Tool For Temperature Measurement Research Articles

Multi-point thermometry tool and in-situ measurement of temperature fields

In-situ real-time measurement of instantaneous milling temperature distribution is a key issue to realize efficient machining. For the foregoing reasons, the milling model of Inconel 718 was established, and the cloud diagram of tool temperature distribution during milling was obtained. A multi-point temperature measurement tool for milling temperature with an integrated thin-film temperature sensor was designed. The real-time temperature distribution of the tool during milling was obtained from 27 sets of milling tests. The impact of each milling parameter on the milling temperature was analyzed by ANOVA.

Integrated design and fabricate of high sensitivity built-in thin-film thermocouple temperature measurement tool

Abstract Cutting temperature is playing a key role in evaluating the cutting process, which significantly affects the tool wear and the quality of the workpiece. Aiming at the problems of low precision, low aging, and poor stability of cutting temperature measurement on the front tool face, an integrated design and production scheme of a high sensitivity built-in wireless temperature measurement tool was proposed. The temperature distribution position on the front tool face was analyzed with 3D finite element simulation software, and the thermal contact position of the main and secondary film thermocouples was determined. SiO2 insulated films and NiCr/NiSi film thermocouples were prepared on the front tool surface by femtosecond laser micromachining, electrolyte-plasma polishing, plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering, and a static calibration experiment system for sensitivity and accuracy of the temperature measuring tool for the film thermocouple was established, and Seebeck coefficient of the film thermocouple was obtained. According to the actual cutting conditions, the wireless temperature measuring system of the thin film thermocouple tool was built and the field cutting test was carried out to obtain the influence law of different cutting parameters on the cutting temperature, and further verify the feasibility of the thin film temperature measuring sensor. The research results show that: Seebeck coefficients of the two kinds of thermocouples prepared by the NiCr/NiSi thin film thermocouple temperature measuring tool are 34.97 μV/°C and 34.96 μV/°C, and the slope of the temperature data fitting curve is 1.00398 and 0.997475, respectively. The linear correlation coefficient R2 is close to 1, which is close to the standard K-type thermocouple, which shows good sensitivity and accuracy. At the same time, the temperature measurement results are close to the commercial standard K thermocouple, and the error is less than 5%, indicating that the developed film thermocouple has a high measurement accuracy and can meet the needs of temperature measurement. Actual cutting test is carried out with developed wireless temperature measuring device of thin film thermocouple, which shows this device can meet the requirements of tool temperature measurement, and the feasibility of thin film temperature measuring sensor is further verified. The research provide technical reference for industrial intelligent manufacturing in order to realize the wireless measurement of cutting area temperature of tool front.

Inactivation of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in cryogenically frozen oyster meat using steam venting technology

A combination of steam-venting packaging and microwave cooking may be used to inactivate Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in oyster meat. This study investigated temperature and pressure profiles in the headspace of a steam venting package with the steam-generated inside of the package resulting from microwave heating. To determine steam venting time to inactivate pathogens, fresh oyster meat ( Crassostrea virginica ) was inoculated with either Vibrio vulnificus or Vibrio parahaemolyticus , cryogenically frozen (−20 °C), and packaged in microwavable trays in 50 and 100 g portions. Trays were film sealed with nitrogen in the headspace and stored in a freezer for 12 h. The film acted as a barrier against rapid moisture loss and promoted even temperature distribution in the oyster meat. Steam venting occurred due to steam pressure generated inside the package. Venting was used to prevent overheating. Data collection of temperature and pressure inside the package during microwaving was performed in a Microwave Workstation using fiber optic temperature and fiber optic pressure sensors. Temperature and pressure profiles showed that after 10 s of heating, the temperature of the oyster meat was the same both internally and upon the surface. The venting time in the 100 g package took 1.53 times longer than in the 50 g package, while the venting pressure was 52% lower than in the 50 g package. After 50 s and 60 s of microwave cooking at 100% power on 50 g and 100 g of oyster meat, respectively, total inactivation of both pathogens was achieved. The study demonstrated the steam venting package, and microwave heating could provide even heating, prevent overheating, and inactivate pathogens. • Steam venting package and microwave heating provided even heating in oyster meat. • Optical fiber sensing is an excellent tool for temperature measurement during microwave heating. • Steam venting package and microwave heating inactivate pathogens less than 1 min. • Steam venting package film prevented moisture loss in oyster meat during microwaving.

Temperature measurement performance of thin-film thermocouple cutting tool in turning titanium alloy

The measurement of cutting temperature is one of the most important research topics in the field of cutting. Traditional technology for cutting temperature measurement has limitations because it cannot accurately measure the real transient temperature change in the cutting area. In this study, a thin-film thermocouple sensor with high temperature measurement accuracy and rapid response was positioned near the cutting tool tip to prepare a thin-film thermocouple temperature-measurement tool. Its Seebeck coefficient was 48.13 μV/°C, and the highest temperature difference measured between cold and heat regions was 600 °C. The cutting temperature of a TC4 titanium alloy was measured using an infrared thermal imager and the proposed thin-film thermocouple temperature measurement tool in an orthogonal turning test. The test results were analysed to verify the reliability, accuracy, and repeatability of cutting temperature measurements. The cutting length could extend beyond 1500 m.

Automation of Microcontroller-Based Control System for Ph, Temperature, and Turbidity of Aquarium Water

This research is an experimental study to know the effectiveness of the control system for pH, temperature, and turbidity of aquarium water in ornamental fish cultivation. The method used is by assembling an automation tool for controlling the pH, temperature, and turbidity of the aquarium water based on a microcontroller, which is then compared with an aquarium without a control system. This tool is designed using the Arduino Uno as a system controller, the pH sensor E-201-C as a measuring tool for pH levels with a solenoid valve to drain pH up and pH down as a stabilizer for water pH levels, the DS18B20 sensor as a temperature measurement tool by utilizing a heater and DC fan as a water temperature stabilizer, and the turbidity sensor as a turbidity measurement tool with a clean water replacement system as a water turbidity stabilizer. Based on the experiments carried out, it was found that there were significant differences between aquariums using a control system automation tool compared to aquariums without a control system tool. This means that the system that is made is effective and proven to be able to maintain the environmental conditions of ornamental fish with measurement results of pH ranging from 7–7.5, the temperature of 24°–27°C, and water turbidity of 10 NTU.

Thermal safety model of HMX-based explosives in diamond turning

In this work, a comprehensive model was established to predict the thermal safety of polymer-bonded explosives (PBXs) in diamond turning. The thermal safety model not only considers the geometrical parameters of diamond tool and process parameters, but also integrates the kinetic law of friction-induced chemical reaction of PBXs chips. Moreover, the Arrhenius thermal decomposition of PBXs chips and its turning Logistic retardation growth model were also unified successfully, and the temperature measurement tool, thermal analysis tests and surrogate face cutting experiments were implemented separately. According to the controllable self-acceleration safe cutting criterion, this novel model reliably predicts the safe cutting zone of HMX-based PBXs. Finally, the turning experiments of PBXs validated that: (1) The combination of high cutting velocity and cutting temperature can induce a sufficient amount of PBXs chips to release uncontrollable chemical energy; (2) The frictional heating interface between the HMX crystal and the diamond tool tip is the most hazardous zone; (3) A reliable evaluation for the turning safety of PBXs requires detailed analyses on the cutting energy, friction time and hot spot distribution, which can be characterized by the theoretical model and cutting curve of T-v.

Design of controlled temperature test in biochar production furnace automation

This study aims to test the temperature sensor that will be used in the biochar production furnace. Temperature testing is carried out to determine the ability of the sensor to respond to temperature changes that will be applied to the furnace. The sensors used in this system are the K-type thermocouple and the MAX6675 module. Testing is done by forming a control system. The system will be installed in the furnace by providing heating with fire in the furnace. The result of the maximum temperature was 574.25 °C at 575 seconds of heating for 1110 seconds. The test of corelation between the sensor output voltage to temperature when the temperature is raised from the beginning to the maximum, the sensor sensitivity is obtained at 5.1762 mV / °C and the slope of the graph is close to 1. Testing the relationship of the sensor output voltage to temperature when the temperature is lowered from the maximum point, the sensor sensitivity is obtained at 4.878 mV / °C and an offset voltage of 25 mV. The voltage-to-time correlation of the two tests is close to the value of 1, which means that the sensor linearity is very good so that it can be used as a temperature measurement tool.

Boron-doped monocrystalline diamond as cutting tool for temperature measurement in the cutting zone

Ultra-precision machining is a key technology for manufacturing optical surfaces in a broad range of automotive and aerospace applications. At the state of the art, no precise methods for analysing the temperatures in the cutting zone of a monocrystalline diamond tool are available. Precise cutting temperatures are required for a detailed analysis of the wear behaviour. High response times and low measurement accuracies are still challenges. In this work, a new approach for a precise temperature measurement using boron-doped diamonds is shown. The sensor properties of boron-doped diamonds were analysed and experimental investigations to show the suitability were carried out. First results show a great potential as measurement method for real time temperatures during the cutting process.

Ultra-sensitive seawater temperature sensor using an FBG-cascaded microfiber MZI operating at dispersion turning point

We proposed an ultra-sensitive seawater temperature sensor with extended measurement range by using an optical fiber Bragg grating (FBG) cascaded with a microfiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) working at dispersion turning point (DTP). The FBG works as a rough temperature measurement tool, while the ultra-sensitive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-packaged microfiber MZI plays the role of a precise measurement tool. The cooperation of these two measurement tools can realize temperature measurement with ultrahigh sensitivity and extended measurement range by using a single compact sensing structure. The proposed structure can solve the trade-off between ultrahigh sensitivity and large range of the microfiber MZI resulting from the periodic optical spectrum. A temperature sensitivity of about 38 nm/°C in the seawater temperature measurement range of 2.28–38.38 °C is obtained by the FBG-cascaded microfiber MZI which works at DTP. The corresponding temperature measurement resolution is estimated to be 0.0005 °C when the resolution of the interrogation device is 0.01 nm, which is better than that of the commercial electronic seawater temperature sensor. The temperature measurement range of the MZI can be enlarged from around 2 °C to about 36 °C with the aid of an FBG. Besides ultrahigh sensitivity and extended measurement range, the seawater temperature sensor has advantages of compact structure, easy fabrication, economical cost, low loss, making it promising in ocean monitoring.

Intra- and Interrater Reliability of Infrared Image Analysis of Facial Acupoints in Individuals with Facial Paralysis.

Infrared thermography (IRT), as a noncontact tool for temperature measurement, is widely applied in the study of acupuncture modernization. The aim of this study was to assess the intra- and interrater reliability of infrared image analysis of facial acupoints of subjects with facial paralysis and determine the factors influencing the variability of the measured values. A total of 26 patients with facial paralysis on one side, aged 26 to 53 years, participated voluntarily in the study. Facial infrared thermal images of all participants were analyzed by two trained raters at two different time points at a one-week interval. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine the intra- and interrater reliability of IRT measurements. The ICC values varied depending on the analyzed acupoints. The reliability of temperature measurement ranged from moderate to excellent (intrarater, ICC ranged from 0.669 to 0.990; interrater, ICC ranged from 0.661 to 0.987). The reliability of temperature difference measurement ranged from low to excellent (intrarater, ICC ranged from 0.412 to 0.882; interrater, ICC ranged from 0.334 to 0.828). The main influencing factor of reliability is the incomplete consistency in selecting acupoint positions when repeatedly positioning the same acupoint manually. Despite low reliability of temperature difference measurement at some acupoints, some auxiliary measures can be used to reduce the error of manual positioning. Thus, infrared thermal imaging still has the potential to assist in objective and quantitative research on acupuncture.

Designing a Heart Rate and Body Temperature Measurement Tool Using Pulse Sensor and IR MLX90614 Based on ATmega328 and GSM Technology

The measurement of heart rate and body temperature are two of the five Vital Signs that indicate human health. During this time the heart rate is measured using a stethoscope or counting the heart rate through the wrist but this can cause a Human Error. So a tool is designed that can measure heart rate and body temperature using pulse sensor and IR MLX90614 besed on ATmega328 which results can be displayed through the website with patients having their own ID so that the data is not mixed with other patient data and equipped with a database so that it can store patient data. From the results of trials on 3 subjects classified according to the age of 5, 9 and 23 years. The average accuracy of heart rate and body temperature measurements between the design tools and standard equipment is 98.54% for heart rate and 95.97% for body temperature.

The phosphor temperature measurement of white light-emitting diodes based on magnetic nanoparticle thermometer.

There is much debate about whether the junction temperature or phosphor temperature is higher in white light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The main reason is that the junction and phosphor temperatures cannot be measured directly using traditional temperature measurement tools. In this study, a magnetic nanoparticle thermometer, a nondestructive and precise temperature measurement tool, is introduced and described in detail. The model, measurement principle, and experimental setup are described. The temperature of the phosphor layer and the top surface of the P-N junction in white LEDs was measured directly using the magnetic nanoparticle thermometer, and the results show that the phosphor layer temperature was higher than the chip top surface temperature at different input voltages, providing a reference for relative researchers.

The Design of Automatic System for the Calibration of Testing Temperature Cutter with Thin Film Thermocouple

In order to get an accurate online measurement for the transient cutting temperature in precision, in an ultra-precision cutting process,a temperature measuring device should be assessed whether it can obtain precise magnitude readings and variables of which are measured accurately. The just produced thin-film thermocouple used to measure tool cutting temperature must be correctly calibrated[3,4] , however traditional calibrating process problems rely on manual operation completely with lots of problems such as low efficiency, high labor intensity and large error. this paper proposes an automatic calibration system for thin-film thermocouple by using temperature measuring furnace, data acquisition card and computer-based software. The system makes an automatically and intelligently calibration process. By using a high-precision data acquisition card and precision amplifier circuit, eight thermocouples can be calibrated at the same time automatically which effectively shortens the calibration time and improves the accuracy. Use temperature metering furnace to control data acquisition. Secondary error from using standard thermocouple and other methods to collect the temperature metering furnace real-time temperature is eliminated. The system software modules consist of data reading, data processing, data display, database operation, data query and report generation module. The experimental results show that nonlinear fitting error is less than 0.6% within the temperature measurement range, which meets the requirement of the secondary precision of thermocouple error. This paper intends to provide a new calibration method for thermocouple temperature measurement tool development and production[7].

User-friendly Calibration Tool for Temperature Measurements of PCR Devices with NTC Thermistors

User-friendly Calibration Tool for Temperature Measurements of PCR Devices with NTC Thermistors

Absolute photoacoustic thermometry in deep tissue

Photoacoustic thermography is a promising tool for temperature measurement in deep tissue. Here we propose an absolute temperature measurement method based on the dual temperature dependences of the Grüneisen parameter and the speed of sound in tissue. By taking ratiometric measurements at two adjacent temperatures, we can eliminate the factors that are temperature irrelevant but difficult to correct for in deep tissue. To validate our method, absolute temperatures of blood-filled tubes embedded ~9 mm deep in chicken tissue were measured in a biologically relevant range from 28°C to 46°C. The temperature measurement accuracy was ~0.6°C. The results suggest that our method can be potentially used for absolute temperature monitoring in deep tissue during thermotherapy.

Infrared Thermometer: an accurate tool for temperature measurement during renal surgery

To evaluate infrared thermometer (IRT) accuracy compared to standard digital thermometer in measuring kidney temperature during arterial clamping with and without renal cooling. 20 pigs weighting 20Kg underwent selective right renal arterial clamping, 10 with (Group 1 - Cold Ischemia with ice slush) and 10 without renal cooling (Group 2 - Warm Ischemia). Arterial clamping was performed without venous clamping. Renal temperature was serially measured following clamping of the main renal artery with the IRT and a digital contact thermometer (DT): immediate after clamping (T0), after 2 (T2), 5 (T5) and 10 minutes (T10). Temperature values were expressed in mean, standard deviation and range for each thermometer. We used the T student test to compare means and considered p < 0.05 to be statistically significant. In Group 1, mean DT surface temperature decrease was 12.6 ± 4.1°C (5-19°C) while deep DT temperature decrease was 15.8 ± 1.5 °C (15-18 °C). For the IRT, mean temperature decrease was 9.1 ± 3.8 °C (3-14°C). There was no statistically significant difference between thermometers. In Group 2, surface temperature decrease for DT was 2.7 ± 1.8°C (0-4°C) and mean deep temperature decrease was 0.5 ± 1.0 °C (0-3 °C). For IRT, mean temperature decrease was 3.1 ± 1.9°C (0-6°C). No statistically significant difference between thermometers was found at any time point. IRT proved to be an accurate non-invasive precise device for renal temperature monitoring during kidney surgery. External ice slush cooling confirmed to be fast and effective at cooling the pig model.

Measurement of the temperature non-uniformity in a microchannel heat sink using microscale laser-induced fluorescence

Ratiometric laser induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry is developed as a tool for temperature measurements using microscale visualization methods. Rhodamine B (RhB) and Rhodamine 110 (Rh110) are used as the temperature-dependent and temperature-independent dyes, respectively. The temperature responses of the two dyes are carefully measured as a function of concentration. The traditional two-dye LIF technique is compared to the single-dye LIF technique for microfluidic temperature measurement. The capabilities of these methods are demonstrated by visualizing the mixing plane between a hot and a cold fluid stream near a ‘T’ junction. The method is then applied to study the non-uniform temperature profiles generated due to flow maldistribution in a silicon microchannel heat sink. The experimental results illustrate the importance of proper design of inlet and outlet manifolds to maximize the performance of a microchannel heat sink. The technique is demonstrated to have a maximum uncertainty of ±1.25 °C for single-pixel measurements and a minimum uncertainty of ±0.6 °C for measurements averaged over a large area in a temperature range of 20–50 °C.

Experimental study on the globe thermometer behaviour in conditions of asymmetry of the radiant temperature

Abstract Heating and cooling systems based on the use of hot or cold floors or ceilings meet increasing favour. In such systems, moreover, radiant temperature gains a far greater importance than in traditional systems; and therefore the importance of measurement and control techniques grow; but at the same time, in presence of these systems, unavoidably the radiant field tends to become asymmetrical. In this work a theoretical study and an experimental check on the most common radiant temperature measurement tool, the globe thermometer, when used in conditions of asymmetrical radiant temperature, are described. The results point out the necessity of a more complete definition of the features of the globe thermometers designed to operate in non-symmetric radiative fields, especially with reference to covering material and thickness, to temperature sensor position and to radiative properties of the inner surface.

Film thickness effects on calibrations of a narrowband thermochromic liquid crystal

Thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs) have been widely employed by researchers in heat transfer and fluid flow communities as a reliable and non-intrusive temperature measurement tool due to their unique optical properties such as birefringence, optical activity, circular dichroism and selective reflection of colours in the visible spectrum as function of temperature. The use of narrowband TLCs are attractive for temperature and heat transfer measurements due to their higher precision in temperature measurements and due to the fact that narrowband TLCs are less affected by variations in illumination-viewing angles and illumination disturbances. Narrowband TLCs have been used with full intensity-matching methods to provide robust image processing for measurements of thermal parameters in transient heat transfer tests. Calibration of narrowband TLCs is necessary in order to obtain the intensity-temperature relationship of the TLCs. Film thickness is one of the factors which affects calibrations of TLCs. In this research, film thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 μm were investigated on green intensity-based calibrations of R35C1W TLC during heating and cooling. Results showed an increase in magnitude of peak green intensity with increasing film thickness, with a percentage increase of nearly 18% when film thickness increased from 10 to 50 μm. Results also showed an inconsistent shift in temperature at which peak green intensity occurs, with a maximum shift of 0.40 °C, suggesting that film thickness effects may be insignificant for narrowband TLCs compared with wideband TLCs. A theoretical method for estimating the volume of TLC coating required to achieve a desired film thickness has also been described in this paper, based on the surface area and dry solids content of the TLC. The method is easily implemented and applicable for sprayable TLC coatings.

Acoustic Pyrometry using an Off-the-Shelf Range Finding System

In this study, the development and validation of a non-invasive flame temperature measurement tool from an off-the-shelf ultrasonic rangefinder is discussed. Both `pulse-echo' and single-pass methods are tested. The application of this device to the measurement of bench top flame temperatures is presented.