Solar Panel Temperature Research Articles

Phase change materials encapsulated in graphene hybrid aerogels with high thermal conductivity for efficient solar-thermal energy conversion and thermal management of solar PV panels

Phase change materials (PCMs) have a wide range of applications in latent heat storage and thermal management. However, their practical use is hindered by high leakage rates and low thermal conductivity. To address these issues, polyvinyl alcohol/carboxylated carbon nanotubes/graphene hybrid aerogels (PCG) were carbonized at high temperatures to obtain polyvinyl alcohol/carboxylated carbon nanotubes/graphene carbon aerogels (cPCG). Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was then encapsulated within cPCG to form cPCG@PEG shape-stabilized PCMs (SSPCMs). These cPCG@PEG SSPCMs demonstrated excellent thermal conductivity (0.843 W•m-1•K-1) and superior solar-thermal conversion performance (91.8%). Additionally, the latent heat of cPCG@PEG showed a minimal decrease even after 100 melt-crystallization cycles. An experimental setup was designed to regulate the temperature of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels using cPCG@PEG. The results indicated that cPCG@PEG effectively managed the temperature of solar PV panels under varying light conditions. This study presents a novel approach for enhancing the application of porous PCMs in solar energy utilization and thermal management of equipment.

ANALISIS PERBANDINGAN KINERJA SISTEM PENDINGIN PV DENGAN CAIRAN AQUADES, AIR SUMUR, DAN TANPA PENDINGIN DENGAN MONITORING IOT

Solar Power Plants are an environmentally friendly energy source that utilizes sunlight energy which is converted into electricity. However, solar panels must maintain their performance. One of the impacts is that solar panels cannot work optimally if the temperature of the solar panels exceeds the safe temperature. This research examines the factors that cause the performance of solar panels to not work optimally, when the surface temperature of the solar panels is too hot and exceeds the safe temperature limit, then tools are needed to help the solar panels so that the working temperature is not too high. The technology used to control the temperature of solar panels is by utilizing IoT by maximizing the DS18B20 sensor and voltage sensor, to read the surface temperature of the panel, which will then wet the surface of the solar panel with distilled water and well water automatically if the surface temperature of the panel exceeds the safe temperature on the solar panel. And later you can monitor the temperature of the panel with a smartphone and also observe whether distilled water and well water can reduce the temperature on the surface of the panel. When collecting data, it can be compared to when without using cooling, the temperature on the panel is above 33 degrees. Meanwhile, when using a cooler the temperature obtained decreases. The well water cooler produces a temperature of 32 degrees, while the distilled water cooler produces a temperature of 30.5 degrees. It can be concluded that distilled water can reduce the temperature of the panel, so it can make the panel work optimally. So, in order to maximize the performance of the panels to utilize solar power, in this research, distilled water is very good for lowering the temperature on the surface of the panels.

Simulation on water photovoltaic heat exchange mechanism and influence on water quality, a case on the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion project

Water photovoltaic (WPV) power stations have developed rapidly in recent years around the world. However, the thermal performance, power generation characteristics and the influence on water temperature and water quality of WPV power station need to be further studied. At present, there is no systematic and complete numerical method that can simulate the impact of solar panel on water environment. In this paper, a joint calculation method of WPV heat exchange model and 1-D hydrodynamic and water quality model is proposed. Taking Hebei section of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion project as an example, the solar panel temperature, electrical efficiency, water temperature and water quality changes are analyzed. The results show that, compared with the static water condition, the solar panel temperature and air temperature below the panel decrease under flowing water condition. And the photoelectric efficiency is improved. After covering the WPV, the air temperature below the panel is significantly affected by the solar panel temperature. When moving from south to north along the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion project, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of WPV gradually increases, but module output power per square meter drops by 1.75 W/m2. The short-wave radiation flux reduction factor of WPV should be less than 20 % for ensuring the stability of water quality and the large discharge will weaken the short-wave radiation flux reduction influences on water quality.

An Increasing the Output Power of PLTS by Using Cooler on the Panel Surface

A Growth in Indonesia is increasing and the energy sources needed by humans are also increasing. Therefore, more environmentally friendly and renewable energy sources are needed. One source of renewable energy is solar panels which use the sun as a source to produce electrical energy for human needs. Renewable energy that is now widely loved is solar energy, which can be converted into electrical energy with the help of solar panels. Solar panels are made of semiconductor silicon which absorbs photons from the sun's energy. However, the sun does not only produce photons which can be converted into electrical energy, but there is also heat energy which can increase the temperature of the solar panels which can reduce the performance of the solar panels. Therefor researchers conducted research to reduce the temperature of solar panels by using the monocrystalline solar panel cooling method using mineral oil with the immersion cooling technique. However, the solar panel itself has a maximum body temperature which affects the output of the solar panel. Solar cell panels experience a decrease in their ability to produce electricity if they get too hot or exceed their effectiveness limit. Therefore, a cooling system is needed to cool or reduce the temperature of the solar cell panels, so that they can produce electricity effectively and efficiently. If you look at the cooling process, solar cells remain good and stable at a temperature of 25ºC -35ºC because at this temperature the solar panels can produce the best power. Keywords: Solar Cell Cooler, Power Efficiency, and Panel

Effects of climatic conditions of Al Seeb in Oman on the performance of solar photovoltaic panels

Human activities and climatic elements, including temperature, humidity, and wind speed, have an impact on natural dust deposition. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of wind speed, relative humidity, and ambient temperature on the performance of soiled photovoltaic panels in Al Seeb, Oman. The study was conducted by exposing the solar PV panels to outdoor sunlight for a duration of two months. Parameters such as solar radiation, voltage, current, solar panel temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and ambient temperature were collected in a short time interval. It was observed that the dust densities of 20.7 g/m2, 27 g/m2, and 41.3 g/m2 resulted in electrical power reductions of 18 %, 33 %, and 40 % for the panels uncleaned for one week, two weeks, and three weeks, respectively. The effect of daily dust resulted in an energy reduction of 14 %. Moreover, dust deposition decreases when the wind speed increases, resulting in a higher power output and vice versa. The higher the humidity, the stronger the dust's adhesion to the surface, resulting in more deposition and reduced power output. The maximum power output of 82.3 W was achieved at the wind speed of 10 m/s, 34.9 % relative humidity, and ambient temperature of 38.5 °C.

Experimental Study of Cleaning Techniques for improving Performance of PV Modules

The present study concentrates effects of soiling on the performance of three monocrystalline Solar panels (a reference panel, a nano coated and a self-cleaned). The panels were installed at a tilt angle of 33° facing south on the roof of Mechanical Engineering Department, Mirpur University of Science and Technology Mirpur Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K), Pakistan for a period of five weeks. The performance parameters such as solar irradiance, dust density, power output and the cell temperature of the panels were measured on weekly basis. The outcomes of the investigation demonstrate that power output of the reference, nano-coated and self-cleaning solar panels was observed to be reduced to 12%, 10%, and 8% respectively. The rapid fluctuation in the direct normal irradiation (DNI) is noticed for the whole experimental duration. Moreover, the temperature of reference, nano-coated and self-cleaning solar panels are observed to be decreased 13%, 11% and 12% respectively. The dust density increases for the whole experimental period.

Development of Solar Panel Monitoring System On Automatic Meter Reading

In dealing with era society 5.0, a gas company uses the Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system, which is a remote data reading automation technology system for measuring instrument data in the field, which then conveys the information to the center via communication media data. In the Metering/Regulating Station (M/RS) installation, AMR is connected to the Electronic Volume Converter (EVC) which functions to transmit data from measuring instrument readings in the EVC to the data collection server. The modem on the AMR system uses a power supply from the solar panel system during the day and a battery system at night. The system for handling incomplete data disturbances is currently still in corrective action due to the unavailability of a solar panel monitoring system in the AMR system, causing difficulties for the team in conducting root cause analysis due to problems with battery voltage which are unable to cure AMR. To change the operation and maintenance activities of the AMR system, which was previously corrective action into preventive action, the authors will design and build a long-distance integrated solar panel monitoring system at AMR with the following features monitoring temperature, voltage, and current modules of solar panels, monitoring temperature and battery loading, and AMR remote restart function.

A Simple Approach for Module Temperature and Power Prediction

In this work a mathematical approach to calculate solar panel temperature based on measured irradiance, temperature and wind speed is applied. With the calculated module temperature, the electrical solar module characteristics is determined. A program developed in MatLab App Designer allows to import measurement data from a weather station and calculates the module temperature based on the mathematical NOCT and stationary approach with a time step between the measurements of 5 minutes. Three commercially available solar panels with different cell and interconnection technologies are used for the verification of the established models. The results show a strong correlation between the measured and by the stationary model predicted module temperature with a coefficient of determination R2 close to 1 and a root mean square deviation (RMSE) of ≤ 2.5 K for a time period of three months. Based on the predicted temperature, measured irradiance in module plane and specific module information the program models the electrical data as time series in 5-minute steps. Predicted to measured power for a time period of three months shows a linear correlation with an R2 of 0.99 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 3.5, 2.7 and 4.8 for module ID 1, 2 and 3. The calculated energy (exemplarily for module ID 2) based on the measured, calculated by the NOCT and stationary model for this time period is 118.4 kWh, resp. 116.7 kWh and 117.8 kWh. This is equivalent to an uncertainty of 1.4% for the NOCT and 0.5% for the stationary model.

Effects of cooling and interval cleaning on the performance of soiled photovoltaic panels in Muscat, Oman

Due to the present alarming environmental problem, the world has turned to photovoltaic (PV) solar energy as a sustainable, renewable, and environmentally friendly alternative. Solar energy technology has rapidly improved in recent decades, and the global installation of photovoltaic systems has been increasing at a rate of 24% annually. However, soiling on panels and high panel temperature affect the performance of photovoltaic systems, and this leads to significant production loss, especially in the Middle East, where the dust intensity and ambient air temperature are at their highest levels. This paper presents the influence of cooling and interval cleaning on the performance of the photovoltaic system installed in Muscat, Oman. The study involved cleaning the first panel at a comparable inclination angle. The second panel had its inclination angle changed. The third panel was designed to inject water for cooling purposes. In this case, the panel was subjected to water injection for 30 s once per week, followed by daily water injection for 120 s in the second week. All the results were compared with the fourth panel, which was neither cleaned nor touched. Measurements, including open circuit voltage, short circuit current, solar panel temperature, solar radiation, and power, were made in 1-min intervals using a data logger. The results of the experiment showed that cleaning the panel manually every three days resulted in the highest output power and efficiency, reaching 85.6 W with 23.6% efficiency. The cooling of the panel resulted in an increase in power, especially for the longer injection duration. Conclusively, water injection resulted in an energy output growth of 23.9%.

Analisis Pengaruh Suhu Panel Surya Terhadap Output Panel Performance

The main obstacle that greatly affects solar power output systems is the low conversion efficiency of solar panels, which is greatly influenced by their operating temperature. Failure to consider solar panel temperature increases the financial risks of installing the installation system. In this research, the output performance of solar panels was examined in outdoor conditions. All data was measured and recorded from 09.00 to 17.00, over 30 minute intervals. Panel temperature measurements were carried out using a Ditec C355 infrared thermometer. And then compared with using Pvsyst software. The output power of a solar panel is highly dependent on the solar radiation that falls on its surface. The amount of incoming sunlight is much higher during the hours from 11.00 to 13.00, which can be determined as the peak of the sun during the day. So it can be concluded that the ideal climate for setting up a large solar installation system is a cool and sunny climate.

Mathematical Simulation of Plat-Pin Fin Heat Sink Installed under the Solar Panels

Mathematical simulation of plat–pin fin heat sink installed under solar panels was conducted. Based on the problem of heat accumulation inside the solar panel, the electricity generation efficiency become reduced with a higher heat. Thus, the objective was to design and simulate plate and pin cooling. Two shapes of pin consisting of plate and cylindrical pin were studied. The investigated process was divided into two stages. The design and calculation of the heat sink fin was the first stage. The process of simulating solar panels with fins attached and without fins using the SOLIDWORKS program was the second stage. Three factors were considered: the direction of the panel installation (S, SE, and SW), the inclination angle () of the solar panel, and the style of installation (Transvers and longitude fins). The appropriated condition for reducing the temperature of solar panels was discussed. The results showed that the minimal temperature of the solar panel was obtained at the southeast (SE) direction with an inclination angle () of 18°. Heat dissipation was achieved by the transvers fins in which a maximum temperature reduction gave 6.39 ℃.

Results of mathematical modelling of the cooling system for solar panels of a hybrid power plant based on solar and hydraulic energy

It should be noted that theoretical and experimental studies in the field of semiconductors have shown good prospects for creating matrix and multilateral photoelectric converters (MPCs) with vertical p-n junctions. Such PV have undeniable advantages in the tasks of generating high output voltages and converting concentrated solar radiation. In addition, the implementation of such PVs in a multi-sensitive design makes it possible to reduce the consumption of semiconductor silicon by up to three to four times.But, in conditions of a dry, hot, continental and dusty climate, for example, in the republics of Central Asia, their heating is observed when the FP operates. This problem can be solved by using it in conjunction with microhydroelectric power plants or additional cooling. The hybrid system developed by the authors includes a solar power plant, a counter-rotor hydraulic unit with a reactive and active impeller, a cooling system and an automatic control system. The characteristics of this system were studied on the basis of mathematical modeling in the “Comsol multiphysics 6.1” software environment.In the simulation, the solar panel was cooled with air and water using electricity from a hydroelectric unit. According to the calculation results, the heating of the solar panel without forced convection at an outside air temperature of 400-450C was 1080C. Water was supplied through an aluminum cover installed behind the solar panel and which had channels. The solar panel temperature was 49.2°C and the water temperature was 48.2°C.When cooled by ambient air, the temperature of the solar panel was 67.7°C. The cooling system efficiency was 74% when comparing the energy expended to cool a 2m2 solar panel and the power added when cooling the panel.

Analysis of the Effect of Tilt Position and Surface Temperature Levels of Solar Panels in Optimizing Solar Panel Performance

The impact of increasing energy needs requires the search for alternative energy, one of which is the use of abundant solar energy. This solar energy is processed through solar panels to convert it into electrical energy. Solar panels can function optimally if they are exposed to maximum sunlight and are at the right working temperature. The challenge faced is, to get maximum sunlight, solar panels must be directed towards sunlight. However, continuous exposure to sunlight causes an increase in the surface temperature of the panel, which ultimately reduces the output power of the solar panel. Therefore, a special design is needed to overcome this problem. The solution implemented is a solar panel optimization system by adjusting the tilt of the panels and using a cooling system connected to the Internet of Things (IoT). The goal of this system is to maximize solar panel performance by maintaining maximum sunlight exposure and panel operating temperature within the appropriate range. The method used is to adjust the tilt of the panel so that it is always at the maximum angle of sunlight, and to use the Peltier effect on water as a surface cooling system for the solar panels. The parameters monitored in this research include voltage from the LDR light sensor, solar panel tilt angle, solar panel temperature, and cooling water temperature from the Peltier effect, as well as voltage, current, and power in comparison between standard solar panels (without a design system) and panels. solar using system design. Monitoring is carried out in real time using Internet of Things-based technology. The test results show that the system can function well as a solar panel optimization system integrated with the Internet of Things. A power increase of 36.91% was achieved by comparing the system without design with the design system (angle adjustment and cooling). In addition, the real-time remote monitoring concept has proven effective in observing the value of electrical energy produced by solar panels in an integrated Internet of Things application. Keywords: solar panels, position, surface temperature, analysis.

A new real-time maximum power point tracking scheme for PV-BASED microgrid STABILITY using online DEEP ridge extreme learning machine algorithm

A new deep representation-based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is proposed in this paper for accurate Control references calculation in Photovoltaic (PV) based Micro Grid (MG) operation. The deep representation is obtained by two-step estimation: Data dimension reduction and MPPT Tracker towards optimal computation. The considered deep learning architecture is targeted for N number (large scale) of PV-based DGs, connected locally in the distribution system (DC link extended to AC utility). The collected data of solar irradiation (in W/m2) and PV panel temperature (in oC) profiles of local DGs are subjected to data dimensions using Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) based on Moore-Penrose inverse technique. The compressed represented PV-DG data is further communicated to the Tertiary Control side MPPT Tracker, where Ridge Regression-based ELM is presented for estimating Maximum Power Point Power (PMPP) and Voltage (VMPP) values for kth instant. The initial randomness present in the proposed Deep Representation based Ridge Regression Extreme Learning Machine (DR-RRELM) is further minimized by adopting Huber's characteristic distribution-based likelihood estimator. The proposed MPPT scheme is effectively implemented for accurate control reference in DC-DC and DC-AC converters in the MG. The proposed controller is also suitable for stability improvement at point of common coupling (PCC). Three different case studies such as past data verification, stability analysis under various operating conditions, irradiant change and source power variation. The efficacy of the proposed deep representation-based MPPT scheme is evidenced in MATLAB-based simulation. The proposed technique provides better tracking ability, faster learning and effective reference generation. The case study with irradiation change is validated in TMS320C6713 (32-bit) based Hardware-in-Loop (HIL) validation.

Research on the Passive Cooling System of Solar Photovoltaic Panel Based on Hybrid Solar Chimney and Ventilator

The efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation is significantly impacted by factors such as ambient temperature, surrounding wind speed, and the temperature of the solar PV panels. The power generation efficiency of these panels diminishes by approximately 0.5% for each incremental rise in their temperature. To mitigate this effect, two primary methods for cooling solar photovoltaic panels are considered: active and passive cooling techniques. This review paper delves into an extensive body of literature on solar passive cooling systems, highlighting the vital role of passive cooling technology in enhancing the efficiency of solar PV power generation. We investigate the structure and cooling effect of diverse passive cooling systems, with a specific focus on the application of solar chimneys and ventilators in cooling systems for solar PV panels. Our study reveals that solar chimneys, using buoyancy, can decrease the temperature of solar PV panels by as much as 15 degrees, thereby augmenting power generation efficiency. Furthermore, the deployment of ventilator technology can boost the efficiency of solar PV power generation to an impressive 46.54%. In conclusion, this paper proposes the synergistic use of solar chimneys and ventilators to improve solar PV panel efficiency, extend their lifespan, and reduce the environmental impact resulting from inefficient solar PV panels. This comprehensive approach should inform future practices.

Нестаціонарна математична модель розподілу температур в шарах соняч-ної панелі

This paper presents the results of mathematical modeling of non-stationary temperature fields in a typical solar panel under real environmental conditions. The mathematical model is based on a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The model takes into account radiation losses from the surface of the panel, which are determined by the Stefan–Boltzmann law, and convective losses due to free and forced convection. The solar flux density was considered constant, but its value depended on the solar panel setting angle. The temperature dependence of the solar cell efficiency was calculated using a standard method. A computational algorithm was developed in C++ using standard mathematical libraries with a linearization of the system of ordinary differential equations. The results were visualized using the gnuplot graphing utility. The temperature distribution in each of the solar panel layers was obtained as a function of the ambient temperature. It was found that an increase in the ambient temperature leads to a significant decrease, up to 40%, in the solar panel efficiency. With increasing ambient temperature, the time of transition to steady operation increases. The solar panel temperature was related to the blackness degree of the protective glass. It was shown that in the Kirchhoff approximation it is necessary that the blackness degree of the selective coating of the protective glass be a maximum, which reduces the temperature of the system and increases its efficiency. The solar panel temperature was related to the wind speed. It was shown that the convective losses increase with the wind speed, which has a favorable effect on the solar panel temperature regime. The results of the study showed the effect of various external environmental factors on the temperature regime of a solar panel and a way to maximize its efficiency by optimizing its parameters. The results may be used in the development and production of improved solar panels with minimum temperature effects on their efficiency.

Enhancing the Efficiency of Bi-Facial Photovoltaic Panels: An Integration Approach

This work presents a novel approach to increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels by integrating them with a cooling tower (CT). An infusion of water cools the hot, dry ambient air at the top of the CT. Due to gravity, the cooled air drops toward the base of the CT, where it interacts with a turbine placed at the bottom of the CT to produce electricity. The air then exits the CT base, creating a cooled air jet stream. The PV panels were placed at the base of the CT, right at the stream’s exit. As the cooled air passes underneath the PV panels, it exchanges energy with the PV, reducing the panels’ temperature. The results showed that the maximum annual efficiency improvement (6.831%) was observed using two rows of PV panels. The efficiency declined incrementally from 6.831% to 4.652% when the number of rows of PV panels was increased from two to twelve. The results also showed a significant improvement in the temperature of the PV panels. The best results were obtained at noon (maximum ambient temperature), where the solar panel temperature was lowered to 25 °C from 55 °C. Furthermore, the annual electrical energy generated with two rows of panels was 39,207.4 kWh without the CT, compared to 41,768.2 kWh with the CT. In addition, the results showed that with a 10 m diameter and 200 m height CT, the maximum number of PV rows that can be effectively cooled is 24. Future work will investigate integrating additional techniques to improve the system’s efficiency further.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PLATFORM TO TEST THE SOLAR PHOTOCELL UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF INCLINATION, TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY: USE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

This work presents the development of an experimental platform of the solar photocell under the influence of inclination, humidity temperature with the use of embedded systems. This system consists of 8 resistive loads with different values each connected to an NPN type transistor coupled to an instrumentation chain. A digital control programmed by an ATmega electronic board allows the automation of the variations of the resistive load fed by a solar panel of 19V 5 W of power. A computer program developed on the basis of an algorithm according to the defined operation, drives the Arduino electronic board. The movement of the sun during the day leads to the consideration of angle of incidence. During experiments this fundamental parameter is set electronically for automatic acquisition with the parameters: of the solar panel temperature, ambient temperature and humidity in the environment. The automatic variation of the resistive load with the combinations of the 8 electrical resistors to obtain 256 measurements in a few milliseconds. This speed of measurement makes possible the assumption of constant sunshine during the characterization, with a high number of points, of current-voltage curves of the photovoltaic solar cell with good precision.

Initial Design of Dual Axis Solar Tracking System with the Addition of Camera and Cooling System

Solar panels have been widely used to determine solar energy as an electrical energy generator. However, the installation of solar panels is still static, so it cannot follow the sun's movement optimally. Solar panels with dual-axis tracking have a wide range in the tracking process. The range that can be tracked by dual-axis tracking is azimuth angle and altitude, while single-axis tracking can only choose one side of the angle. In this study, the initial design of the dual-axis solar tracking system was made with cameras and cooling systems combined with heatsinks and tubular pipes. The design made is in the form of a CAD design using SolidWorks software, and the design made will be used for subsequent research, In this solar panel, the fill factor results are 0.634, and the efficiency of solar panels is 17.53% with the addition of a cooling system which can reduce the temperature of solar panels is expected to be higher efficiency. The study results were obtained in the design of a solar tracker with the addition of a cooling system that will later reduce the temperature and increase the efficiency of solar panel about 0.38% every 1℃ decreases of temperature.

Thermal analysis on the performance of a finned hybrid bi-fluid PVT system

The increase in the temperature of solar panels is a significant issue that leads to low performance of photovoltaic (PV) cells. This numerical investigation aims to perform a transient analysis employing commercial computational fluid dynamics code and improve the electrical energy of the PV panel in a hybrid system by utilizing both water and air and adding fins. The system was cooled from the rear side of the PV/thermal (PVT) module by flowing water at different mass flow rates (ṁw = 0.010 kg/s to 0.020 kg/s) through aluminum tubes adhered to an aluminum absorbent plate. Moreover, the air passes through the channel that contains aluminum fins welded to the absorbent plate and next to the tubes. The objective is to analyze the effects of ṁw and fins on the flow and the thermal efficiency. A comparison was made between two modules of bi-fluid (BF) PVT manifolds: module 1 without fins and module 2 with fins. The effect of the operating temperature rise on the PV panel and the total thermal efficiency was evaluated. The attained results presented a linear decrease in thermal efficiency with the increase of ṁw. The thermal efficiency of modules 1 and 2 at ṁw = 0.010 kg/s is 50% and 60%, respectively. Under the solar irradiance and ṁw = 0.010 kg/s in module 2, an improvement of thermal efficiency of about 5.7% was recorded compared to module 1. The hybrid PVT BF system with fins (module 2) operating with ṁw = 0.010 kg/s has proved that adding fins to the PVT system was very effective in maintaining the system’s thermal efficiency at its highest record.