Temperature Loggers Research Articles

An automatic multi-precursor flow-type atomic layer deposition system

Designs for two automated atomic layer deposition (ALD) flow reactors are presented, and their capabilities for coating additively manufactured (AM) metal prints are described. One instrument allows the coating of several AM parts in batches, while the other is useful for single part experiments. To demonstrate reactor capabilities, alumina (Al2O3) was deposited onto AM 316L stainless steel by dosing with water (H2O) vapor and trimethylaluminum (TMA) and purging with nitrogen gas (N2). Both instruments are controlled by custom-programmed LabVIEW software that enables in situ logging of temperature, total pressure, and film thickness using a quartz crystal microbalance. An initial result shows that 150 ALD cycles led to a film thickness of ∼55 nm, which was verified with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. This indicates that the reactors were indeed depositing single atomic layers of Al2O3 per ALD cycle, as intended.

Predation of Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca saxatilis nests incubated by males and females in the French Alps

ABSTRACT Capsule The predation of incubated nests was investigated in an Alpine population of Rock Partridges, showing a double-nesting behaviour by females that can lay two clutches in succession, one incubated by the mated male and the second by the female. Aims To compare the nest predation rate and hatching success between incubating males and females in relation to the potential effects of year, nest age, and environmental characteristics (presence of nest cameras, visibility of the clutch, and vegetation cover around the nest). Methods The fate of 100 nests incubated by radio-tracked birds was monitored daily over 1738 days using cameras, and with temperature loggers placed in the nest cup. Nest predation rates and daily predation rates were calculated and modelled. Results Egg predation was the main cause of nest loss (87%) followed by predation of the incubating parent during recess periods off the nest (10%). Only mammals were identified as nest predators, and predation events were less frequent during the day than at night. We found no difference in predation rates between nests incubated by males or females. Daily and 25-day predation rates were calculated as 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01–0.03) and 0.39 (95% CI: 0.29–0.49), respectively. Median hatching success was 0.91 (n = 53 nests) and did not differ between sexes. Conclusions The similar level of nest predation between incubating males and females suggested a duplication of the reproductive output of a pair by double-nesting. Consequences of this breeding system were an increase in productivity at the population level. There was no difference in hatching success in nests incubated by either sex and there were no observations of surviving males deserting their nests, suggesting that care during incubation was similar in males and females. Variation in the rate of double-nesting may contribute more than nest predation to the annual variation in reproductive output.

Tidal pumping and intertidal groundwater springs create pronounced spatiotemporal thermal variability in a coastal lagoon

AbstractIntertidal groundwater springs provide thermally stable, nutrient‐rich freshwater that causes fine‐scale variability in water temperature and salinity and promotes biodiversity in coastal estuaries and lagoons. In this study, we combined three thermal sensing techniques to elucidate summer water temperature patterns at the mouths of intertidal groundwater springs and the ambient coastal lagoon in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Thermal infrared imagery captured the spatiotemporal variability in relative temperatures of the lagoon channel and cold‐water plumes from the springs. Thermal anomalies due to the springs were detected at the surface throughout a tidal cycle, suggesting that the thermal plumes were buoyant. Fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing paired with temperature loggers near the spring outlets recorded groundwater temperatures at low tide (~ 7°C) but ambient lagoon temperatures (up to 26°C) at high tide due to the vertical thermal gradient in the stratified water column. Calculated estuarine Richardson numbers throughout the study confirm intertidal spring buoyancy due to salinity differences. The fiber‐optic distributed temperature sensing results revealed pronounced variations in temperature as evidenced by spatial (3.7°C) and temporal (5.5°C) standard deviations over the cable length during the study and lower mean lagoon bed water temperatures at high tide (22.5°C) than low tide (24.3°C) due to heat advection from tidal pumping. Lagoon temperatures fluctuate at diurnal (solar) and semi‐diurnal (tidal) frequencies. The findings emphasize the efficacy of a multi‐technology approach to reveal fine‐scale and dynamic thermal processes that drive temperature patterns and habitat distribution in coastal lagoon ecosystems and highlight the thermal influence of intertidal springs.

The evolution of accreting population III stars at 10−6–103 M⊙ yr−1

Context. The first stars formed over five orders of magnitude in mass by accretion in primordial dark matter halos. Aims. We study the evolution of massive, very massive and supermassive primordial (Pop III) stars over nine orders of magnitude in accretion rate. Methods. We use the stellar evolution code GENEC to evolve accreting Pop III stars from 10−6–103 M⊙ yr−1 and study how these rates determine final masses. The stars are evolved until either the end central Si burning or they encounter the general relativistic instability (GRI). We also examine how metallicity affects the evolution of the star at one accretion rate. Results. At rates below ∼2.5 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1 the final mass of the star falls below that required for pair-instability supernovae. The minimum rate required to produce black holes with masses above 250 M⊙ is ∼5 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1, well within the range of infall rates found in numerical simulations of halos that cool via H2, ≲10−3 M⊙ yr−1. At rates of 5 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1 to 4 × 10−2 M⊙ yr−1, like those expected for halos cooling by both H2 and Lyα, the star collapses after Si burning. At higher accretion rates the GRI triggers the collapse of the star during central H burning. Stars that grow at above these rates are cool red hypergiants with effective temperatures log(Teff) = 3.8 and luminosities that can reach 1010.5 L⊙. At accretion rates of 100–1000 M⊙ yr−1 the gas encounters the general relativistic instability prior to the onset of central hydrogen burning and collapses to a black hole with a mass of ∼106 M⊙ without ever having become a star. Conclusions. Our models corroborate previous studies of Pop III stellar evolution with and without hydrodynamics over separate, smaller ranges in accretion rate. They also reveal for the first time the critical transition rate in accretion above which catastrophic baryon collapse, like that which can occur during galaxy collisions in the high-redshift Universe, produces supermassive black holes via dark collapse.

Thermal regime of High Arctic tundra ponds, Nanuit Itillinga (Polar Bear Pass), Nunavut, Canada

Abstract. This study evaluates the seasonal and inter-seasonal temperature regime of small tundra ponds ubiquitous to an extensive, low-gradient wetland in the Canadian High Arctic. Pond temperatures can modify evaporation and ground thaw rates, impact losses of greenhouse gases, and control the timing and emergence of insects and larvae critical for migratory-bird feeding habits. We focus our study on thaw ponds with a range of hydrologic linkages and sizes across Nanuit Itillinga, formerly known as Polar Bear Pass (PBP), Bathurst Island, and compare their thermal signals to other Arctic ponds. Pond temperatures and water levels were evaluated using temperature and water level loggers and verified by regular manual measurements. Other environmental data collected included microclimate, frost table depths, and water conductivity. Our results show that there is much variability in pond thermal regimes over seasons, years, and space. Cumulative relative pond temperatures were similar across years, with ponds normally reaching 10–15 °C for short to longer periods, except in 2013, which experienced a cold summer season during which pond temperatures never exceeded 5 °C. Pond frost tables and water conductivities respond to variable substrate conditions and pond thermal patterns. This study contributes to the ongoing discussion on climate warming and its impact on Arctic landscapes.

Fracture Characterization Via AI‐Assisted Analysis of Temperature Logs

AbstractFractures control fluid flow, mass transport, and heat transfer in a geothermal reservoir. This makes accurate characterization of fracture networks a prerequisite for optimal design and control of a reservoir's exploitation. We develop a deep‐learning procedure to identify fracture locations via interpretation of temporally and spatially continuous downhole temperature measurements. A long short‐term memory fully convolutional network (LSTM‐FCN) is used both to capture long‐term dependencies in sequential temperature data and to distill local features around fractures. A wellbore and fractured‐reservoir thermal model is established to generate temperature data for network training. The trained LSTM‐FCN exhibits a unique ability to detect multiple fractures intersecting a borehole. We use the LSTM‐FCN algorithm to evaluate the effectiveness of different‐stage wellbore temperature measurements on fracture detection in a complex fractured system. Our experiments reveal that the use of various‐stage temperature information as an input feature set improves the robustness of fracture detection to noise interference. This study indicates the practical feasibility of obtaining accurate fracture‐network reconstructions from temperature signals, at reasonable computational cost.

Temperature Dynamics in Early Pregnancy: Implications for Improving In Vitro Fertilization Outcomes

In assisted reproductive technology, in vitro fertilization involves cultivating embryos in an artificial environment, often yielding lower-quality embryos compared to in vivo conditions. This study investigated core body temperature (CBT) fluctuations in mice during early pregnancy. Their CBT was measured with a high temporal resolution to identify the optimal thermal conditions during the first five days post-fertilization, aiming to improve in vitro culture conditions. Data were collected from 12 female mice, with 8 becoming pregnant, using temperature loggers every minute for 11 days. Data analysis focused on trends, circadian rhythms, frequency components, and complexity using multiscale entropy (MSE). The results for the pregnant mice showed a mean CBT increase from 37.23 °C to 37.56 °C post-mating, primarily during the light phase, with a significant average rise of 0.58 °C. A Fourier analysis identified dominant 24, 12, 8, and 6 h components, with the 24 h component decreasing by 57%. Irregular fluctuations decreased, and MSE indicated increased complexity in the CBT time series post-mating. These results suggest that reducing diurnal temperature variations and maintaining a slightly elevated mean CBT of approximately 37.5 °C, with controlled minor fluctuations, may enhance embryo quality in pregnant mice. This study provides a reference for temperature regulation in embryo culture, improving embryo quality by aligning in vitro conditions with the natural thermal environment of the fallopian tubes.

Hot Carcass Fabrication Intervention for Managing Top Round Quality in Heavy Weight Beef Carcasses

Chilling-related meat quality issues have been observed in the deep portion of the top round due to the increase of average beef carcass size. The current study examines the impact of an alternative fabrication method aimed at alleviating top round quality in heavy weight beef carcasses (n = 11; 510 kg average weight). Prior to rigor, the knuckle subprimal was partially fabricated to expose the femur on alternating sides of each carcass (TRT), and each adjacent intact side served as a control (CON). All sides were air chilled (2°C) for 48 h before further fabricating. Temperature loggers placed at approximately 2.54 cm below the top round surface was the superficial (SP) location while loggers for the deep (DP) location were inserted at the midline sagittal center of the round until in contact with the femur bone. Temperature and pH decline were monitored for 48 h. The top rounds were collected, aged under vacuum packaging until 14 d postmortem, and then cut into steaks (2.54 cm). Each steak was separated into SP and DP portions and subjected to Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), consumer sensory panel, and a 3-d retail display analysis which included lipid oxidation and objective color evaluation. The TRT accelerated the rate of temperature decline at the DP location (P < 0.001) and increased the pH decline rate at the SP location (P = 0.029). Retail day and location were more impactful than TRT on objective color traits. SP steaks were more tender (P = 0.001) than DP steaks. Consumer taste panel indicated TRT improved overall acceptability (P = 0.042) and flavor (P = 0.035) of top round steaks regardless of locations. TRT accelerated top round DP chilling rate and elevated steak palatability attributes. Findings of the present study report an improvement of top round steaks due to the innovative fabrication treatment.

How hot is too hot? Thermal tolerance, performance, and preference in juvenile mangrove whiprays, Urogymnus granulatus

Mangrove habitats can serve as nursery areas for sharks and rays. Such environments can be thermally dynamic and extreme; yet, the physiological and behavioural mechanisms sharks and rays use to exploit such habitats are understudied. This study aimed to define the thermal niche of juvenile mangrove whiprays, Urogymnus granulatus. First, temperature tolerance limits were determined via the critical thermal maximum (CTMax) and minimum (CTMin) of mangrove whiprays at summer acclimation temperatures (28 °C), which were 17.5 °C and 39.9 °C, respectively. Then, maximum and routine oxygen uptake rates (ṀO2max and ṀO2routine, respectively), post-exercise oxygen debt, and recovery were estimated at current (28 °C) and heatwave (32 °C) temperatures, revealing moderate temperature sensitivities (i.e., Q10) of 2.4 (ṀO2max) and 1.6 (ṀO2routine), but opposing effects on post-exercise oxygen uptake. Finally, body temperatures (Tb) of mangrove whiprays were recorded using external temperature loggers, and environmental temperatures (Te) were recorded using stationary temperature loggers moored in three habitat zones (mangrove, reef flat, and reef crest). As expected, environmental temperatures varied between sites depending on depth. Individual mangrove whiprays presented significantly lower Tb relative to Te during the hottest times of the day. Electivity analysis showed tagged individuals selected temperatures from 24.0 to 37.0 °C in habitats that ranged from 21.1 to 43.5 °C. These data demonstrate that mangrove whiprays employ thermotaxic behaviours and a thermally insensitive aerobic metabolism to thrive in thermally dynamic and extreme habitats. Tropical nursery areas may, therefore, offer important thermal refugia for young rays. However, these tropical nursery areas could become threatened by mangrove and coral habitat loss, and climate change.

Sensitivity to Initial Data Errors in Interpreting Temperature Logging of an Isolated Injection Well Segment

Sensitivity to Initial Data Errors in Interpreting Temperature Logging of an Isolated Injection Well Segment

The Ecology of Human Sleep (EcoSleep) Cohort Study: Protocol for a longitudinal repeated measurement burst design study to assess the relationship between sleep determinants and outcomes under real-world conditions across time of year.

The interplay of daily life factors, including mood, physical activity, or light exposure, influences sleep architecture and quality. Laboratory-based studies often isolate these determinants to establish causality, thereby sacrificing ecological validity. Furthermore, little is known about time-of-year changes in sleep and circadian-related variables at high resolution, including the magnitude of individual change across time of year under real-world conditions. The Ecology of Human Sleep (EcoSleep) cohort study will investigate the combined impact of sleep determinants on individuals' daily sleep episodes to elucidate which waking events modify sleep patterns. A second goal is to describe high-resolution individual sleep and circadian-related changes across the year to understand intra- and inter-individual variability. This study is a prospective cohort study with a measurement-burst design. Healthy adults aged 18-35 years (N = 12) will be enrolled for 12 months. Participants will continuously wear actimeters and pendant-attached light loggers. A subgroup will also measure interstitial fluid glucose levels (six paticipants). Every 4 weeks, all participants will undergo three consecutive measurement days of four ecological momentary assessments each day ('bursts') to sample sleep determinants during wake. Participants will also continuously wear temperature loggers (iButtons) during the bursts. Body weight will be captured before and after the bursts in the laboratory. The bursts will be separated by two at-home electroencephalogram recordings each night. Circadian phase and amplitude will be estimated during the bursts from hair follicles, and habitual melatonin onset will be derived through saliva sampling. Environmental parameters (bedroom temperature, humidity, and air pressure) will be recorded continuously.

Improving the technology for Inflow Profile Evaluation in horizontal Wells by temperature changes Due to calorimetric Mixing

The paper is devoted to the problem of increasing the effectiveness of temperature logging quantitative interpretation for the inflow profile evaluation in horizontal production wells draining heterogeneous reservoirs with low permeability. Such wells are characterized by an extremely uneven distribution of inflow along the length of the wellbore. One of the ways of quantitative interpretation of temperature logging is based on the effect of calorimetric mixing. It’s widely used to quantify the share of local producing intervals in the total flow rate.The low accuracy of interpretation is associated with the lack of reliable information about the temperature of the fluid flowing into the wellbore. The authors propose an estimate of this parameter based on the similarity of the behavior of the temperature field vs time in the near-wellbore zone of a reservoir during periods of stable production and the periods of the well shut-in. This relationship is confirmed by the results of modeling the temperature field of the “well – reservoir” system, taking into account changes in a wide range of reservoir permeability and thermal properties of the reservoir, the geometry of hydraulic fractures in the reservoir, the flowing fluids, as well as the parameters of the well production targets. The logging technology recommended by the authors involves the registration of several temperature profiles along the length of the wellbore at the beginning of the well production with the maximum rate and drawdown and during the well shut-in. Their integrated analysis based on the behavior of the temperature field features in time identified on the basis of modeling makes it possible to evaluate with a high degree of certainty the dynamics of the temperature of the gas-liquid mixture coming from reservoirs to the wellbore during production periods. This provides the required accuracy in the quantitative assessment of the inflow profile from mixing anomalies.The proposed approaches to the interpretation of thermograms are applicable in the analysis of the results of non-stationary temperature logging results in horizontal and vertical wells during the production from heterogeneous reservoirs both through perforation and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing.

On the Method of temperature Measurements in Borehole Using Precision thermometers

Precise autonomous borehole thermometers (loggers) allow measuring temperature anomalies of small amplitude (up to 1 mK). It significantly expands the range of problems that borehole thermometry can solve in exploration geophysics, hydrogeology, engineering geology, and geoecology. However, thermal logging techniques remain outdated that hinders the effective implementation of the capabilities of these devices. The paper discusses methodological issues of precision temperature measurements in water-filled boreholes. Experimental studies with an autonomous thermometer rBrsolo³ T (RBR Ltd., Canada) showed that the device’s response to changes in ambient temperature (relaxation) is complex. Within a few seconds after the immersing of device in a borehole, it registers a temperature close to the fluid temperature. However, this temporary “window” closes soon, and after 15–20 seconds the measured temperature begins to deviate more and more from the undisturbed temperature. Next time measured temperature returns to the undisturbed temperature after 1000–6000 sec. In addition, the temperature response in the interval of 20–600 sec is complicated by non-periodic fluctuations with an amplitude of 0.02–0.05 K associated with thermal convection. The presence of a time “window” on the relaxation curve makes it possible to measure fluid temperature quickly and accurately in stop-and-go mode. The design parameters of thermometers determining the width of the “window” were assessed using mathematical modeling. Recommendations for conducting precision temperature logging of boreholes in both continuous and stop-and-go modes have been provided.

Cranial Remolding Orthosis Study on the Use of a Temperature Sensor to Measure Wear Time

ABSTRACT Introduction The effectiveness of cranial remolding orthoses (CROs) in treating nonsynostotic deformational plagiocephaly (DP) is anecdotally related to adherence. Efficacy of CROs has been evaluated but lacks evidence regarding necessary wear time to achieve a positive outcome. A 23 hr/d wear schedule is generally prescribed regardless of presentation. The study compares daily wear time to treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods Subjects Infants aged 3–18 months diagnosed with DP were included with initial cranial vault asymmetry (CVA) > 6 mm or cephalic ratio (CR) > 0.90. Subjects were treated with an Orthomerica STARband CRO. A total of 106 subjects enrolled, with 69 completed. Apparatus A questionnaire assessed caregiver’s reported adherence with the CRO. Maximum Integrated’s iButton temperature loggers (iButtons) recorded objective wear time. Procedures 3D head shape measurements via Orthomerica STARScanner, caregivers’ questionnaires, and iButton data were collected every 5–8 weeks. Data Analysis Descriptive statistics were obtained, and data reported as mean ± SD or median [25th, 75th percentiles]. Nonparametric sign tests were used to assess differences from CRO fabrication scan to subsequent follow-ups. Spearman rank correlations and corresponding 95% confidence intervals and P values between average wear time and change of measurements were obtained. Results Self-reported wear time was 22 (22, 23) hrs/d. Measured wear time was 17–18 (12, 20) hrs/d. Longer average wear time was significantly associated with larger reductions in CVA (P = 0.0054), CR (P = 0.0080), and CVAI (P = 0.0059). Conclusions Results showed longer average daily wear increased effectiveness in CRO treatment of plagiocephaly. Increased sample sizing is required to determine if generalizable to brachycephalic and asymmetrical brachycephalic head shapes. Clinical Relevance A CRO wear schedule of 23 hrs a day is currently recommended, but difficult for families to adhere. The impact of the study may indicate a more realistic wear schedule that would improve adherence while achieving optimal outcomes.

Monitoring potential impacts of climate change on the biodiversity of springs and springbrooks in the Central Alps

Headwaters in alpine regions and their biodiversity are particularly threatened by climatic changes. Most predictions on their response to climate change are based on modeling approaches. Empirically gained data rarely exist for glacially influenced and groundwater-fed headwaters. In 2019, long-term monitoring was initiated at 15 springs, 8 springbrooks and 2 brooks in the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Engiadina Val Müstair. The goal was to gain data on hydro-ecological aspects over several decades to understand whether (1) the environmental conditions change over time and (2) how these changes influence the composition of the species assemblages. Water temperature loggers were installed, pH, electrical conductivity, oxygen, nutrients and discharge were measured three times per year, and ecomorphological features were mapped two times per year. The meio- and macrofauna was sampled in 2019, 2020 and 2021 with a semi-quantitative approach. The results of the first 5 years of monitoring show that the physico-chemistry, water temperature and discharge confirm the stable character typical for groundwater-fed systems. Certain seasonal variability is evident, which possibly indicates an influence of permafrost or snow meltwater. The composition of the species assemblages differs significantly between sites but stays relatively constant over time within a site. Elevation and the availability of wood—parameters indicating forestation—significantly influence the species composition. This study provides a solid baseline on the environmental conditions and the fauna in springs and springbrooks in the Central Alps, which is needed for a proper interpretation of changes identified on a long-term basis.

Discovery of a Dusty Yellow Supergiant Progenitor for the Type IIb SN 2017gkk

Type IIb supernovae are an important subclass of stripped-envelope supernovae (SNe), which show H lines only at early times. Their progenitors are believed to contain a low-mass H envelope before explosion. This work reports the discovery of a progenitor candidate in preexplosion Hubble Space Telescope images for the Type IIb SN 2017gkk. With detailed analysis of its spectral energy distribution and local environment, we suggest that the progenitor is most likely a yellow supergiant with significant circumstellar extinction and has an initial mass of about 16 M ⊙, effective temperature log(T eff/K) = 3.72 ± 0.08, and luminosity log(L/L ⊙) = 5.17 ± 0.04. This progenitor is not massive enough to strip envelope through stellar wind, and it supports an interacting binary progenitor channel and adds to the growing list of direct progenitor detections for Type IIb SNe. Future late-time observations will confirm whether this progenitor candidate has disappeared and reveal the putative binary companion that has survived the explosion.

Interrogating Pollutants in Collecting Institutions During the Implementation of HVAC Energy-Saving Strategies: Lessons Learned and Practical Implications for Optimizing Sustainable Environmental Control

ABSTRACT Strategies of outside air reduction, fan speed adjustments, and temporary system shutdowns can be effective ways to maintain or improve the preservation quality of a collection environment while reducing the financial burden and carbon footprint of a collecting institution. However, current criteria guiding safe implementation of energy-saving strategies focus on temperature and RH alone, which ignores risks posed by pollutants. This research aims to address this by monitoring indoor and outdoor-generated pollutants at four collecting institutions before and during implementing energy-saving strategies. Alongside temperature and RH loggers, continuous pollution monitors were located within the mechanical system and collection spaces. Additionally, energy monitors were installed on the mechanical systems serving the collection spaces to quantify the energy consumption prior to and during operation modifications. Initial results indicate pollutant levels remain stable during the test periods, and did not exceed baseline concentrations. In this paper, the lessons learned from this field research are addressed and practical implications for optimizing sustainable environmental controls are given.

A refined classification method of heat customers to improve inter-household thermal balance intelligent control and regulation

Hydraulic imbalance in district heating systems (DHSs) especially in the secondary pipe network hinders the improvement of system energy efficiency. To improve inter-household thermal balance on the secondary side, this paper proposes a refined classification and intelligent regulation method for heat customers. Firstly, an intelligent balancing system is proposed with the smart valves installed at heat customer's thermal entrance. Then, the refined method classifies the heat customers based on room comprehensive thermal characteristic coefficient. The regulation periods and target return temperature predictive models are determined for each customer type to achieve balance regulation. Finally, the proposed intelligent balance system was applied to a practical DHS secondary pipe network to verify its balance effect. After the regulation, indoor temperature non-uniformity coefficient for each type of heat customer decreased by 15 %; while the return water temperature dispersion reduced by 8 %–18 %. This led to a significant improvement in hydraulic and thermal balance among heat customers, resulting in a 6.2 % heat-saving rate. The application provides a reference for inter-household thermal balance regulation in scenarios where indoor temperature loggers are limited within similar secondary pipe network of DHSs.

Mapping and resource evaluation of deep high-temperature geothermal resources in the Jiyang Depression, China

In China, geothermal resource utilization has mainly focused on resources at shallow and medium depths. Yet, the exploration of deep, high-temperature geothermal resources holds significant importance for achieving the “dual carbon” goals and the transition of energy structure. The Jiyang Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin has vast potential for deep, high-temperature geothermal resources. By analyzing data from 2187 wells with temperature logs and 270 locations for temperature measurement in deep strata, we mapped the geothermal field of shallow to medium-deep layers in the Jiyang Depression using ArcGIS and predicted the temperatures of deep layers with a burial depth of 4000 m. Through stochastic modeling and numerical simulation, a reservoir attribute parameter database for favorable deep, high-temperature geothermal areas was developed, systematically characterizing the spatial distribution of geothermal resources within a play fairway of 139.5 km2 and estimating the exploitable deep geothermal resource potential by using the heat storage method and Monte Carlo data analysis. The study reveals that the Fan 54 well block in the Boxing-Jijia region is of prime significance to develop deep, high-temperature geothermal resources in the Jiyang Depression. Strata from the Cenozoic to the Upper Paleozoic are identified as effective cap layers for these deep geothermal resources. The Lower Paleozoic capable of effectively storing thermal energy and possessing an exploitable resource volume up to 127 million tons of standard coal, is identified as a target system for the development of deep high-temperature geothermal resources, providing significant insights for the efficient development of geothermal resources in the Jiyang Depression.

Spatial ecology and thermal preferences of muskellunge within a Midwest impoundment

AbstractMuskellunge are a valuable sportfish species which has been stocked throughout North America. Stocking is a strategy to generate angling opportunities by introducing species to waterbodies that otherwise would not have contained the fish, such as impoundments and reservoirs. Therefore, understanding the ways fish interact with different waterbodies is critical for managers to understand. To that end, we utilized a year‐long passive telemetry study with muskellunge in a reservoir known for its muskellunge angling. Additionally, we employed temperature loggers to track lake temperatures. We found that smaller female muskellunge were more resident at sites compared to similar‐sized males, although fish did not exhibit site‐specific preferences. We also found that fish moved high distances over the course of the year without time‐specific differences. Furthermore, we found evidence that muskellunge was selected for thermal refuges in the reservoir; however, in summer, when water temperatures were elevated, fish inhabited water, which has been shown to increase incidental mortality. The results of this study indicate a need for muskellunge managers, especially in reservoirs, to consider water temperature in angling regulations. Additionally, our results highlight a need for adding habitat structure in reservoirs and altering stocking densities of fish. Collectively, these results will help inform managers on muskellunge spatial interactions within a reservoir and achieve management goals.