Temperature Sensor Circuit Research Articles

An offset calibration scheme for on-chip thermal profiling with differential temperature sensors

This paper introduces an on-chip analog calibration method tailored for differential temperature sensors in thermal monitoring applications. A three-step calibration process is proposed within a two-stage high-gain instrumentation amplifier to compensate for the output voltage offset due to device mismatches and on-chip temperature gradients. The calibration circuits were designed in a standard 65 nm CMOS process for simulation. Results indicate that an input-referred offset with a mean of 0.2 μV can be achieved after calibration, through which the standard deviation is greatly reduced from σ = 880.3 to σ = 5086 μV. Furthermore, the proposed analog offset calibration scheme has negligible impact on the sensitivity of the complete temperature sensor circuit, as shown by Monte Carlo and process-temperature corner simulation results.

47‐1: Ambipolar Gap‐type a‐Si‐TFT Circuit Applied for a Color Ambient Light Sensor

In this paper, we proposed ambient light sensor (ALS) and color temperature sensor (CTS) circuit integrated in the edge of LCD display panel. The designed circuit is based on the thin film transistor (TFT) technology, the photo TFT can produce high photo current under light for sensor realizing ambient light from 0~50000Lux. Also, CTS circuit are based on ALS circuit but covered with color filter. The result shows that CTS can discriminate different color temperature in ambient light. The biggest advantage of this sensor is that it is compatible with TFT process in manufacturing, and it is small in size and high in efficiency. It has the potential to replace photodiode sensors.

Protoype Sistem Penyiram Lahan Perkebunan Kangkung Otomatis Berbasis Internet of Things dengan Logika Fuzzy Sugeno

Watering is one of the jobs that are routinely carried out in plant maintenance which usually causes various problems. One of them is the absence of the same measure of water quantity when watering will result in the plants being treated can experience excess or lack of water, causing the plants to dry out or rot and die. So we need a tool that can help in terms of watering plants. The internet of things-based automatic watering machine for water spinach plantations is expected to be a system to assist farmers in watering especially kale that can detect moisture in the soil and temperature around the land and has scheduling options, automatic fuzzy and manual that can be controlled via the android application. which has been designed and can work based on the selected option. This tool is made using the Sugeno fuzzy logic method because this method is suitable for use in making decisions to find the values ​​of humidity and temperature that fluctuate and are less certain. Based on the results of the study, the average percentage difference in the humidity sensor is 0.016 % and the accuracy (accuracy) on the humidity sensor circuit is 99.98%, while the percentage difference in the temperature sensor is 0.02% and the accuracy (accuracy) on the LM35 temperature sensor circuit is 99.99%.

Bandgap reference, temperature sensor and low drop-out regulator circuits monolithic sensors in TPSCo 65 nm ISC technology

With Inner Tracking System v3 (ITS3), the ALICE experiment is pursuing a wafer-scale Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS). The chip is being developed in TPSCo 65 nm ISC technology which is under study in the framework of CERN EP R&D on monolithic sensors for High Energy Physics (HEP) applications. This contribution presents designs and measurement results of building blocks needed for this chip, in particular bandgap references and temperature sensors. In addition, simulation results of the design of Low Drop-out Regulator (LDO) to be submitted for the next prototyping run will be discussed.

RANCANG BANGUN HEATER PADA BLOOD WARMER DENGAN TAMPILAN LCD BERBASISI MIKROKONTROLLER ATMega8535

Blood warmer is a tool that is used to warm blood in the process of blood transfusion. Inside the blood warmer there are several main parts that must be considered, the main part that must be considered is the heater part. With the main aim to maintain the temperature in the blood cantomate so that no clotting occurs. The design of this tool aims to obtain the design of blood builder using the LM35 sensor as a temperature indicator to be displayed on the LCD. This research starts from the stages of collecting various sources, gathering information designing tool products, designing and perfoming function tests. Device hard covening design circuit supply power, circuit minumum system ATMega8535 microcontroller, a temperature sensor circuit. circuit,heater driver circuit LCD. While design for device soft covering programming basic language complier. Principle work from system on a whole namely : temperature sensor circuit will give input on the microcontrller for processed and produce output in the fom of hot via heater

Research on Wireless Water Quality Monitoring Method Based on STM32

Since the 21st century, people’s production and life have caused water pollution to varying degrees, so real-time monitoring of water quality has become crucial. Based on STM32, this paper proposes a water quality monitoring method that can continuously monitor three water quality parameters: water temperature, PH value, and turbidity. The water quality monitoring method is mainly based on the extended circuit of the STM32 series single-chip microcomputer, including PH sensor control circuit module, temperature sensor circuit module, wireless network communication circuit module, turbidity sensor circuit module, etc. Then based on the C language to write the MCU data acquisition program and the PC program developed on the virtual instrument design language platform, the PC program is mainly composed of the main PC and the MCU communication, data analysis and processing, process monitoring and other subroutines. The water quality monitoring method proposed in this paper can detect different water quality in real time through wireless transmission. This new method is not only suitable for the future development of the current water quality monitoring market, but also has a very promising application prospect.

Prototype System of Temperature and Humadity Automatic in Oyster Mushroom Cultivation using Arduino Uno

Current technological developments make it easy to carry out maintenance of oyster mushroom cultivation. The maintenance can be done by setting the temperature and humidity automatically in the cultivation room. With automatic temperature control, it can facilitate the treatment of oyster mushrooms. In realizing the simulation of creation, automatic temperature and humidity controllerconsists of the hardware that are needed such as temperature and humidity sensor units, LCD display units, and Arduino Uno as the processors which are then combined into a system. The software part is designed to use C language as the programming language to regulate the temperature and humidity based on Arduino Uno which is based on 3 main circuits, there are Input circuit, Process sequence and Output circuit. The temperature and humidity sensor circuit as input, Arduino Uno as a processing, sprinkle as output. The advantages of this system are: farmers do not always have to stay in the garden to spray the farm in morning and evening.

Perancangan Pemanas dan Pengontrol Suhu Sesuai Kondisi Pada Mulut Manusia Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno

The design of heaters and temperature controllers based on Arduino uno were successfully overlaid as candidate temperature controllers. The heater made from nickel winding with a diameter of 0.25 with a wire length of 5 m by utilizing eddy current as an induction heater. The temperature controller used is the LM35 temperature sensor circuit, power supply, and Arduino uno microcontroller, which is connected to serial communication so that the value can be displayed on a PC. The data generated in the study are voltage calibration data on temperature, heating, sensor performance data and delay (delay time). The percentage of sensor performance in this study was 99.76%, with a delay of 0.802 ± 0.006. Based on the results of the performance and design data analysis, it can be concluded that the Arduino uno-based heater design and temperature controller can be applied as a temperature controller as a candidate for temperature detection according to mouth conditions in humans.

PROTOTYPE OF THE WELL WATER CONDUCTIVITY SENSOR SYSTEM BASED MICROCONTROLLER

<p class="abstrak">Electrical conductivity is one of the water quality parameters. The value of conductivity is an early indication of water pollution. Standard of the water conductivity value according to WHO should be less than 400 μS/cm. The prototype of the well-water conductivity sensor system consists of the power supply, temperature sensor circuit, conductivity sensor circuit, Arduino UNO microcontroller, 16x2 I2C LCD characters and the conversion equation. Therefore, It presents the conductivity value at various temperature and conductivity at 25<sup>o</sup>C by conversion equation. Furthermore, it measured the conductivity of water within 15.24 - 1031.60 μS/cm with error 0.39 – 21.48 μS/cm and the temperature of water within 20.10 – 50.20<sup>o</sup>C with error 0.13 – 0.72<sup>o</sup>C. The test of measurement from 11 sample points in the Pesayangan Martapura and Antasan Senor East Martapura, Banjar, South Kalimantan, Indonesia showed the conductivity of the well-water at the actual temperature was at the range of 128.50 – 364.51 μS/cm and the 161.97 – 364.51 μS/cm at 25<sup>o</sup>C.</p>

A Sub-50 µm2, Voltage-Scalable, Digital-Standard-Cell-Compatible Thermal Sensor Frontend for On-Chip Thermal Monitoring

This paper presents an on-chip temperature sensor circuit for dynamic thermal management in VLSI systems. The sensor directly senses the threshold voltage that contains temperature information using a single PMOS device. This simple structure enables the sensor to achieve an ultra-compact footprint. The sensor also exhibits high accuracy and voltage-scalability down to 0.4 V, allowing the sensor to be used in dynamic voltage frequency scaling systems without requiring extra power distribution or regulation. The compact footprint and voltage scalability enables our proposed sensor to be implemented in a digital standard-cell format, allowing aggressive sensor placement very close to target hotspots in digital blocks. The proposed sensor frontend prototyped in a 65 nm CMOS technology has a footprint of 30.1 µm2, 3σ-error of ±1.1 °C across 0 to 100 °C after one temperature point calibration, marking a significant improvement over existing sensors designed for dynamic thermal management in VLSI systems.

CMOS Temperature Sensor with Programmable Temperature Range for Biomedical Applications

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p class="p1"><span class="s1">A CMOS temperature sensor circuit with programmable temperature range is proposed for biomedical applications. The proposed circuit consists of temperature sensor core circuit and programmable temperature range digital interface circuit. Both circuits are able to be operated at 1.0 V. The proposed temperature sensor circuit is operated in weak inversion region of MOSFETs. The proposed digital interface circuit converts current into time using Current-to-Time Converter (ITC) and converts time to digital data using counter. Temperature range can be programmed by adjusting pulse width of the trigger and clock frequency of counter. The proposed circuit was simulated using HSPICE with 1P, 5M, 3-wells, 0.18-μm CMOS process (BSIM3v3.2, LEVEL53). From the simulation of proposed circuit, temperature range is programmed to be 0 °C to 100 °C, it is obtained that resolution of the proposed circuit is 0.392 °C with -0.89/+0.29 °C inaccuracy and the total power consumption is 22.3 μW in 25 °C.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></span></p></div></div></div>

Temperature Control System for Mushroom Dryer

The main problem in mushroom cultivation is the handling after the harvest. Drying is one technique to preserve the mushrooms. Traditionally, mushrooms are dried by sunshine which depends on the weather. This affects the quality of the dried mushrooms. Therefore, this paper proposes a system to provide an artificial drying for mushrooms in order to maintain their quality. The objective of the system is to control the mushroom drying process to be faster compared to the natural drying at an accurate and right temperature. A model of the mushroom dryer has been designed, built, and tested. The system comprises a chamber, heater, blower, temperature sensor and electronic control circuit. A microcontroller is used as the controller which is programmed to implement a bang-bang control that regulates the temperature of the chamber. A desired temperature is inputted as a set point of the control system. Temperature of 45 °C is chosen as the operational drying temperature. Several tests have been carried out to examine the performance of the system including drying speed, the effects of ambient conditions, and the effects of mushroom size. The results show that the system can satisfy the objective.

Stretchable temperature-sensing circuits with strain suppression based on carbon nanotube transistors

For the next generation of wearable health monitors, it is essential to develop stretchable and conformable sensors with robust electrical performance. These sensors should, in particular, provide a stable electrical output without being affected by external variables such as induced strain. Here, we report circuit design strategies that can improve the accuracy and robustness of a temperature sensor based on stretchable carbon nanotube transistors. Using static and dynamic differential readout approaches, our circuits suppress strain-dependent errors and achieve a measured inaccuracy of only ±1 oC within a uniaxial strain range of 0–60%. We address device variability by using a one-time, single-point calibration approach. In contrast with previous approaches, which infer temperature change through a normalized measurement at two temperatures, our prototype devices provide an absolute output without temperature cycling. This is essential for practical deployment because heating and cooling the sensor is prohibitively slow and costly during real-time operation and production testing. Using carbon nanotube transistors, stretchable temperature sensor circuits can be designed that suppress strain-dependent errors and achieve a measured inaccuracy of only ±1 °C within a uniaxial strain range of 0–60%

A method to alleviate hot spot problem in 3D IC

In three-dimensional integrated circuit, the heat distribution of circuit is irregular and unfixed. Superposition of power consumption in each layer is easy to form hot spots, which seriously affect the performance of the chip. In previous studies, this problem is generally solved by insertion of thermal through silicon via or the reasonable location optimization for TSVs. However, the fixed TSV positioning can't alleviate the dynamic change of hot spots. In this paper, a method to relieve the dynamic hot spots in 3D IC by switching signal in TSV clusters is proposed. When signal is switched in TSV clusters, the variation of the thermal distribution of the chip is analyzed in detail. And we select each signal's TSV cluster transmission path in real time according to the thermal distribution. So that the temperature of the chip can be evenly distributed and the chip can be protected from the hot spots' continuous work. In order to realize the timely signal switching, we designed a TSV cluster switching algorithm and a temperature sensor circuit. The result shows that when a hot spot appears in the circuit which temperature is above 47.67°C, the signal in the TSV cluster is switched to enable the hot spot gets effectively alleviate.

A Low-ppm Digitally Controlled Crystal Oscillator Compensated by a New 0.19-mm2 Time-Domain Temperature Sensor

A low-ppm digitally controlled crystal oscillator (DCXO) in a Pierce readout topology with a new 0.19-mm2 CMOS time-domain temperature sensor (TDTS) circuit for temperature compensation is designed and fabricated in this paper. The Pierce readout circuit is designed to output a 16-MHz oscillating signal as an important base clock for mobile devices. To cope with inevitable imprecision caused by environmental temperature variation, the readout should be compensated based on crystal’s frequency-temperature curve via a temperature sensor. To this end, a new low-power, small-sized, CMOS on-chip temperature sensor circuit is successfully synthesized by 20-stages of newly designed delay cells. Each delay cell is compensated by a CMOS-process-compatible varactor, enabling a TDTS consisting of only a low number of delay cells to generate long enough delay that is proportional to temperature and in required precisions. In addition to Pierce and TDTS circuits, the DCXO consists of the logics to compute capacitance correction, a switched-capacitor array to adjust Pierce capacitances, and regulators for DCXO and TDTS. The proposed circuits are fabricated by TSMC 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ CMOS process, where the active area is 0.516 mm2 for the whole chip, while 0.19 mm2 for the TDTS. With temperature compensation enabled, the best measured frequency deviations of a calibrated TCXO is within ±0.2 ppm from −40 °C to 85 °C. The temperature resolution of the developed TDTS is successfully designed to reach 0.18 °C/LSB with an accuracy of ±1 °C validated by one of the tape-out chips.

Integration of a torsion-based shear-mode energy harvester and energy management electronics for a sensor module

This work demonstrates the ability of a torsion-based shear-mode energy harvester to power a sensor module by integrating a temperature sensor circuit with a purpose developed piezoelectric energy harvester. A 10-cm3 energy harvester was developed for this application and was found to produce over 200 µW of maximum power through an optimal load resistance under 0.25 gpk acceleration excitation at its resonant frequency of 237 Hz. This harvester was then tested with two interface circuits: a standard interface diode bridge rectifier and a nonlinear synchronous electrical charge extraction circuit that were compared for their suitability in powering the sensor module. Through this, the synchronous electrical charge extraction nonlinear conditioning circuit was found to have superior performance when charging a capacitor and with DC loads at low voltages and was capable of providing a maximum power output of 37 µW under 0.25 gpk acceleration at 237 Hz. This output power was then used to successfully power a temperature sensor module consisting of a temperature sensor, a microcontroller, and a radio-frequency identification memory chip at a sensing frequency of 0.5 Hz.

A CMOS temperature sensor and auto-zeroing circuit with inaccuracy of −1/+0.7 °C between −30 to 150 °C

An energy efficient complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) temperature sensor and signal conditioning circuit with auto zeroing technique has been enunciated in this paper. In the present study, a novel CMOS temperature sensor based on sub-threshold MOS operation has been presented, which is designed for Aerospace applications. The proposed sensor does not use bipolar junction transistor (BJT) for sensing; instead it utilizes the temperature dependency of the threshold voltage of MOSFET. The proposed temperature sensor is designed to sense −30 to 150 °C and its sensitivity is 1.4 mV/°C while the power consumption is 60 nW. The accuracy of sensor is mainly limited by offset and flicker noise (1/f) noise, which is cancel by the autozeroing circuit with the help of switch capacitor circuit. The sensor circuit is designed with biasing sub circuit for controlling the curvature correction. The proposed temperature sensor and signal conditioning are simulated in a Cadence Analog Design Environment with UMC90 nm library. The simulation result shows an inaccuracy of −1/+0.7 °C.

Compact and Supply-Voltage-Scalable Temperature Sensors for Dense On-Chip Thermal Monitoring

This paper presents compact and voltage-scalable temperature sensor circuits for implementing dynamic thermal management (DTM) in high-performance microprocessors and Systems-on-Chips (SoC). The proposed sensor front ends require only 6 to 8 NMOS transistors, resulting in more than one order of magnitude smaller area than the previous state of the art. The sensor supply voltage can be scaled down to 0.6 V, so it can be integrated with digital circuits employing a dynamic-voltage-scaling technique without additional power distribution and regulation. Sensor front ends with three different sizes (115, 279, and $400\;\upmu {\text{m}^2}$ ) and their back ends have been prototyped in a 65 nm CMOS technology. The measurement results of the $279\;\upmu {{\rm m}^{2}}$ front end at 0.6 V show a worst-case error of 7.0° C across 64 instances 0° C to 100° C after a low-cost one-temperature-point calibration. With the same conditions, the measurements of the $400\;\upmu {{\rm m}^{2}}$ front end show a worst-case error of 5.4° C across 64 instances. The compact sensor designs make it possible to integrate an order of magnitude more sensors on a chip with little additional overhead and thereby enable very dense thermal monitoring in digital VLSI systems.

English

The aim is to design and develop a temperature control system. It is an useful tool for the researcher, students and all those who are affiliated with control system. This will help them to develop and understand the concepts of the control system. An embedded system is used to control the temperature. This paper includes the design and development of Microcontroller Based Temperature Sensor circuit. Microcontroller which senses temperature and measures it. To Sense the temperature LM35 is used and the output is displayed on LCD. The sensed temperature is compared with the value stored by the set point and the respective reading obtained and temperature verses time graph has been plotted accordingly, Different Materials such as cuboids of 1 cm each of Copper, Zinc, Aluminum Brass were heated for various duty cycles of PWM used from the microcontroller.(1) The various graphs showing relationship between temperature and different parameters have been plotted to validate the accuracy of the system.

Design of the Gas Flow Integrating Instrument

A flow integrating instrument based on the diaphragm gas meter is designed with MSP430 microprocessor. The double reed switch is used for the flow signal acquisition with higher Accuracy. In order to reduce the influence of pressure and temperature on gas flow measurement, the PT1000 resistance temperature sensor and silicon piezo-resistive pressure sensor circuit are designed. The embedded software is developed with C. The experimental result show the flow integrating instrument has high accuracy.