Temple Pond Research Articles

A Comparative Physical Parameters of Sri Kurmanadha Temple Pond and Sri Maninageswara Temple Pond, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Data collected on certain physical parameters of Sri Kurmanadha, Srikurmam and Sri Maninageswar, Kallepalli, Temple Ponds, Srikakulam District, Andhra Pradesh from May 2014 to April 2016. The seasonal variations in water quality were recorded on monthly basis for a period of two years and correlation studies were also conducted among different physical parameters of both temple ponds. Water samples were analyzed for Physical Parameters like air temperature (28.250 C, 27.40 C), water temperature (240C, 24.350 C), transparency (32.1cm., 20.35cm.), EC (621μs/cm., 513.5μs/cm.), TSS (27mg/l., 35.5mg/l.) TDS (367mg/l., 298mg/l), pH (7.35, 7.5), DO (6.75mg/l, 6.5mg/l), COD (10.63mg/l, 10.36mg/l), BOD (3.31mg/l., 2.86mg/l.) total alkalinity (132.5mg/l., 128.5mg/l.), total hardness (80mg/l., 87.5mg/l.). Inter relationship between physical parameters (Pearson’s Correlation matrix) was also recorded. In this observation temperature showed strong positive correlation with COD (r=0.91, r=0.88), BOD (r=0.96, r=0.89), and negative correlation with DO (r=-0.84, r=-0.97). EC showed significant positive correlation with TDS (r=0.85, 0.89), and negative correlation with DO (r= -0.82, r=-0..84), TDS showed positive correlation with pH (r=0.77, r=0.72), and total hardness (r=0.81, 0.78), pH showed positive correlation with COD (r=0.77, r=0.84), total alkalinity (r=0.94, r=0.86), total hardness (r=0.81, r=0.84), and negative correlation with DO (r= -0.87, r=-0.77), Dissolved Oxygen showed negative correlation with COD (r= -0.88, r=-0.93), BOD (r= -0.95, r=-0.93). Chemical Oxygen Demand showed positive correlation with BOD (r= 0.92, r=0.91) and total alkalinity (r= 0.75, r=0.79). Biological Oxygen Demand showed positive correlation with total alkalinity (r= 0.74, r=0.63). Total Alkalinity showed positive correlation with total hardness (r= 0.90, r=0.87). These observations could useful in the water quality monitoring and regulation in order to enhance the quality of water with better sustainable management of Sri Kurmanadha, Srikurmam and Srimaninageswar, Kallepalli, Temple Ponds.

Investigating the Plankton Diversity and Physicochemical Properties in a Temple Pond in Tamil Nadu, India: Taxonomic Composition, Seasonal Variations, and Ecological Implications

The present study explores the dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the Swetharanyeswarar temple pond located in the Mayiladuthurai district of Tamil Nadu, India. The study investigates species composition, diversity, and seasonal variations of these microscopic organisms, considering the ecological implications for the local food chain. Phytoplankton (Seven species), dominated by diatoms, cyanobacteria, and various other taxa, plays a fundamental role as primary producers, influencing nutrient cycling and climate patterns. The presence of Microcystis sp., associated with harmful algal blooms, emphasizes the need for monitoring and understanding its ecological implications. Zooplankton (13 species), including Rotifera, Copepods, and Calanoids, showcases a diverse community with distinct taxonomic members. The Rotifer community peaks in January, gradually declining, while Copepods exhibit notable diversity in April. Calanoids, represented by Macrocyclops albidus and Macrocyclops fuscus, display temporal fluctuations in diversity indices, indicating potential ecological changes influenced by environmental factors. The population of each zooplankton group is expressed as an average number of individuals per liter. Water quality parameters, crucial for understanding ecological dynamics, were meticulously measured in triplicates. Statistical analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel to process and present the data as percentages.
 The study establishes a connection between zooplankton dynamics and physicochemical parameters, highlighting correlations with turbidity, pH, and organic pollution indicators, as per the methods of APHA. Monthly variations in zooplankton populations reveal dynamic ecological patterns influenced by temperature and organic matter. The species richness index reflects a well-balanced distribution within the planktonic community, suggesting a healthy and resilient ecosystem in the Swetharanyeswarar temple pond. Statistical analysis involves expressing the zooplankton population as an average number of individuals per liter and presenting water quality parameters as percentages using Microsoft Excel. These findings underscore the importance of continued monitoring to decipher long-term trends and implement targeted strategies for maintaining water quality and ecosystem health. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights into the intricate relationships between phytoplankton, zooplankton, and environmental factors in a freshwater ecosystem, providing a foundation for informed fisheries management strategies and conservation efforts.

Phytoplankton Abundance and Seasonal Changes at Sri Anjaneya and Saibaba Temple Pond, Narisipuram, Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh, India

Information collected on microalgal abundance of Sri Anjaneya and Saibaba Temple Pond, Narsipuram, Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh from May 2014 to April 2016. It was revealed that the microalgal population comprises of a total of 105 species belongs to 68 genera and 4 classes. Chlorophyceae comprises of 31genera belongs, 48 species, Bacillariophycee comprises of 18 genera and 27 species. Class, Cyanophyceae comprises of 16 genera and 23species and Euglenophyceae with 3 genera and 7 species. A total 3458 organisms/ml were observed with maximum 472 organisms/ml in March 2016 and minimum 124 organisms/ml in August 2014. The seasonal variations were recorded monthly for of two a period years and correlation studies were conducted among various algal groups and total phytoplankton of the temple pond.

Seasonal variation in physicochemical parameters and suitability for various uses of Bouli pond water, Jharkhand

ABSTRACT Ponds are known to have greater biodiversity of species. They are the habitats of many aquatic animals and plants. The purpose of the study is to compare the water quality of the Temple Pond to give a reference for conservation management for this aquatic species and help improve water quality and aquatic biodiversity. Temple Pond is located opposite Bara Talab near Main Road of Lohardaga town of Jharkhand. It is a habitat of fishes – mostly carp. For the study of physicochemical parameters of the pond, water samples were collected for three periods of the year, i.e. pre-monsoon (May), monsoon (August), and post-monsoon (November) for two consecutive years (2015–2016). Samples were stored according to the preservation procedure followed by AS/NZS 5667.1:1998, and analysis was done using standard procedure. Major water parameters such as pH (7.20–7.40), Total Hardness (35.60–61.20), Nitrate (mg/L) (1.10–2.40), Chloride (mg/L) (22.00–33.00), Fluoride (mg/L) (0.02–0.04) were recorded low value; however, Dissolved oxygen (D.O) (mg/L) (4.10–6.90) and Biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D) (mg/L) (2.50–4.20) were little higher than Standard Tolerance limit per classified use of water class depending on various uses of water (ISI-IS: 2296–1982), revealed that the pond is suitable for outdoor bathing (Class-B) and D – Fish culture and aquatic life propagation.

Enhancing starch accumulation/production in Chlorococcum humicola through sulphur limitation and 2,4- D treatment for butanol production

Depleting fuel resources is a global concern worldwide due to the unstable and cost of fuel resources. Increased transportation has gradually depleted the fossil-based fuel resources leading to find a cost-effective, readily available, and renewable source. Considering these issues, various private and government organizations have focussed on producing bio-based fuels from natural sources. In this scenario, algae are a potential emerging source of feedstock or biomass for biobutanol production, which can effectively replace fossil fuels and their environmental drawbacks. The present study focussed on evaluating the potential of freshwater microalga Chlorococcum humicola isolated from temple pond as feedstock for biobutanol production using Clostridium acetobutylicum. The results indicated that C. humicola produced 846.33 μgmg−1of starch under full strength Chu10 medium. While under sulphur and phosphorus limitation, the accumulation of starch was 947.33 μg mg−1 and 766.67 μgmg−1, respectively. Also, C. humicola was exposed to different concentrations of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). At 10μgml−1 of 2,4-D, the highest starch concentration of 989μgmg−1was achieved in C. humicola. Finally, starch in C. humicola were hydrolysed and ABE fermentation was performed using C. acetobutylicum under anaerobic condition in a 5 L automated fermenter. After 72 h of fermentation, the fermented broth is analyed in Gas Chromatography showing the fermented product containing Acetone: Butanol: Ethanol. The present study is the first report on the production of biobutanol from C. humicola isolated from Temple pond. This study emphasizes the importance of local isolates of microalgae as a third-generation substrate to produce butanol to replace fossil-based fuels.

Climatic Variation Water Quality Assessment of Selected Temple Ponds in Kanchipuram

Kanchipuram is the holiest city in Tamil Nadu, India. It has more number of Temple ponds, ponds having water has been selected for the study of climatic variations under physic chemical and biological parameters of water. The period of the study is pre monsoon march 2019 and post monsoon January 2020. The following parameters pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, chlorides, sulphates, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, ammonical nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphate, total silica and biological parameter Total coliform count has been considered in the analysis. The results were linked with ISI-IS: 2296-1982 standards for surface water. The result shown that dissolved oxygen in all seventeen temple ponds has been greater than the standard limit in both the season. The remaining physico chemical, biological parameters were within the limit comparing with class B,C,D,E standard. Analysing the results the temple pond water appropriate in both the climate for bath, swim, fish culture, irrigation, etc. Climatic variation cannot cause the major changes in the pond water.

Qualitative Plankton Diversity of Two Carp Culture Ageing Ponds of LNMU Campus Darbhanga, India

Plankton diversity is an important criteria for assessment of the water quality. In this study we tried to assess the plankton species diversity in two ponds of LNMU, Campus Darbhanga viz. Anandbag pond and Manokamna Temple pond. Plankton diversity of both ponds were recorded from January 2018 to June 2018. A total three classes of phytoplankton and Zooplankton were recorded which contain 18 phytoplankton species and 14 Zooplankton species from both ponds. Out of which 9 species of phytoplankton and 11 species of Zooplankton were common in both ponds. Anandbag pond alone had 12 species of phytoplankton and 12 species of Zooplankton. Manokamna Temple pond had 15 species of phytoplankton and 13 species of zooplankton. Manokamna Temple pond was rich in phytoplankton as well as Zooplankton. A pivotal relationship was observed between phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity.

First Report of Occurrence and Conservation Status of Black Softshell Turtle, Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson 1875) (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae) in West Bengal, India

The study reports the first record of the Black softshell turtle, Nilssonia nigricans (Anderson in Ann Mag Nat Hist 16:282–285, 1875), a species categorised as “Extinct in the Wild” category by IUCN ( http://www.iucnredlist.org/ , 2002) from a locality in West Bengal (Baneswar village, District Cooch Behar, West Bengal; 26° 23.912′ N, 089° 29.872′ E). The study conducted during January, 2017 to January, 2020 found the species to occur in a protected temple pond and several other ponds in the locality. The mean Straight Carapace Length (SCL) and the mean Straight Carapace Width (SCW) of adult turtles were 47.3 ± 10.11 and 37.66 ± 4.24 respectively, whereas the mean SCL and SCW of juveniles were 13.5 ± 6.36 and 12 ± 4.24 respectively. The species is omnivorous in feeding habit. It enjoys local community protection. Further conservation efforts are required to save this local population from future extinction due to urbanization pressure.

Water Quality Assessment of Kanchipuram Temple Pond by Using Statistical Method and Water Quality Index

Water Quality Assessment of Kanchipuram Temple Pond by Using Statistical Method and Water Quality Index

Diversity of turtle and tortoise species and their threats: Evidence from Nagshankar temple, Assam (India)

Northeast India is called the ecological hub of the world’s most rare species which falls under the Indo Burma Biodiversity Hotspot. Out of 356 living species of turtles and tortoises, 34 species are recorded in India. Turtles and tortoises are at a much higher risk of extinction than many other vertebrates. Temple ponds of Assam has a great role to conserve many endemic and endangered species of turtle and tortoise. Nagshankar temple is one of the famous ancient Hindu temples is located at the Biswanath district of Assam which has 9 different types of species of turtle and tortoise. Out of nine species, Nilssonia nigricans species were found in Nagshankar temple pond which is already extinct in wild (EW), two species were endangered viz., Indotestudo elongate, Pangshura sylhetensis, two species were vulnerable viz., Nilssonia gangeticus and Nilssonia hurum, one species of turtle Indian leaf turtle was found which is a nearly threatened species and three species Pangshura tentoria, Pangshura tecta, Lissenys punctata were under least concern category according to the IUCN status. The main aim of this study was to assess the turtle diversity of the Nagshankar temple pond and its threats. The Turtle temple Nagshankar has many opportunities to conserve many endemic and endangered species of turtle and tortoise but some threats were found during the study, therefore it is very essential to make strategies for their conservation.

Analysis of Temple Pond Water in Ayyankarkulam, Kanchipuram

Analysis of Temple Pond Water in Ayyankarkulam, Kanchipuram

Seasonal variations in zooplankton with reference to physicochemical conditions in temple pond at Thiruvottiyur, Chennai

Seasonal variations in zooplankton with reference to physicochemical conditions in temple pond at Thiruvottiyur, Chennai

English

English

Occurrence of <i>Microcystis</i> <i>aeruginosa</i> Kütz. Water Blooms in a Eutrophic Pond of Chidambaram Taluk

The occurrence and abundance of Microcystisaeruginosa were monitored monthly in eutrophic pond water of Ilamiyakkinar temple pond from July 2014 to June 2015. Some environmental factors such as water temperature, pH, free carbon-dioxide (FCO2), total alkalinity, Dissolved oxygen (DO2), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO2-N) and phosphate are recorded and their relationship with the bloom formation by Microcystisaeruginosa were discussed. The initiation and persistence of Microcystisaeruginosa were founded to be triggered by relatively high water temperature (24 °C to 36.5 °C), pH (7.3 to 8.72) and NO2-N concentration.

Dynamics of Micro Algae in Relation to Water Quality Parameters of Pasupatheswarar Temple Pond, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu

The current study deals with water quality variations and micro algal community structure in the highly eutrophic pond. Several water quality parameters were evaluated during the period from July 2014 to June 2015 from sampling station sited from Annamalai Nagar viz., Pasupatheswarar temple pond. The water quality parameters like Air and water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, pH, free carbon-dioxide, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), calcium, magnesium, phosphate and nitrate were analysed. A total 29 species were observed during the study period of which 11 species from the class Cynophyceae, 9 species from the class Chlorophyceae, 6 species from the class Bacillariophyceae and 3 species from the class Euglenophyceae. Maximum species of the class Cyanophyceae were observed during study period. The Microcystisaeruginosa species observed in the pond indicates the signs of eutrophication of pond. The water quality parameters such as temperature, alkalinity, phosphate and nitrates are favourable for the growth of phytoplankton.

Occurrence of <i>Microcystis</i> <i>aeruginosa</i> Kütz. Water Blooms in a Eutrophic Pond of Chidambaram Taluk

The occurrence and abundance of Microcystisaeruginosa were monitored monthly in eutrophic pond water of Ilamiyakkinar temple pond from July 2014 to June 2015. Some environmental factors such as water temperature, pH, free carbon-dioxide (FCO2), total alkalinity, Dissolved oxygen (DO2), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO2-N) and phosphate are recorded and their relationship with the bloom formation by Microcystisaeruginosa were discussed. The initiation and persistence of Microcystisaeruginosa were founded to be triggered by relatively high water temperature (24 °C to 36.5 °C), pH (7.3 to 8.72) and NO2-N concentration.

Dynamics of Micro Algae in Relation to Water Quality Parameters of Pasupatheswarar Temple Pond, Annamalai Nagar, Tamil Nadu

The current study deals with water quality variations and micro algal community structure in the highly eutrophic pond. Several water quality parameters were evaluated during the period from July 2014 to June 2015 from sampling station sited from Annamalai Nagar viz., Pasupatheswarar temple pond. The water quality parameters like Air and water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, pH, free carbon-dioxide, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), calcium, magnesium, phosphate and nitrate were analysed. A total 29 species were observed during the study period of which 11 species from the class Cynophyceae, 9 species from the class Chlorophyceae, 6 species from the class Bacillariophyceae and 3 species from the class Euglenophyceae. Maximum species of the class Cyanophyceae were observed during study period. The Microcystisaeruginosa species observed in the pond indicates the signs of eutrophication of pond. The water quality parameters such as temperature, alkalinity, phosphate and nitrates are favourable for the growth of phytoplankton.

PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PONDS CHERUKULANGARA AND ARYANAMBI IN KERALA

The quality of water is identified in terms of its physical, chemical and biological parameters.Limnological features of two such temple ponds, the Cherukulangara temple pond and Aryanambi temple pond were undertaken in the present study. The biological parameters of the ponds were also made during the study. In the present investigation all the parameters showed higher values in Pond B compared to Pond A. All values are found to be within or less than the permissible limit. Both ponds showed an oligotrophic nature with the presence of poor nutrients and low vegetation. Both ponds are unpolluted fresh water bodies which have no chemical or sewage pollution. It is suggested that the higher authorities should take steps to maintain the quality of fresh water bodies including ponds from all kinds of pollution and balance the fresh water ecosystem.

Water quality and phytoplankton diversity of Gopeswar temple freshwater pond in Assam (India)

Water quality and phytoplankton diversity were investigated in Gopeswar temple pond of Assam, India. Altogether 45 species of phytoplankton were recorded representing Chlorophyceae (16), Cyanophyceae (10), Bacillariophyceae (14), Euglenophyceae (3), Chrysophyceae (1) and Dinophyceae (1). Phytoplankton peaks were observed in summer and monsoon periods. Correlations of phytoplankton density with different water quality parameters were evaluated and the water body was found to be moderately polluted. Presence of Microcystis aeruginosa along with Navicula cryptocephala throughout the year also indicated its cultural eutrophication and hence, needs management intervention DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v41i2.13446 Bangladesh J. Bot. 41(2): 181-185, 2012 (December)

Bacteriological quality assessment of a subtropical temple pond of Birpur, Jammu (J&K, India)

Datte-Da-Talab, a subtropical temple pond of Jammu region is situated near Birpur at 32 o 39'50 N and 74 o 57'10 E just 17 kms from Jammu city. This pond is extensively used by number of pilgrims for drinking, bathing and various religious activities. The study was carried to analyse water for physico-chemical status for a period of one year (May, 2011 to April, 2012) and along with Bacteriological analysis. A total of sixty seven isolates were obtained by using streak plate method and further studied by Gram's staining technique. Among the isolated bacteria 18 were further studied for biochemical analysis and the result revealed the presence of Staphylococcus sp., Streptococcus sp., Shigella sp., Escherichia sp., Enterobacter sp., Salmonella sp., Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. Comparison of bacterial count results, showed that the sediments are more productive source of micro-organisms and contains higher quantity of bacteria than pond water. A good number of bacterial count and the presence of Escherichia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas indicate significant level of microbial pollution of the pond. During the study period it was found that average value of physical and chemical parameters of pond water and that of sediments support the bacterial growth and flourishment. So, the present research work provided a baseline data to generate better restoration and conservation programme as