Temporal Changes In Rates Research Articles

Fifteen-year temporal changes in rates of acute kidney injury among children in Denmark

BackgroundWe aimed to examine temporal changes in the annual rate of acute kidney injury (AKI) in Danish children and associated changes in patient characteristics including potential underlying risk factors.MethodsIn this population-based cohort study, we used plasma creatinine measurements from Danish laboratory databases to identify AKI episodes in children aged 0–17 years from 2007 to 2021. For each child, the first AKI episode per calendar year was included. We estimated the annual crude and sex- and age-standardized AKI rate as the number of children with an AKI episode divided by the total number of children as reported by census numbers. Using Danish medical databases, we assessed patient characteristics including potential risk factors for AKI, such as use of nephrotoxic medication, surgery, sepsis, and perinatal factors.ResultsIn total, 14,200 children contributed with 16,345 AKI episodes over 15 years. The mean annual AKI rate was 148 (95% CI: 141–155) per 100,000 children. From 2007 to 2021, the annual AKI rate demonstrated minor year-to-year variability without any discernible overall trend. The highest AKI rate was recorded in 2007 at 174 (95% CI: 161–187) per 100,000 children, while the lowest rate occurred in 2012 at 129 (95% CI: 118–140) per 100,000 children. In 2021, the AKI rate was 148 (95% CI: 141–155) per 100,000 children. Characteristics of children with AKI were similar throughout the study period.ConclusionThe rate of AKI among Danish children was stable from 2007 to 2021 with little variation in patient characteristics over time.Graphical abstractA higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information

The influence of diabetes on temporal trends in lower extremity revascularisation and amputation for peripheral artery disease: A population-based repeated cross-sectional analysis.

To describe the influence of diabetes on temporal changes in rates of lower extremity revascularisation and amputation for peripheral artery disease (PAD) in Ontario, Canada. In this population-based repeated cross-sectional study, we calculated annual rates of lower extremity revascularisation (open or endovascular) and amputation (toe, foot or leg) related to PAD among Ontario residents aged ≥40 years between 2002 and 2019. Annual rate ratios (relative to 2002) adjusted for changes in diabetes prevalence alone, as well as fully adjusted for changes in demographics, diabetes and other comorbidities, were estimated using generalized estimating equation models to model population-level effects while accounting for correlation within units of observation. Compared with 2002, the Ontario population in 2019 exhibited a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes (18% vs. 10%). Between 2002 and 2019, the crude rate of revascularisation increased from 75.1 to 90.7/100,000 person-years (unadjusted RR=1.10, 95% CI=1.07-1.13). However, after adjustment, there was no longer an increase in the rate of revascularisation (diabetes-adjusted RR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-1.01, fully-adjusted RR=0.94, 95% CI=0.91-0.96). The crude rate of amputation decreased from 2002 to 2019 from 49.5 to 45.4/100,000 person-years (unadjusted RR=0.78, 95% CI=0.75-0.81), but was more pronounced after adjustment (diabetes-adjusted RR=0.62, 95% CI=0.60-0.64; fully-adjusted RR=0.58, 95% CI=0.56-0.60). Diabetes prevalence rates strongly influenced rates of revascularisation and amputation related to PAD. A decrease in amputations related to PAD over time was attenuated by rising diabetes prevalence rates.

A downcore increase in time averaging is the null expectation from the transit of death assemblages through a mixed layer

AbstractUnderstanding how time averaging changes during burial is essential for using Holocene and Anthropocene cores to analyze ecosystem change, given the many ways in which time averaging affects biodiversity measures. Here, we use transition-rate matrices to explore how the extent of time averaging changes downcore as shells transit through a taphonomically complex mixed layer into permanently buried historical layers: this is a null model, without any temporal changes in rates of sedimentation or bioturbation, to contrast with downcore patterns that might be produced by human activity. Assuming stochastic burial and exhumation movements of shells between increments within the mixed layer and stochastic disintegration within increments, we find that almost all combinations of net sedimentation, mixing, and disintegration produce a downcore increase in time averaging (interquartile range [IQR] of shell ages), this trend is typically associated with a decrease in kurtosis and skewness and by a shift from right-skewed to symmetrical age distributions. A downcore increase in time averaging is thus the null expectation wherever bioturbation generates an internally structured mixed layer (i.e., a surface, well-mixed layer is underlain by an incompletely mixed layer): under these conditions, shells are mixed throughout the entire mixed layer at a slower rate than they are buried below it by sedimentation. This downcore trend created by mixing is further amplified by the downcore decline in disintegration rate. We find that transition-rate matrices accurately reproduce the downcore changes in IQR, skewness, and kurtosis observed in bivalve assemblages from the southern California shelf. The right-skewed shell age-frequency distributions typical of surface death assemblages—the focus of most actualistic research—might be fossilized under exceptional conditions of episodic anoxia or sudden burial. However, such right-skewed assemblages will typically not survive transit through the surface mixed layer into subsurface historical layers: they are geologically transient. The deep-time fossil record will be dominated instead by the more time-averaged assemblages with weakly skewed age distributions that form in the lower parts of the mixed layer.

Long-term trends in population-based hospitalisation rates for myocardial infarction in England: a national database study of 3.5 million admissions, 1968–2016

AimTo analyse the timing and scale of temporal changes in rates of hospitalised myocardial infarction (MI) in England by age and sex from 1968 to 2016.MethodsMI admissions for adults aged...

Temporal changes in rates of active management and infant survival following live birth at 22-24 weeks' gestation in Victoria.

Management of livebirths at 22-24weeks' gestation in high-income countries varies widely and has changed over time. Our aim was to determine how rates of active management and infant survival of livebirths at 22-24weeks varied with perinatal variables known at birth, and over time in Victoria, Australia. We conducted a population-based cohort study of all 22-24weeks' gestation live births, free of lethal congenital anomalies in 2009-2017. Rates of active management and survival to one year of age were reported. 'Active management' was defined as receiving resuscitation at birth or nursery admission for intensive care. Over the nine-year period, there were 796 eligible live births. Overall, 438 (55%) were actively managed: 5% at 22weeks, 45% at 23weeks and 90% at 24weeks' gestation, but rates of active management did not vary substantially over time. Of livebirths actively managed, 263 (60%) survived to one year: 0% at 22weeks, 50% at 23weeks and 66% at 24weeks. Apart from gestational age, being born in a tertiary perinatal centre and increased size at birth were associated with survival in those actively managed, but sex and plurality were not. Survival rates of actively managed infants rose over time (adjusted odds ratio 1.09 per year; 95% CI 1.01-1.18; P=0.03). Although active management rates did not change substantially over time in Victoria, an overall increase in infant survival was observed. With increasing gestational age, rates of active management and infant survival rapidly rose.

Correction: Seventy Years of Asthma in Italy: Age, Period and Cohort Effects on Incidence and Remission of Self-Reported Asthma from 1940 to 2010.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138570.].

Discharge Against Medical Advice in the United States, 2002-2011

ObjectiveTo describe the national frequency, prevalence, and trends of discharge against medical advice (DAMA) among inpatient hospitalizations in the United States and identify differences across patient- and hospital-level characteristics, overall and in clinically distinct diagnostic subgroups. Patients and MethodsWe conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of inpatient hospitalizations (≥18 years), discharged between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011, using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Descriptive statistics, multivariable logistic, and joinpoint regression were used for statistical analyses. ResultsBetween January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011, more than 338,000 inpatient hospitalizations were discharged against medical advice each year, with a 1.9% average annual increase in prevalence over the decade (95% CI, 0.8%-3.0%). Temporal trends in DAMA varied by principal diagnosis. Among patients hospitalized for mental health- or substance abuse-related disorders, there was a −2.3% (95% CI, −3.8% to −0.8%) average annual decrease in the rate of DAMA. A statistically significant temporal rate change was not observed among hospitalizations for pregnancy-related disorders. Multivariable regression revealed several patient and hospital characteristics as predictors of DAMA, including lack of health insurance (odds ratio [OR], 3.78; 95% CI, 3.62-3.94), male sex (OR, 2.40; 95% CI, 2.36-2.45), and northeast region (OR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.72-2.11). Other predictors included age, race/ethnicity, income, primary diagnosis, severity of illness, and hospital location/type and size. ConclusionRates for DAMA have increased in the United States, and key differences exist across patient and hospital characteristics. Early identification of vulnerable patients and preventive measures such as improved patient-provider communication may reduce DAMA.

Abstract 16890: Improved Rates of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, First Responder Defibrillation and Outcome in Black and White Patients but More Improvement for White Patients: Results From the North Carolina Heartrescue Project

Introduction: Known differences in bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and survival for out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) exist for blacks compared with whites. Following the HeartRescue project, bystander and first responder interventions and survival increased in North Carolina (NC). Our objective was to study how these improvements were distributed by racial groups. Methods: Using the CARES registry, we identified OHCA cases of cardiac etiology from counties in NC (population 3 million) with 100% case capture from 2010-14. Unadjusted incidence rates per 100,000 were calculated based on US Census data (2010-13). Temporal changes in rates of bystander CPR, first responder defibrillation, and outcomes were assessed according to black or white race. Results: Of 7,558 OHCA patients, 36.3% were black (incidence: 94.7/100,000) and 63.7% were white (64.8/100,000). From 2010-14, bystander CPR increased by 34%, irrespective of race (Figure). No improvement in first responder defibrillation was seen for black patients (2010 to 2014: 40.3% to 44.4%, p=0.38), but was demonstrated for white patients (38.3% to 47.2%, p<0.01). Return of spontaneous circulation improved significantly for black patients (23.0% to 27.6%, p<0.01) and more significantly for white patients (19.2% to 34.0%, p< 0.01). No significant increase in survival over time was seen for black patients (8.6% to 9.2%, p=0.32), but was demonstrated for white patients (5.6% to 11.7%, p< 0.01). Among patients receiving bystander CPR, favorable neurologic outcome increased significantly regardless of race (relative increase 59% for blacks and 81% for whites). Conclusion: After the HeartRescue quality improvement program, bystander CPR increased by 34% in black and white patients. There were substantial improvements in survival with favorable neurologic outcome in both black and white patients receiving bystander CPR, however gains in interventions and outcomes were greater for whites.

Seventy Years of Asthma in Italy: Age, Period and Cohort Effects on Incidence and Remission of Self-Reported Asthma from 1940 to 2010.

BackgroundIt is well known that asthma prevalence has been increasing all over the world in the last decades. However, few data are available on temporal trends of incidence and remission of asthma.ObjectiveTo evaluate the rates of asthma incidence and remission in Italy from 1940 to 2010.MethodsThe subjects were randomly sampled from the general Italian population between 1991 and 2010 in the three population-based multicentre studies: ECRHS, ISAYA, and GEIRD. Individual information on the history of asthma (age at onset, age at the last attack, use of drugs for asthma control, co-presence of hay-fever) was collected on 35,495 subjects aged 20–84 and born between 1925–1989. Temporal changes in rates of asthma incidence and remission in relation to age, birth cohort and calendar period (APC) were modelled using Poisson regression and APC models.ResultsThe average yearly rate of asthma incidence was 2.6/1000 (3,297 new cases among 1,263,885 person-years). The incidence rates have been linearly increasing, with a percentage increase of +3.9% (95%CI: 3.1–4.5), from 1940 up to the year 1995, when the rates begun to level off. The stabilization of asthma incidence was mainly due to a decrease in the rates of atopic asthma after 1995, while non-atopic asthma has continued to increase. The overall rate of remission was 43.2/1000person-years, and it did not vary significantly across generations, but was associated with atopy, age at asthma onset and duration of the disease.ConclusionsAfter 50 years of a continuous upward trend, the rates of asthma incidence underwent a substantial stabilization in the late 90s. Despite remarkable improvements in the treatment of asthma, the rate of remission did not change significantly in the last seventy years. Some caveats are required in interpreting our results, given that our estimates are based on self-reported events that could be affected by the recall bias.

Supplementary motor area activations predict individual differences in temporal-change sensitivity and its illusory distortions

Perception of time and temporal change is critical for human cognition. Yet, perception of temporal change is susceptible to contextual influences such as changes of a sound's pitch. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the current study aimed to investigate perception of temporal rate change and pitch-induced illusory distortions. In a 6×6 design, human participants (N=19) listened to frequency-modulated sounds (~4Hz) that varied over time in both modulation rate and pitch. Participants judged the direction of rate change (‘speeding up’ vs. ‘slowing down’), while ignoring changes in pitch. Behaviorally, rate judgments were strongly biased by pitch changes: Participants perceived rate to slow down when pitch decreased and to speed up when pitch increased (‘rate-change illusion’). The fMRI data revealed activation increases with increasing task difficulty in pre-SMA, left putamen, and right IFG/insula. Importantly, activation in pre-SMA was linked to the perceptual sensitivity to discriminate rate changes and, together with the left putamen, to relative reductions in susceptibility to pitch-induced illusory distortions. Right IFG/insula activations, however, only scaled with task difficulty. These data offer a distinction between regions whose activations scale with perceptual sensitivity to features of time (pre-SMA) and those that more generally support behaving in difficult listening conditions (IFG/insula). Hence, the data underscore that individual differences in time perception can be related to different patterns of neurofunctional activation.

Pre-eclampsia rates in the United States, 1980-2010: age-period-cohort analysis

Objective To estimate the contributions of biological aging, historical trends, and birth cohort effects on trends in pre-eclampsia in the United States.Design Population based retrospective study.Setting National hospital discharge survey...

Oscillatory Phase Dynamics in Neural Entrainment Underpin Illusory Percepts of Time

Neural oscillatory dynamics are a candidate mechanism to steer perception of time and temporal rate change. While oscillator models of time perception are strongly supported by behavioral evidence, a direct link to neural oscillations and oscillatory entrainment has not yet been provided. In addition, it has thus far remained unaddressed how context-induced illusory percepts of time are coded for in oscillator models of time perception. To investigate these questions, we used magnetoencephalography and examined the neural oscillatory dynamics that underpin pitch-induced illusory percepts of temporal rate change. Human participants listened to frequency-modulated sounds that varied over time in both modulation rate and pitch, and judged the direction of rate change (decrease vs increase). Our results demonstrate distinct neural mechanisms of rate perception: Modulation rate changes directly affected listeners' rate percept as well as the exact frequency of the neural oscillation. However, pitch-induced illusory rate changes were unrelated to the exact frequency of the neural responses. The rate change illusion was instead linked to changes in neural phase patterns, which allowed for single-trial decoding of percepts. That is, illusory underestimations or overestimations of perceived rate change were tightly coupled to increased intertrial phase coherence and changes in cerebro-acoustic phase lag. The results provide insight on how illusory percepts of time are coded for by neural oscillatory dynamics.

Culture and the Anxiety Disorders: Recommendations for DSM-V

Background: The anxiety disorders specified in the fourth edition, text revision, of The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) are identified universally in human societies, and also show substantial cultural particularities in prevalence and symptomatology. Possible explanations for the observed epidemiological variability include lack of measurement equivalence, true differences in prevalence, and limited validity or precision of diagnostic criteria. One central question is whether, through inadvertent “over-specification” of disorders, the post-DSM-III nosology has missed related but somewhat different presentations of the same disorder because they do not exactly fit specified criteria sets. This review canvases the mental health literature for evidence of cross-cultural limitations in DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorder criteria. Methods: Searches were conducted of the mental health literature, particularly since 1994, regarding cultural or race/ethnicity-related factors that might limit the universal...

Rate-Invariant Recognition of Humans and Their Activities

Pattern recognition in video is a challenging task because of the multitude of spatio-temporal variations that occur in different videos capturing the exact same event. While traditional pattern-theoretic approaches account for the spatial changes that occur due to lighting and pose, very little has been done to address the effect of temporal rate changes in the executions of an event. In this paper, we provide a systematic model-based approach to learn the nature of such temporal variations (time warps) while simultaneously allowing for the spatial variations in the descriptors. We illustrate our approach for the problem of action recognition and provide experimental justification for the importance of accounting for rate variations in action recognition. The model is composed of a nominal activity trajectory and a function space capturing the probability distribution of activity-specific time warping transformations. We use the square-root parameterization of time warps to derive geodesics, distance measures, and probability distributions on the space of time warping functions. We then design a Bayesian algorithm which treats the execution rate function as a nuisance variable and integrates it out using Monte Carlo sampling, to generate estimates of class posteriors. This approach allows us to learn the space of time warps for each activity while simultaneously capturing other intra- and interclass variations. Next, we discuss a special case of this approach which assumes a uniform distribution on the space of time warping functions and show how computationally efficient inference algorithms may be derived for this special case. We discuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of both approaches and show their efficacy using experiments on gait-based person identification and activity recognition.

Temporal rate change of dialogue speech in prosodic units as compared to read speech

A comparative study on speech rate was conducted between dialogue speech and read speech of Japanese. Based on a model of fundamental frequency contour generation, four prosodic units, prosodic sentence, clause, phrase and word, are defined. Speech rate was analyzed with respect to these units, especially to prosodic phrases. In order to suppress various factors affecting speech rate, and to clarify features of dialogue speech, mora reduction rate of dialogue speech as compared to its read speech counterpart was defined and was used for the analysis. Through the analysis of speech samples recorded during simulated dialogues, it was found that, in a prosodic phrase, dialogue speech rate starts with a value slightly larger than that of read speech. Then, it gradually increases and after passing through the middle of the phrase, decreases. This result was also supported through a linear regression analysis and a hearing test of synthetic speech.

Temporal changes in rates and reasons for medical induction of term labor, 1980-1996

Objective: This study was undertaken to assess temporal changes in rates and reasons for medical induction of term labor. Study Design: A retrospective medical record review was conducted on a population-based cohort of 1293 women with term deliveries. Results: The rate of medical labor induction increased from 12.9% in 1980 to 25.8% in 1995. Stated indications also changed, with a 2-fold increase in induction for postdate gestation, a 23-fold increase in induction for macrosomia, a 15-fold increase in elective induction, and a 22-fold decline in induction for premature rupture of membranes. The average gestational age at delivery of postdate pregnancies declined from 41.9 weeks in 1980 to 41.0 weeks in 1995. By 1995, the average maternal length of stay and the percentage of cesarean deliveries were higher among women with induced labor at term than among those with spontaneous labor at term. Conclusion: Induction of term labor has almost doubled in prevalence during the past 15 years. The most common indications are elective induction and postdate pregnancy, often applied to gestations of 40 to 41 weeks’ duration. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:611-9.)

Alternate ranging methods for cancer mortality maps.

Mapping techniques can highlight the spatial or temporal variations in rates of cancer mortality. In mapping geographic patterns of cancer mortality, spatial units are grouped into categories defined by specified rate ranges, and then the units in each category are assigned a particular color in the map. We examined the consequences of using different ranging methods when comparing maps over several time intervals. Maps of mortality rates for cancers of the breast, lung (including the lung, trachea, bronchus, and pleura), and cervix uteri in the United States by county or state economic area are created for different time intervals between 1950 and 1994. Two ranging methods are employed: 1) Ranges are defined for individual time interval by the deciles of rates in that interval (ranging within intervals), and 2) constant ranges for all time intervals are defined by the deciles of rates for the entire 45-year period from 1950 through 1994 (ranging across intervals). The time intervals from 1950 through 1969 and from 1970 through 1994 were chosen to accommodate the availability of detailed county-level population estimates specifically for blacks starting in 1970. The ranging method has little impact on maps for breast cancer mortality, which changed little over time. For lung cancer, which increased over time, and cervix uteri cancer, which decreased over time, ranging within time intervals shows the geographic variability but does not convey the temporal trends. Trends are evident when ranging across time intervals is employed; however, geographic variability is partially obscured by the predominance of spatial units in the highest rate categories in the recent time intervals for lung cancer and in the early time intervals for cervix uteri cancer. Ranging within time intervals displays geographic patterns and changes in geographic patterns, regardless of time trends in rates. Ranging across time intervals shows temporal changes in rates but with some loss of information about geographic variability.

Organic matter oxidation and sediment chemistry in mixed terrigenous-carbonate sands of Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia

Abstract The oxidation of organic matter in relation to porewater and solid-phase element chemistry was examined in mixed terrigenous-carbonate sediments in sheltered and exposed lagoons of Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia. Rates of O2 consumption and CO2 release were faster in the very fine sand (41–43% CaCO3 content) of the sheltered lagoon of Mangrove Bay (means = 10.5 mmolm−2day−1 O2 and 9.4mmolm−2day−1 CO2) than in the carbonate-rich (73% CaCO3) sand of the exposed back-reef lagoon of Ningaloo Reef (means = 2.1 mmolm−2 day−1 O2 and 3.5 mmolm−2 day−1 CO2). Rates of sulfate reduction (ΣSRR) were similarly faster in the Mangrove Bay sediments (6.1–25.3 mmolm−2day−1 S), sufficient to account for all of the organic matter mineralization. In Ningaloo reef sands, ΣSRR rates (1.0 mmol m−2 day−1 S) accounted for a significant fraction (57%) of total organic carbon oxidation. In Mangrove Bay, in contrast to previous measurements of sulfate reduction in tropical sediments, most (mean = 64%) of the reduced 35S was incorporated into the acid-volatile sulflde fraction with a buildup of iron sulfides. In contrast to most carbonate-bearing sediments, the production and accumulation of Fe sulfides (most evident in Mangrove Bay) increased pH to levels promoting carbonate precipitation. Higher decomposition rates in Mangrove Bay are attributed to restricted water circulation, a richer benthic community, and geomorphology conducive to greater input and retention of mangrove- and macroalgae-derived detritus. At both sites, the lack of a clear zonational sequence of porewater solutes, discrepancies between depth profiles of solutes and solid-phase elements, and high core-to-core variation in conservative element concentrations and in rates of bacterial activity, suggest non-steady state diagenesis. Non-steady state conditions may be fostered by a combination of factors, such as physical disturbances, temporal changes in rates and quality of organic sedimentation, and tidal advection.