Temporal Evolution Research Articles

Control over the secondary collision of electron in high-order harmonic generation

We investigated the high-order harmonic generation by interacting linearly polarized laser pulses with the atomic target. The temporal evolution of harmonic emission and the underlying mechanisms of rescattering electrons are thoroughly investigated through a combination of quantum analysis and classical trajectory simulations. The manipulation of the carrier-envelope phase (CEP) provides a promising avenue for controlling electron recollisions, revealing a systematic linear relationship between ionization and recombination times across varying CEP values. Moreover, examining phase properties in emitted harmonics during secondary collisions presents intriguing modulations, offering a potential experimental approach to verify the presence of secondary recollisions.

Understanding the phase stability in a multi-principal-component AlCuFeMn alloy

Method(s) that can reliably predict phase evolution across thermodynamic parameter space, especially in complex systems, are of critical significance in academia as well as in the manufacturing industry. In the present work, the phase stability in an equimolar AlCuFeMn multi-principal-component alloy (MPCA) was predicted using complementary first-principles density functional theory calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations. The temperature evolution of completely disordered, partially ordered, and completely ordered phases was examined based on the Gibbs free energy. Configurational, electronic, vibrational, and lattice mismatch entropies were considered to compute the Gibbs free energy of the competing phases. Additionally, elemental segregation was studied using AIMD. The predicted results at 300 K align well with room-temperature experimental observations using x-ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscopy on a sample prepared using commercially available pure elements. The adopted method could help in predicting plausible phases in other MPCA systems with complex phase stability.

Temporal and spatial evolution simulation and attribution analysis of vegetation photosynthesis over the past 21 years based on satellite SIF data: a case study from Asia.

Photosynthesis in vegetation is one of the key processes in maintaining regional ecological balance and climate stability, and it is of significant importance for understanding the health of regional ecosystems and addressing climate change. Based on 2001-2021 Global OCO-2 Solar-Induced Fluorescence (GOSIF) dataset, this study analyzed spatiotemporal variations in Asian vegetation photosynthesis and its response to climate and human activities. Results show the following: (1) From 2001 to 2021, the overall photosynthetic activity of vegetation in the Asian region has shown an upward trend, exhibiting a stable distribution pattern with higher values in the eastern and southern regions and lower values in the central, western, and northern regions. In specific regions such as the Turgen Plateau in northwestern Kazakhstan, Cambodia, Laos, and northeastern Syria, photosynthesis significantly declined. (2) Meteorological factors influencing photosynthesis exhibit differences based on latitude and vertical zones. In low-latitude regions, temperature is the primary driver, while in mid-latitude areas, solar radiation and precipitation are crucial. High-latitude regions are primarily influenced by temperature, and high-altitude areas depend on precipitation and solar radiation. (3) Human activities (56.44%) have a slightly greater impact on the dynamics of Asian vegetation photosynthesis compared to climate change (43.56%). This research deepens our comprehension of the mechanisms behind the fluctuations in Asian vegetation photosynthesis, offering valuable perspectives for initiatives in environmental conservation, sustainability, and climate research.

Modeling the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Fractured Systems with a Heterogenous Mineralogy

Modeling the Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Fractured Systems with a Heterogenous Mineralogy

Quiescent optical solitons for Fokas–Lenells equation with nonlinear chromatic dispersion and a couple of self-phase modulation structures

The focus of the current paper is on the retrieval of quiescent optical solitons from Fokas–Lenells equation with nonlinear chromatic dispersion and having quadratic–cubic as well as quadratic–cubic–quartic forms of self-phase modulation structures. Two integration algorithms are implemented to carry out to seek such soliton solutions. They are the enhanced Kudryashov’s approach and the projective Riccati equation approach. In this context, both linear temporal evolution and generalized temporal evolution effects are addressed. A full spectrum of quiescent optical solitons is thus recovered.

Pathway Selection in Temporal Evolution of Supramolecular Polymers of Ionic π-Systems: Amphiphilic Organic Solvent Dictates the Fate of Water.

Understanding solvent-solute interactions is essential to designing and synthesising soft materials with tailor-made functions. Although the interaction of the solute with the solvent mixture is more complex than the single solvent medium, solvent mixtures are exciting to unfold several unforeseen phenomena in supramolecular chemistry. Here, we report two unforeseen pathways observed during the hierarchical assembly of cationic perylene diimides (cPDIs) in water and amphiphilic organic solvent (AOS) mixtures. When the aqueous supramolecular polymers (SPs) of cPDIs are injected into AOS, initially kinetically trapped short SPs are formed, which gradually transform into thermodynamically stable high aspect ratio SP networks. Using various experimental and theoretical investigations, we found that this temporal evolution follows two distinct pathways depending on the nature of the water-AOS interactions. If the AOS is isopropanol (IPA), water is released from cPDIs into bulk IPA due to strong hydrogen bonding interactions, which further decreases the monomer concentration of cPDIs (Pathway-1). In the case of dioxane AOS, cPDI monomer concentration further increases as water is retained among cPDIs (Pathway-2) due to relatively weak interactions between dioxane and water. Interestingly, these two pathways are accelerated by external stimuli such as heat and mechanical agitation.

Effect of composite fin structure on phase change heat storage tank: A numerical investigation

This study investigates the phase change heat storage process in the hot water displacement system. The PCHS unit incorporates V-shaped fins and straight fins to enhance heat transfer, with the additional enhancement of annular fins. Numerical simulation is used to examine the impact of fin structure and quantity on the evolution of internal flow rate, liquid phase, and temperature during the heat charging process. The response of different fin structures to parameters such as melting time, heat storage rate, storage capacity, and dimensionless temperature is analyzed. The results indicate that Model-6 (4 V-shaped fins + annular fins) exhibits the shortest melting time, reduced by 52.13 % compared to Model-1 (initial structure). The melting time of Model-4 (4 straight fins + annular fins) and Model-6 shows little difference, during the final melting stage, attributed to the good heat transfer performance of the bottom fin in Model-4. Furthermore, the total heat absorption of Model-4 and Model-6 is decreased by 3.92 % and 3.20 % respectively compared to Model-1, while the mean rate of heat storage is increased by 100.20 % and 102.21 % compared to Model-1, demonstrating the significant improvement in heat storage performance with annular fins. Additionally, the same number of V-shaped fins and straight fins, when paired with annular fins, exhibit minimal differences in their strengthening effects, with V-shaped fins enhancing pre-melting and mid-melting, and straight fins showing advantages for end-melting.

Impact of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Dataset Curation on Solid Oxide Cell Degradation Assessment

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) has become a standard measurement technique for detecting degradation in single cells and stacks of solid oxide cells (SOCs). Depending on the experimental setup and test equipment, instabilities and unexpected results can be observed in EIS measurements. For example, in the low-frequency range, instabilities can be induced by feed gas flow fluctuations. Another phenomenon are parasitic, inductive impedances that degrade the high-frequency range. To compensate for such influences in large EIS data sets, we propose a specially developed EIS data curation pipeline. Based on the results of its application, we demonstrate the impact on the quantitative and qualitative attribution of electrochemical processes from EIS using equivalent circuit modeling and distribution of relaxation times. Furthermore, the substantial differences in the temporal evolution of the latter during long-term experiments are highlighted for EIS measurements obtained at the SOC stack and single cell level. In addition, the significant misestimation of aging rates, especially with respect to the fuel electrode and the high-frequency series resistance, is shown when comparing EIS measurements, few of which exhibit a parasitic inductive impedance.

Assessing flood risks in the Taquari-Antas Basin (Southeast Brazil) during the September 2023 extreme rainfall surge

This analysis delves into precipitation dynamics in the Bacia Taquari Antas region, with a focus on September 2023. Employing a multi-scale approach encompassing monthly, daily, and subdaily analyses, the study unveils a consistent precipitation distribution throughout the year. September 2023’s anomaly, the second-highest in the dataset, prompts investigation into potential climatic variability. Notably, the daily analysis highlights September 4th, 2023, as significant, emphasizing the importance of historical context in evaluating weather event severity. Subdaily scrutiny of September 4th reveals intense, localized precipitation, raising concerns about hydrological impacts such as flash floods. Positive trends in Rx5day (maximum consecutive 5-day precipitation amount) and R25 (number of days in a year when precipitation exceeds 25 mm) indices indicate an increase in heavy precipitation events, aligning with broader climate change concerns. Shifting focus to flood extent and impact assessment in the Taquari-Antas Basin, a simulation model depicts the temporal evolution of the flood, reaching its peak on September 4th. Examination of affected areas, rainfall volumes, and impacts on census sectors, cities, and buildings furnishes critical data for disaster management. This study contributes to localized precipitation comprehension and broader issues of climate trends, flood risk evaluation, and urban vulnerability, providing a basis for informed decision-making and resilient planning strategies.

Linear theory of the spatial signatures of critical slowing down

Critical slowing down is considered one of the main signs that a dynamical system is close to a tipping point. For this reason, early-warning indicators have been developed to identify it, mainly based on the temporal evolution of the system under analysis. Yet, it has been shown that critical slowing down also displays spatial signatures, such as an increase in the spatial correlation. However, these signatures are based only on heuristic observations and the analysis of numerical simulations and do not have a sound theoretical foundation. In this work I will derive analytical expressions for typical spatial early-warning indicators of critical transitions in spatially extended systems, such as spatial correlation, spatial variance, and spatial permutation entropy, in the linearized limit. As a result, I will show that the common belief that the spatial correlation increases when a bifurcation is imminent is false. Other indicators, instead, might represent more robust alternatives, such as the spatial permutation entropy or the spatial variance. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Assessment of C-Band Polarimetric Radar for the Detection of Diesel Fuel in Newly Formed Sea Ice

There is a heightened risk of an oil spill occurring in the Arctic, as climate change driven sea ice loss permits an increase in Arctic marine transportation. The ability to detect an oil spill and monitor its progression is key to enacting an effective response. Microwave scatterometer systems may be used detect changes in sea ice thermodynamic and physical properties, so we examined the potential of C-band polarimetric radar for detecting diesel fuel beneath a thin sea ice layer. Sea ice physical properties, including thickness, temperature, and salinity, were measured before and after diesel addition beneath the ice. Time-series polarimetric C-band scatterometer measurements monitored the sea ice evolution and diesel migration to the sea ice surface. We characterized the temporal evolution of the diesel-contaminated seawater and sea ice by monitoring the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and polarimetric parameters (conformity coefficient (μ), copolarization correlation coefficient (ρco)) at 20° and 25° incidence angles. We delineated three stages, with distinct NRCS and polarimetric results, which could be connected to the thermophysical state and the presence of diesel on the surface. Stage 1 described the initial formation of sea ice, while in Stage 2, we injected 20L of diesel beneath the sea ice. No immediate response was noted in the radar measurements. With the emergence of diesel on the sea ice surface, denoted by Stage 3, the NRCS dropped substantially. The largest response was for VV and HH polarizations at 20° incidence angle. Physical sampling indicated that diesel emerged to the surface of the sea ice and trended towards the tub edge and the polarimetric scatterometer was sensitive to these physical changes. This study contributes to a greater understanding of how C-band frequencies can be used to monitor oil products in the Arctic and act as a baseline for the interpretation of satellite data. Additionally, these findings will assist in the development of standards for oil and diesel fuel detection in the Canadian Arctic in association with the Canadian Standards Association Group.

Temporal Evolution, Oscillation and Coherence Characteristics Analysis of Global Solar Radiation Distribution in Major Cities in China’s Solar-Energy-Available Region Based on Continuous Wavelet Transform

The majority of the energy required for human survival is derived either directly or indirectly from solar radiation, thus it is important to investigate the periodic fluctuations in global solar radiation over time. In this study, six cities—Harbin, Shenyang, Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan, and Guangzhou—located in the utilizable areas of solar energy in China, were selected, and the periodicity of the daily global solar radiation of these six cities with time were investigated by means of wavelet power spectrum analysis. Furthermore, Harbin, which has the lowest monthly average of global solar radiation in the cold of winter, was selected to explore the temporal evolution relationship between global solar radiation and other meteorological factors, and air quality factors by wavelet coherence analysis. Among the meteorological factors, the correlation between global solar radiation and sunshine duration exhibits the highest level of consistency. Global solar radiation demonstrates a positive association with atmospheric temperature/wind speed/precipitation over the annual cycle. Conversely, it displays a negative correlation with atmospheric pressure during this time frame. Additionally, on shorter timescales, global solar radiation is negatively correlated with air humidity and precipitation. Among air quality factors, the relationship between global solar radiation and CO/NO2/O3/PM2.5/PM10/SO2 primarily manifests in the broader annual cycle time scale. Within this context, global solar radiation shows a positive correlation with O3, while displaying negative associations with the other five air quality indicators. These findings contribute to urban environmental planning and the effective management and utilization of solar radiation, thereby providing valuable insights to guide the future development of cross-regional comprehensive energy utilization projects under diverse climatic and geographical conditions. Additionally, they serve as a reference for subsequent research aimed at enhancing the accuracy of global solar radiation prediction models.

Promoting the sustainable development of traditional villages: Exploring the comprehensive assessment, spatial and temporal evolution, and internal and external impacts of traditional village human settlements in hunan province

The protection and development of traditional villages are crucial for improving the human settlement suitability (HSS). The paper takes 703 traditional villages in Hunan Province as the research object and establishes the HSS evaluation system by using the pressure-state-response model. Then this paper introduces the vector autoregressive model to explore the interactions and contributions within the three major subsystems. Finally, this paper adopts Geodetector model and GTWR model to study the external driving effects and temporal-spatial influence mechanisms. The main findings of this paper are as follows. First, the overall trend of the composite index of traditional villages is upward. Its spatial pattern transitions from a low index in the northwest to a medium index in the central region and a high index in the southeast. Second, the state system becomes the main driver of the response system change and it is highly influenced by the pressure system. Distance from medical facilities, Distance from educational institutions, Distance from the intangible cultural heritage sites, and Degree of relief are the four most important driving factors affecting the HSS in Hunan Province. At the same time, Distance to medical facilities and Distance to intangible cultural heritage sites have a positive impact, while Distance to educational institutions and Degree of relief have a negative impact. Fourly, these four factors have a significant spatiotemporal impact on the HSS in the Xiangxi region. This paper provides a scientific basis for the sustainable development and conservation of traditional villages in Hunan from multiple perspectives.

Nonlinear Response of Summertime Synoptic-Scale Disturbance Intensity over the Tropical Western North Pacific to ENSO Amplitude

Abstract El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits nonlinearity in its amplitude and impacts. This study investigates the dependence of summertime synoptic-scale disturbance (SSD) intensity over the tropical western North Pacific (TWNP) on the ENSO amplitude. A tendency of nonlinearity exists in the observed response of the TWNP SSD intensity to the amplitude of tropical central-eastern Pacific (CEP) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in boreal summer. Numerical experiments are conducted with an atmospheric general circulation model with linearly varying tropical CEP SST anomalies imposed to illustrate the nonlinearity exclusively induced by changes in the ENSO amplitude. A linear increase in the amplitude of El Niño–like SST anomalies results in a nonlinear enhancement of SSD intensity over the TWNP, manifested as the increase in SSD intensity at a rate larger than expected by linear response with an eastward shift. This is attributed to the nonlinear intensification of anomalous ascent over the TWNP induced by tropical convection response to positive tropical CEP SST anomalies and the nonlinear effect of anomalous convection on the synoptic-scale activity. In contrast, as La Niña–like SST anomalies increase linearly, the SSD intensity over the TWNP decreases at a rate slower than expected from a linear response and even reaches saturation with little longitudinal shift. Due to the thermodynamic control on the occurrence of deep convection in the tropics, enhanced negative SST anomalies do not induce additional changes in anomalous descent over the tropical CEP. Thus, the TWNP SSD intensity no longer decreases with further increase in tropical CEP cold SST anomalies. Significance Statement Synoptic-scale disturbances (SSDs) over the tropical western North Pacific (TWNP) play an important role in weather and climate over East and Southeast Asia. Impacts of those SSDs are contingent on their intensity. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has substantial impacts on weather and climate worldwide, including the SSDs over the TWNP. ENSO displays a diversity in amplitude, spatial pattern, and temporal evolution. The present study investigates the response of the TWNP SSD intensity to varying ENSO amplitude during boreal summer and reveals a distinctive nonlinear response of the TWNP SSD intensity to the amplitude of El Niño and La Niña, which has important implication for understanding the impacts of ENSO on climate over the TWNP and Asia.

Storm surge time series de-clustering using correlation analysis

The extraction of individual events from continuous time series is a common challenge in many extreme value studies. In the field of environmental science, various methods and algorithms for event identification (de-clustering) have been applied in the past. The distinctive features of extreme events, such as their temporal evolutions, durations, and inter-arrival times, vary significantly from one location to another making it difficult to identify independent events in the series. In this study, we propose a new automated approach to detect independent events from time series, by identifying the standard event duration across locations using event correlations. To account for the inherent variability at a given site, we incorporate the standard deviation of the event duration through a soft-margin approach. We apply the method to 1 485 tide gauge records from across the global coast to gain new insights into the typical durations of independent storm surges along different coastline stretches. The results highlight the effects of both local characteristics at a given tide gauge and seasonality on the derived storm durations. Additionally, we compare the results obtained with other commonly used de-clustering techniques showing that these methods are more sensitive to the chosen threshold.

Exploring the impact of tube rotation on the melting performance of multi-tube latent heat storage systems: A numerical investigation

This study explores the impact of tube rotation on the melting performance of a multi-tube latent heat energy storage system through numerical analysis. The system involves a phase change material (PCM) contained within a tube, which absorbs heat from hot water flowing through a tube surrounding the PCM, as well as two tubes enveloped by the PCM. The investigation considers the angle between the line connecting the centers of the two inner tubes and the horizon (α = 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135°), along with the direction of rotation of inner tubes. Results are compared with data from scenarios involving only outer tube rotation and stationary systems. Temporal variations in temperature and liquid fraction contours, along with the temporal evolution of average temperature and average liquid fraction of PCM are presented. It was determined that for each α, the melting performance varied from best to worst across the system configurations as follows: the system with all three rotating tubes, the system with only the outer rotating tube, and the stationary system. The minimum time required to complete PCM melting for cases at α = 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° is respectively 44.92 %, 42.11 %, 41.32 %, and 40.62 % less than that of the stationary system.

Evaluation and Spatial–Temporal Pattern Evolution of Synergy Degree of Emergency Management for Urban Flood Disasters from the Perspective of Sustainable Development—The Case of Henan, China

The management of urban flood disasters is a systematic engineering project that requires a great amount of manpower, material resources, and financial resources, and the interaction and coordination degrees of various elements in the system deeply affect the efficiency of the final governance. According to the theories of synergy, composite systems, and sustainable development, this research first established an evaluation index system to determine the synergy degree of urban flood disaster emergency management from the four dimensions of prevention and preparation, monitoring and early warning, response and rescue, and recovery and reconstruction. Then, the synergy degree was explored by using the developed composite system synergy degree model on the basis of the panel data of 18 prefecture-level cities in Henan Province from 2013 to 2021, and synergy level change characteristics were analyzed from the perspectives of time and space. Finally, the obstacle degree model was applied to explore the obstacle factors affecting synergy degree development. The results showed that the overall level of the urban flood disaster emergency management coordination degree in Henan Province was relatively low, and there were significant differences in synergy among cities. Among them, 12 cities presented mild synergy, and 6 cities showed mild nonsynergy. The spatial correlation of the synergy degree was not stable, which revealed a lack of mature coordination mechanisms for flood disaster emergency management among cities. The analysis of obstacle factors showed that recovery and reconstruction subsystems were the main obstacle systems that affected the synergy degree.

Feedback of Efficient Shock Acceleration on Magnetic-field Structure Inside Young Type Ia Supernova Remnants

Using an effective adiabatic index γ eff to mimic the feedback of efficient shock acceleration, we simulate the temporal evolution of a young type Ia supernova remnant (SNR) with two different background magnetic field (BMF) topologies: a uniform and a turbulent BMF. The density distribution and magnetic-field characteristics of our benchmark SNR are studied with two-dimensional cylindrical magnetohydrodynamic simulations. When γ eff is considered, we find that: (1) the two-shock structure shrinks and the downstream magnetic-field orientation is dominated by the Rayleigh–Taylor instability structures; (2) there exists more quasi-radial magnetic fields inside the shocked region; and (3) inside the intershock region, both the quasi-radial magnetic energy density and the total magnetic energy density are enhanced: in the radial direction, with γ eff = 1.1, they are amplified about 10–26 times more than those with γ eff = 5/3. While in the angular direction, the total magnetic energy densities could be amplified about 350 times more than those with γ eff = 5/3, and there are more grid cells within the intershock region where the magnetic energy density is amplified by a factor greater than 100.

South China Sea Typhoon Hagibis enhanced Xinfengjiang Reservoir seismicity

There was an evident increase in the number of earthquakes in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir from June to July 2014 after the landing of Typhoon Hagibis. To understand the spatial and temporal evolution of this microseismicity, we built a high-precision earthquake catalog for 2014 and relocated 2275 events using recently developed methods for event picking and catalog construction. Seismicity occurred in the southeastern part of the reservoir, with the preferred fault plane orientation aligned along the Heyuan Fault. The total seismic energy peaked when the typhoon passed through the reservoir, and seismicity correlated with typhoon energy. In contrast, a limited seismic response was observed during the later Typhoon Rammasun. Combining data regarding the water level in the Xinfengjiang Reservoir and seismicity frequency changes in the Taiwan region during these two typhoon events, we suggest that typhoon activity may increase microseism energy by impacting fault stability around the Xinfengjiang Reservoir. Whether a fault can be activated also depends on how close the stress accumulation is to its failure point.

Analysis of the Impact of the Blazhko Effect Both on the Van Hoof Effect and Radial Velocity Amplitude in the Star RR Lyr

The Van Hoof effect is a phase shift existing between the radial velocity curves of hydrogen and metallic lines within the atmosphere of pulsating stars. In this article, we present a study of this phenomenon through the spectra of the brightest pulsating star RR Lyr of RR Lyrae stars recorded for 22 yr. We based ourselves, on the one hand, on 1268 spectra (41 nights of observation) recorded between the years 1994 and 1997 at the Observatory of Haute Provence (OHP, France) previously observed by Chadid and Gillet, and on the other hand on 1569 spectra (46 nights of observation) recorded at our Oukaimeden Observatory (Morocco) between 2015 and 2016. Through this study, we have detected information on atmospheric dynamics that had not previously been detected. Indeed, the Van Hoof effect which results in a clear correlation between the radial velocities of hydrogen and those of the metallic lines has been observed and analyzed at different Blazhko phases. A correlation between the radial velocities of different metallic lines located in the lower atmosphere has been observed as well. For the first time, we were able to show that the amplitude of the radial velocity curves deduced from the lines of hydrogen and that of Fe ii (λ4923.921 Å) increases toward the minimum of the Blazhko cycle and decreases toward the maximum of the same Blazhko cycle. Furthermore, we found that the Van Hoof effect is also modulated by the Blazhko effect. Thus, toward the minimum of the Blazhko cycle the Van Hoof effect is more visible and at the maximum of the Blazhko cycle, this effect is minimal. We also observed the temporal evolution of the amplitudes of the radial velocities of the lower and upper atmosphere. When observed over a long time, we can interpret it as a function of the Blazhko phases.