theory. The retrieval algorithm of 24-hour AODs was performed in order to monitor regional impact of biomass burning emission on tropospheric aerosols. Results revealed that open biomass burning was a significant contributor to large carbonaceous aerosols in the vicinity of research site with AOD around 0.6-0.7. Furthermore, the prominence of open burning emission yielded short range aerosol transportation when fine and coarse aerosol particles were accumulated with the minimum and maximum average AODs of 0.2187 and 0.4291, respectively. In addition, the observation provided important insights into the physical and scavenging of aerosols under the influence of regional anthropogenic source and would be great knowledge of aerosol data development. By the lidar technique used in present work, the nocturnal AOD retrieval was advantageously available.

Sensitivity of EVI-based harmonic regression to temporal resolution in the lower Okavango Delta

In this study, we examined how satellite time-series-based characterization of ecological cycles and trends is sensitive to the temporal depth and spacing of the time series and whether the observed sensitivities were cover and/or cycle specific. We fitted a harmonic regression (with annual, semi-annual and quasi-decadal cycles) to an 85-image Landsat time series (1989–2002) covering the lower Okavango Delta, varying the temporal depth and spacing of time-series vectors following two different but comparable approaches (i.e. systematic vs random variation). The results show that as the temporal depth decreases, the sensitivity to both short- and long-term ecological cycles was lost in the seasonally dynamic environment. The degree to which characterization of ecological cycles and trends was influenced by temporal depth and spacing was dependent on the functional type of vegetation and dynamics of the disturbance regime(s). Ecological cycles were comparatively better characterized, even at reduced temporal depths, for woodland-dominated areas, riparian vegetation and more frequently flooded areas (i.e. less dynamic systems) compared with less routinely and non-flooded grasslands, mixed savannas and more frequently burned areas. Detection sensitivity was also found to be cycle specific, as, at reduced temporal depths, the semi-annual cycle was less easily detected than the annual cycle for the majority of the study area. Temporal spacing of time-series vectors was also found to be important: the chances of misinterpreting system variability as a change were much higher when vectors were randomly chosen. Interestingly, at a reduced temporal depth, the harmonic model unexpectedly produced a higher coefficient of determination due to model under-specification for both vector selection approaches. However, randomly selected vectors produced much larger artefacts. These results indicate the need for caution in selecting a time series not only for its temporal depth but also for its temporal spacing, particularly as related to the inherent environmental periodicity of the study area.

The Past in Play: Tradition in the Structures of Collaboration

Inter-organizational collaboration has been argued to present as many complex challenges as it tries to solve. In this paper, we explore the role of tradition in these challenging and problematic contexts. In particular, we are concerned with the ways in which traditions emerge, endure or change in relationship with (and in the context of) collaborative structures. Our research in three collaborative situations indicates that traditions can be found at work in collaboration at a range of temporal depths amongst overlapping groups, networks and societal structures. Through the characterization of the different temporal depths of traditions and their relationship to collaborative structures, this paper develops a theory of the role of tradition in collaboration. In particular, through drawing out the effects of the different forms of tradition in collaborative network structures, this study also yields insights for the theory and practice of interorganizational collaboration.

Powerful Pots, Humbling Holes, and Regional Ritual Processes: Towards an Archaeology of Huedan Vodun, ca. 1650–1727

Situated along the “Slave Coast” of West Africa, the international coastal trading entrepôt of Ouidah is infamous as the point of embarkation for hundreds of thousands of people spirited into the Middle Passage. Accordingly, scholars have looked to it and the surrounding region as a font of culture and history for diasporic groups. In scholarly narratives, the larger Gbe-speaking region surrounding Ouidah is characterized as the homeland of Vodun, a religious tradition that influenced diasporic religions throughout the Atlantic world. This paper explores early Huedan Vodun at a local level and works to bolster, and at the same time problematize, the project of addressing Vodun at increasing geographic scales and temporal depths. It builds on longstanding research which recognizes that context is critical for interpreting possible ritual or religious significance of archaeological material.

The time frames of entrepreneurs

This study investigated past and future temporal depths (distances into the past and future) of entrepreneurs. The results provide the first statistics describing these depths in a sample of entrepreneurs. A significant positive correlation was found between past and future temporal depths, and relationships were examined between both temporal depths and polychronicity, preference for working fast, perceived temporal flexibility of work, emphasis on schedules and deadlines, emphasis on punctuality, and general life stress. Entrepreneurs' ages, lengths of future temporal depth, and perceived temporal flexibility were all found to be negatively related to life stress in a hierarchical regression analysis.