Temporal Artery Thermometer Research Articles

Comparison of infrared tympanic and non-contact temporal artery thermometer in determining the body temperature of patients in cardiovascular surgical intensive care

Accurate measurement of body temperature is crucial post-cardiovascular surgery, given the intricate and high-risk nature of cardiovascular procedures. In this prospective observational study, the safety and efficacy of infrared tympanic thermometers (ITT) and non-contact infrared temporal artery thermometers (NCTAT) were assessed in intensive care patients recovering from cardiovascular surgery. Conducted at a state hospital in Istanbul from April to July 2016, the study included 60 eligible patients meeting the specified criteria. Results indicated a slightly higher body temperature measurement with ITT (36.42±0.72) compared to NCTAT (36.02±0.79). NCTAT and ITT values were found (right ear: bias =0.39°C, limits of agreement: -1.99°C to 1.21°C; left ear: bias =0.29°C, limits of agreement: -1.59°C to 1.01°C) in the statistical evaluation by Bland and Altman analysis method. Repeatability, intragroup correlation and scatter plots of both measuring devices did not show a significant difference. In conclusion, within the cardiovascular surgical intensive care unit, both types of thermometers prove suitable for body temperature measurement. Healthcare professionals can make informed choices between the two based on the distinct advantages and disadvantages associated with each device.

Are all thermometers equal? A study of three infrared thermometers to detect fever in an African outpatient clinic.

Infrared thermometry has certain advantages over traditional oral thermometry including quick, non-invasive administration and an absence of required consumables. This study compared the performance of tympanic, temporal artery and forehead contactless thermometers with traditional oral electronic thermometer as the reference in measuring temperature in outpatients in a Nigerian secondary care hospital. A convenience sample of 100 male and 100 female adult patients (Mean age = 38.46 years, SD = 16.33 years) were recruited from a secondary care hospital in Kano, Nigeria. Temperature measurements were taken from each patient using the tympanic, temporal artery and contactless thermometers and oral electronic thermometer. Data was analyzed to assess bias and limits using scatterplots and Bland-Altman charts while sensitivity analysis was done using ROC curves. The tympanic and temporal artery thermometers systematically gave higher temperature readings compared to the oral electronic thermometer. The contactless thermometer gave lower readings compared to the oral electronic thermometer. The temporal artery thermometer had the highest sensitivity (88%) and specificity (88%) among the three infrared thermometers. The contactless thermometer showed a low sensitivity of 13% to detect fever greater than 38 °C. Our study shows that replacing oral thermometers with infrared thermometers must be done with caution despite the associated convenience and cost savings.

Comparative accuracy testing of non-contact infrared thermometers and temporal artery thermometers in an adult hospital setting

BackgroundNCIT are non-invasive devices for fever screening in children. However, evidence of their accuracy for fever screening in adults is lacking. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometers (NCIT) with temporal artery thermometers (TAT) in an adult hospital.MethodsA prospective observational study was conducted on a convenience sample of non-infectious inpatients in 2 Australian hospitals. NCIT and TAT devices were used to collect body temperature recordings. Participant characteristics included age, gender, skin color, highest temperature, and antipyretic medications recorded in last 24-hour.ResultsIn 265 patients, a mean difference of ± 0.26°C was recorded between the NCIT (36.64°C) and the reference TAT (36.90°C) temperature devices. Bland-Altman analysis showed that NCIT and TAT temperatures were closely aligned at temperatures <37.5°C, but not at temperatures >37.5°C. NCIT had low sensitivity (16.13%) at temperatures ≥37.5°C. An AUROC score of 0.67 (SD 0.05) demonstrated poor accuracy of the NCIT device at temperatures ≥37.5°C.ConclusionThis is the first study to compare accuracy of NCIT thermometers to TAT in adult patients. Although mass fever screening is currently underway using NCIT, these results indicate that the NCIT may not be the most accurate device for fever mass screening during a pandemic.

Performance of Temporal Artery Temperature Measurement in Ruling Out Fever: Implications for COVID-19 Screening.

The use of non-invasive temperature testing methods like temporal artery thermometers (TATs) is growing exponentially in the face of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. We performed a retrospective analysis of over 1.8 million emergency department electronic health records to identify assess the performance of TAT measurement using patients with near-contemporaneous temperature measurements taken via rectal or oral approaches. Using over 17,000 matched measurements, we show poor fever sensitivity using TAT. We show that sensitivity is significantly improved by lowering the fever threshold and describe limits of agreement between methods of measurement. Our findings suggest that private, public, and healthcare delivery organizations may need to reconsider how we perform high-volume screening during this time of crisis and has implications for return-to-work protocols.

Temporal artery and non-contact infra-red thermometers: is there sufficient evidence to support their use in secondary care?

Abstract&#x0D; Background and Objective&#x0D; Accurate measurement of body temperature is a key part of patient observations and can influence important decisions regarding tests, diagnosis and treatment. For routine measurements in hospitals, non-invasive thermometers such as tympanic infra-red ear thermometers are very widely used even though non-invasive thermometers are not as accurate as core thermometry. However, there are known issues regarding the accuracy of these thermometers due to user errors including dirty probe covers and not straightening the ear canal. We were therefore keen to understand if there was evidence to support the use of alternative non-tympanic, non-invasive thermometer that could be easily and widely deployed across Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust.&#x0D; &#x0D; Material and Methods&#x0D; A search of the published literature via the NICE HDAS was undertaken to identify the evidence on the use of temporal artery (TAT) or non-contact infra-red forehead (NCIT) thermometers compared to a core body temperature thermometer in a clinical setting. The relevant literature was identified, appraised and summarised.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results&#x0D; 15 papers described the use of TAT but only 5 reported results that were considered within clinically acceptable limits of which 2 included febrile patients. Nine of the 10 studies where TAT was considered not to be within acceptable limits included febrile patients. For the NCIT, 3 studies were identified but only 1 reported results within acceptable limits and this did not include febrile patients.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion&#x0D; A review of the literature for both TAT and NCIT has indicated that neither is currently suitable as a replacement for tympanic IR ear thermometers in clinical practice. In particular, the evidence suggests that they are not acceptable methods for detecting temperatures outside the normothermic range and do not detect fever accurately. In addition, the potential for user error with TAT is considered unacceptable.

Temporal Artery Thermometer in Patient Transport: Reliability and Validity.

Temporal Artery Thermometer in Patient Transport: Reliability and Validity.

How normal body temperature relevance with falooda ice cream loving?

Normal body temperature also called normothermia its normal range in humans is 37 degrees celsius. If its valued increased above 43 degrees celsius this condition is called hyperthermia, similarly if decreased below 30 degrees celsius this is called hypothermia. Body temperature depends upon the physical activities, sex, age of individual. Body temperature is measured by the thermometer. The most excellent and accurate thermometer is Temporal artery thermometer which measured exact reading. Falooda ice cream contains sabja seeds, semiya, sugar and diary products that gives us energy. This is healthy drink because it reduced blood pressure or decreased the body temperature during hot days. First of all, it was originated from the India subcontinents and Nadar shah was the first person who brought it in India with him.

How Should We Measure Body Temperature in the Pediatric Emergency Department? Which One Is the Most Accurate?

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate temperature measurement methods in children. Body temperatures of 3 to 18 years old patients were measured with a tympanic infrared thermometer, a noncontact infrared skin thermometer and with a temporal artery thermometer. While the specificity of temporal artery and noncontact thermometers were good in determination of temperatures above 37.5°C, their sensitivities were low. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value for both thermometers were sufficient. Both specificity and sensitivity of both thermometers were determined to be good at temperature values above ≥ 38°C. It is thought that noncontact and temporal artery thermometers can be used for screening in pediatric emergency departments.

RETRACTED: The accuracy of continuous temporal artery thermometers during general anesthesia

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief for inappropriate authorship. The Editor-in-Chief decision was based on the investigation by the Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists which concluded that the corresponding author, Dr. Ueshima presented the names of the individuals not involved or only partially involved in research as lead authors, presented the names of the individuals not involved in research as co-authors and submitted papers without the agreement of the co-authors. The investigation report can be found here.

A comparison of temporal artery thermometers with internal blood monitors to measure body temperature during hemodialysis

BackgroundThermometers that measure core (internal) body temperature are the gold standard for monitoring temperature. Despite that most modern hemodialysis machines are equipped with an internal blood monitor that measures core body temperature, current practice is to use peripheral thermometers. A better understanding of how peripheral thermometers compare with the dialysis machine thermometer may help guide practice.MethodsThe study followed a prospective cross-sectional design. Hemodialysis patients were recruited from 2 sites in Calgary, Alberta (April – June 2017). Body temperatures were obtained from peripheral (temporal artery) and dialysis machine thermometers concurrently. Paired t-tests, Bland-Altman plots, and quantile-quantile plots were used to compare measurements from the two devices and to explore potential factors affecting temperature in hemodialysis patients.ResultsThe mean body temperature of 94 hemodialysis patients measured using the temporal artery thermometer (36.7 °C) was significantly different than the dialysis machine thermometer (36.4 °C); p < 0.001. The mean difference (0.27 °C) appeared to be consistent across average temperature (range: 35.8–37.3 °C).ConclusionsTemperature measured by the temporal artery thermometer was statistically and clinically higher than that measured by the dialysis machine thermometer. Using the dialysis machine to monitor body temperature may result in more accurate readings and is likely to reduce the purchasing and maintenance costs associated with manual temperature readings, as well as easing the workload for dialysis staff.

Comparison of Axillary and Temporal Artery Thermometry in Preterm Neonates

ObjectiveTo compare the accuracy of infrared temporal artery thermometry with axillary thermometry in a cohort of preterm neonates between 28 and 36 weeks postmenstrual age. DesignDescriptive repeated measures design with randomization to temperature measurement order. SettingLevel III NICU in the Central/Southeastern United States. ParticipantsSixty-eight neonates born between 28 weeks and 36 weeks postmenstrual age cared for in incubators or open cribs. MethodsNeonates were randomly assigned to temperature measurement order (axillary followed by temporal artery or temporal artery followed by axillary). Temperature pairs were taken once during the day shift and once during the night shift. Behavioral states were assessed before, during, and after temperature measurement. ResultsNeonates were predominantly female (64.7%) with a mean age of 6.6 days and a mean gestational age of 32.7 weeks, and most were cared for in incubators (n = 55). Noninferiority was observed between the two temperature methods (Holm-Bonferroni criterion = .025, p < .001). There was no statistically significant difference in the behavioral states of the neonates between the two temperature methods. It took nurses significantly longer to use the axillary thermometer than to use the temporal artery thermometer (p < .001). ConclusionTemporal artery temperature measurements were as accurate as axillary temperature measurements in low-birth-weight neonates in the NICU. Nurses spent less time measuring with the temporal artery method than with the axillary method.

Precision, Sensitivity and Patient Preference of Non-Invasive Thermometers in a Pediatric Surgical Acute Care Setting

PurposeThe purpose of the project was to compare the temporal artery thermometer (TAT) to the digital probe thermometer readings at axillary or oral sites, to determine the relative precision and sensitivity of the three methods of thermometry, to compare their readings to core temperature when feasible, and to survey patient and family thermometer preferences. Design & MethodsA randomized crossover design in a 70-bed surgical unit over eight months. Two sets of temperature measurements were obtained for each patient: TAT, axillary, oral (depending on patient ability) and a bladder temperature representing core body temperature (when available). Each method was used twice on each patient, to examine within-method precision. Following measurement, patients or caregivers provided their thermometer preference. For younger/nonverbal patients, a professional observer recorded a disruption score. N=298 patients were enrolled ResultsTAT was more precise than oral and axillary thermometers (p<0.001 vs. axillary, p=0.001 vs. oral). TAT measurements were higher on average than axillary and oral, by 0.7°C and 0.6°C respectively (p<0.001). TAT's disruption score for younger patients was 0.6 points lower on average than axillary (p<0.001). 84% of patients and families who indicated a clear thermometry preference chose TAT. Only 3 patients had bladder-temperature devices, and therefore accuracy could not be analyzed. ConclusionsTAT is more precise, more fever sensitive, less disruptive to younger children, and more preferred by patients and families. Practice ImplicationsTAT is an acceptable temperature measure that could be substituted for oral or axillary temperature in acute care pediatric settings.

Preventing Unplanned Perioperative Hypothermia in Children

Unplanned perioperative hypothermia is a common surgical risk. Unplanned hypothermia is defined as a body temperature below 36° C (96.8° F) during any phase of the perioperative period. Perioperative nurses at a Midwestern tertiary pediatric hospital developed an evidence-based clinical practice guideline (CPG) designed to maintain normothermia for the pediatric surgical population. This CPG outlined standard thermoregulation nursing interventions and required the consistent use of a temporal artery thermometer. A test of this CPG before full implementation established a baseline incidence of unplanned hypothermia at 16.3% (n = 80). The purpose of this study was to measure the rate of perioperative hypothermia in children after implementing the evidence-based CPG. The study results demonstrated that the CPG, guiding research-based nursing practice, consistently prevented unplanned hypothermia. The incidence rate of unplanned perioperative hypothermia after CPG implementation was 1.84% (n = 1,196).

Prehospital Lactate Measurement by Emergency Medical Services in Patients Meeting Sepsis Criteria.

IntroductionWe aimed to pilot test the delivery of sepsis education to emergency medical services (EMS) providers and the feasibility of equipping them with temporal artery thermometers (TATs) and handheld lactate meters to aid in the prehospital recognition of sepsis.MethodsThis study used a convenience sample of prehospital patients meeting established criteria for sepsis. Paramedics received education on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria, were trained in the use of TATs and hand-held lactate meters, and enrolled patients who had a recent history of infection, met ≥ 2 SIRS criteria, and were being transported to a participating hospital. Blood lactate was measured by paramedics in the prehospital setting and again in the emergency department (ED) via usual care. Paramedics entered data using an online database accessible at the point of care.ResultsPrehospital lactate values obtained by paramedics ranged from 0.8 to 9.8 mmol/L, and an elevated lactate (i.e. ≥ 4.0) was documented in 13 of 112 enrolled patients (12%). The unadjusted correlation of prehospital and ED lactate values was 0.57 (p< 0.001). The median interval between paramedic assessment of blood lactate and the electronic posting of the ED-measured lactate value in the hospital record was 111 minutes. Overall, 91 patients (81%) were hospitalized after ED evaluation, 27 (24%) were ultimately diagnosed with sepsis, and 3 (3%) died during hospitalization. Subjects with elevated prehospital lactate were somewhat more likely to have been admitted to the intensive care unit (23% vs 15%) and to have been diagnosed with sepsis (38% vs 22%) than those with normal lactate levels, but these differences were not statistically significant.ConclusionIn this pilot, EMS use of a combination of objective SIRS criteria, subjective assessment of infection, and blood lactate measurements did not achieve a level of diagnostic accuracy for sepsis that would warrant hospital prenotification and committed resources at a receiving hospital based on EMS assessment alone. Nevertheless, this work provides an early model for increasing EMS awareness and the implementation of novel devices that may enhance the prehospital assessment for sepsis. Additional translational research studies with larger numbers of patients and more robust methods are needed.

The impact of user technique on temporal artery thermometer measurements

The impact of user technique on temporal artery thermometer measurements

Hypothermia in Adult ICUs: Changing Incidence But Persistent Risk Factor for Mortality.

This study examined whether hypothermia (< 36.0°C) incidence among critically ill patients varied over time, the determinants of change, and the associated risk for ICU mortality. Interrupted time series analysis among adults admitted to ICUs in Calgary, Canada over 8.5 years. Changes in the incidence of hypothermia within the first 24 hours of ICU admission were modelled using segmented regression. Among 15,291 first admissions to ICU, hypothermia incidence decreased from 29% to 21% during the study period. Implementation of a new temporal artery thermometer (TAT) was associated with the majority of the decrease in incidence (10%; 95% CI 7.1-13%; P < .0001). However, subgroup analysis revealed important differences between medical and surgical patients. Hypothermia incidence decreased among surgical patients before TAT implementation (0.4% per quarter, 95% CI 0.1-0.7%, P = .009), but not after, whereas in medical patients, the incidence increased after (1.0% per quarter, 95% CI 0.6-1.4%, P < .0001) but not before TAT implementation. Segmented logistic regression suggested that increases in the proportion of patients with non-traumatic neurologic admission diagnoses were associated with hypothermia incidence among medical patients, whereas there was no measurable clinical factor associated with the observed time trends among surgical patients. Hypothermia at ICU admission was independently associated with ICU mortality in medical and surgical patients throughout the entire study. The incidence of hypothermia at ICU admission was dependent on medical versus surgical status, and the method of non-invasive temperature measurement, but was persistently associated with ICU mortality.

Temperature measurements with a temporal scanner: systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectivesSystematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic accuracy of temporal artery thermometers (TAT).DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis. The index test consisted of temperature measurement with TAT. The reference test consisted of...

Agreement of infrared temporal artery thermometry with other thermometry methods in adults: systematic review.

To critically review and synthesise the evidence on the agreement of temporal artery thermometry with invasive and noninvasive thermometry methods in hospitalised adults. Noninvasive thermometry methods aim at combining patient comfort and ease of use with satisfactory accuracy of temperature measurements. Infrared temporal artery thermometry is based on the detection of heat radiated from this artery in the forehead and temporal region. Systematic literature review. A literature search was conducted in Pubmed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science and Embase. Data were extracted from twenty method-comparison studies published between 2002-2015. Methodological quality of selected studies was evaluated. Temperature measurements of temporal artery were compared with pulmonary artery, urinary bladder, oesophageal or nasopharyngeal ones in eight studies for the whole temperature range. Accuracy and precision of temporal artery thermometry exceeded recommended levels of 0·3°C in three and six studies respectively. Likewise, in nine studies that compared temporal artery temperature measurements with oral and ear-based ones, satisfactory agreement and variability was reported in five and none of them respectively. With regard to fever and hypothermia, although specificity of temporal artery thermometers for detecting these disorders was satisfactory, their sensitivity was low. Existing evidence does not support that temporal artery thermometry can replace common invasive and noninvasive thermometry methods in adult patients. Health care professionals are recommended to avoid the use of infrared temporal artery temporal artery thermometry in adults, or be cautious about the accuracy and precision of its readings, until improved devices are developed.

Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Body temperature is commonly used to screen patients for infectious diseases, establish diagnoses, monitor therapy, and guide management decisions. To determine the accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating core body temperature in adults and children. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL Plus from inception to July 2015. Prospective studies comparing the accuracy of peripheral (tympanic membrane, temporal artery, axillary, or oral) thermometers with central (pulmonary artery catheter, urinary bladder, esophageal, or rectal) thermometers. 2 reviewers extracted data on study characteristics, methods, and outcomes and assessed the quality of individual studies. 75 studies (8682 patients) were included. Most studies were at high or unclear risk of patient selection bias (74%) or index test bias (67%). Compared with central thermometers, peripheral thermometers had pooled 95% limits of agreement (random-effects meta-analysis) outside the predefined clinically acceptable range (±0.5°C), especially among patients with fever (-1.44°C to 1.46°C for adults; -1.49°C to 0.43°C for children) and hypothermia (-2.07°C to 1.90°C for adults; no data for children). For detection of fever (bivariate random-effects meta-analysis), sensitivity was low (64% [95% CI, 55% to 72%]; I2= 95.7%; P< 0.001) but specificity was high (96% [CI, 93% to 97%]; I2= 96.3%; P< 0.001). Only 1 study reported sensitivity and specificity for the detection of hypothermia. High-quality data for some temperature measurement techniques are limited. Pooled data are associated with interstudy heterogeneity that is not fully explained by stratified and metaregression analyses. Peripheral thermometers do not have clinically acceptable accuracy and should not be used when accurate measurement of body temperature will influence clinical decisions. None.

The Relationship between Subjective and Objective Usability Metrics for Home Healthcare Devices

Home healthcare devices have gained attention recently as more and more care is being delivered in the patients’ home rather than in a hospital setting. This trend is accelerating as healthcare systems work to restrain costs and provide patients with the tangible benefits of receiving care in their own home. Because the user population of these devices is moving away from trained professionals, the usability of home healthcare devices takes on greater importance. Poor usability of these devices could result in negative consequences, ranging from incorrect diagnoses to patient injury or death. In this study, the usability of four common home healthcare devices (a manual blood pressure monitor, a temporal artery thermometer, a pulse oximeter, and a spirometer) was evaluated by 74 participants. The objective metrics of effectiveness (success), efficiency (time on task) and the subjective metric of satisfaction were collected for each device, and correlated with the users’ subjective assessment of the usability of each device, as measured with the System Usability Scale (SUS). Results show that there is a positive correlation between effectiveness and SUS scores, no correlation between efficiency and SUS, and a positive correlation between satisfaction and SUS.