Temperature Distribution Characteristics Research Articles

Thermal analysis of natural convection in rectangular porous fin wetted with CNTs nanoparticles and thermal radiation

AbstractIn the present investigation, the phenomenon of heat conduction in rectangular shaped porous fin wetted with nanofluid (a mixture of carbon nanotube [CNT] with water as base liquid) is examined using the local thermal non‐equilibrium (LTNE) paradigm. The heat transport mechanism involving the nanofluid and solid phases is represented by the dimensional thermal governing ordinary differential equations (TGODEs). These equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using relevant non‐dimensional variables. To solve the resultant dimensionless TGODEs, probabilists collocation method with Hermite polynomials (PCMHPs) is utilized. This study of temperature analysis has examined the characteristics of internal and exterior radiation, convection, and thermal conductivity to determine the attributes affecting heat transfer. For both the nanofluid and solid phase aspects, temperature distribution characteristics are revealed in tables and graphs. Subsequently, it is determined that as surface‐ambient radiation parameter levels decreased, the temperature profile of both solid and nanofluid phase augmented. The temperature variance among the solid and nanofluid phases decreased with an escalation in the wet porous parameter. The numerical outcomes illustrate that the presented PCMHP approach is not only convenient to execute but also provides accurate results.

Numerical analysis of microwave-enhanced oil shale pyrolysis by rotation turntable based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian method

Microwave heating technology has great potential for efficient pyrolysis of oil shale. However, the inhomogeneous heating characteristics of microwave heating can lead to secondary cracking of pyrolysis products, thus reducing the overall oil yield. In order to address this issue, a rotational movement of oil shale under microwave heating has been proposed to obtain a uniform temperature distribution of the oil shale. Then, a new coupled three-dimensional electromagnetic-thermal-chemical-hydraulic model incorporating the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) method was developed to investigate the temperature distribution and pyrolysis characteristics of oil shale under the rotational motion during microwave pyrolysis. The effects of rotational speed, rotational direction, and microwave power on the pyrolysis process of oil shale were explored through this model. The results showed that the introduction of rotational movement effectively addressed the uneven temperature distribution within the oil shale. Compared with the static condition, the rotational condition reduced the secondary reactions of oil products during microwave pyrolysis and increased the oil yield of oil shale to 50.12 %. As the rotation speed increased, the temperature distribution within the oil shale became more uniform, but the total oil yield reached its peak at a moderate speed of 180 s/r. Research on microwave power indicated that rotation increased the maximum usable power and highlighted that reducing the residence time of pyrolysis products within the oil shale was key to increasing oil yield. This study provides a novel approach and numerical simulation method for enhancing the microwave pyrolysis efficiency of oil shale, and the findings of this study are applicable to both the ex-situ and in-situ exploitation of oil shale.

A semi-analytic method for buoyancy-induced thermal stratification in hot water tanks during standby periods

Buoyancy-induced thermal stratification is a spontaneous phenomenon arising from standby periods of hot water tanks. Accurate estimation of temperature levels is crucial for energy-efficient operations of hot water tanks and associated water heating systems. However, temperature estimation by numerical schemes requires sophisticated algorithms and considerable computation resources. This study proposes a novel semi-analytic method to address buoyancy-induced thermal stratification conveniently without iterative calculations. An explicit water temperature function to tank height and time is analytically derived from the modified energy balance equation where the heat convection term is disregarded. The convection effect is compensated for by artificial enhancement of heat conduction, which is indicated by a synthetic parameter, amplification factor. A comprehensive numerical study is carried out to investigate static and transient characteristics of buoyant flows and temperature distribution in a hot water tank during standby periods. The findings imply a strong analogy between buoyancy-induced thermal stratification and a bottom-initiated heat conduction process, which reinforces the physical rationale for the semi-analytic method. The experimental verification of the semi-analytic method is conducted against published experiment data, the proposed method shows excellent estimation accuracy with the rooted mean square error of less than 0.42 °C. Furthermore, suitable case-specific amplification factors are determined with numerical simulations, and a ready-for-use correlation equation of the amplification factor is formulated for a wide range of tank volumes and aspect ratios. This novel semi-analytic method substantially reduces computation time compared with numerical solvers, and the simple form of the water temperature function can help in formulating more detailed hot water tank models in energy system studies.

Modeling and experimental study of air-cooled finned-tube condenser using coupled distribution parameter method and air-side temperature distribution

The air-cooled finned tube condenser (ACFTC) plays a crucial role in refrigeration systems, profoundly influencing overall operational efficiency. Its intricate structure, connectivity, and phase change characteristics pose challenges for numerical simulation modeling. While traditional distribution parameter methods effectively capture flow and heat transfer within tube mediums, they overlook ACFTC’s air-side temperature distribution, resulting in discrepancies between simulated and experimental outcomes. This study enhances existing distribution parameter models by incorporating ACFTC’s air-side temperature distribution characteristics, yielding an improved predictive model for transient operational behavior of both Z-shaped and U-shaped configurations. Dynamic experiments and model analyses were performed on the Z-shaped configuration using a cold storage experimental setup. Results demonstrate the improved model’s accurate prediction of tubing medium outlet temperature and pressure, with maximum deviations of approximately 3 °C and 0.01 MPa, respectively. Notably, the improved model exhibits around a 30 % enhancement in predictive accuracy compared to the existing models for both Z-shaped and U-shaped ACFTCs.

Characteristics of motor temperature distribution in plateau

The motor temperature distribution characteristics help to understand the working condition of the unit, thus improving efficiency. Currently, the motors are gradually being used at high altitudes. However, the plateau region has low air pressure, thin air and large differences in humidity. There is a lack of research on the effect of its complex and special working environment on motor temperature. Therefore, in this study, the numerical analysis of the motor temperature field is carried out from the novel perspective of plateau characteristics. In this paper, the finite volume method is used to analyse the flow-heat-solid coupling of a 20 MW motor. By comparing and verifying the experimental data with the simulation data, it is found that the error between the two is within 5 %. In order to have a more comprehensive picture of the motor's operation in the plateau environment, the temperature effects of different air pressure, air intake and relative humidity on the motor were investigated. The results of the study show that air pressure changes have a large effect on the temperature of the stator structure. The temperature decreases when the air pressure increases and the temperature difference decreases gradually with the increase of air pressure. The largest temperature difference in the stator structure occurs when the air pressure increases from 10 kPa to 40 kPa. The change in air intake has a positive effect on the stator structure temperature, which decreases when the air intake increases. After simulation calculations, it was found that the best heat dissipation effect was achieved in the range of air intake between 3.5 m/s and 4.5 m/s. Relative humidity has a minimal effect on the stator structure temperature. The conclusions of this paper can provide certain theoretical reference for the temperature change law of the motor under plateau operation, which is of great significance to improve the comprehensive hydraulic performance.

Study on Flow Characteristics of Integrated Natural Circulation Reactor Under Inclined Conditions

In order to study the flow characteristics of an integrated natural circulation reactor under inclined conditions, a typical three-dimensional analysis model of natural circulation was established. The natural circulation under inclined conditions was numerically simulated using the computational fluid dynamics method, and the velocity and temperature distribution characteristics of heat exchangers and mixed-flow channels with different inclined angles were analyzed. The results show that as the inclination angle of the heat exchanger flow rate increases, there is a spatial migration phenomenon corresponding to the direction of the average flow rate. A large inclination angle will lead to a serious deterioration of the natural circulation capacity in the lower channel. Under inclined conditions, there is a phenomenon of temperature stratification in the mixed-flow channel.

Application of the fast 3D simplified simulation method for the large CAP1400 nuclear island evaporator based on the coupled source term method

As for the evaporator of the large CAP1400 nuclear power plant, it has a large volume with numerous tubes along with the complex flow heat transfer phenomenon. The traditional direct simulation method usually takes a lot of time and computing resources to obtain the flow heat transfer data. To solve the problem, a fast simulation method established on the porous medium source term was herein proposed. In this simplified simulation method, the complex evaporator model is replaced with the porous medium model, where the derived heat and momentum source terms are added into the governing equation to control the heat flows. Five kinds of simplified evaporator models with different numbers of pipes were set to be the research objects, the internal flows inside the evaporator were studied with the traditional direct simulation method and the newly proposed simplified simulation method. Via comparative analysis, it can be found that: 1) The newly proposed simplified simulation method accurately captures the distribution characteristics of pressure, temperature, and entropy production in the evaporator, serving as a viable alternative to traditional direct simulation methods. Specifically, the average simulation errors for inlet-outlet pressure difference and temperature difference are both less than 5 % and 7 %, respectively. 2) The newly proposed simplified simulation method can capture the mutual interference effects between the evaporator and the nuclear main pump. When the evaporator is connected in series with the main nuclear pump, the average head of the main pump increases by 0.34 m, while the efficiency decreases by an average of 0.34 %. The average simulation errors of the simplified simulation method are 0.06 m and 0.13 %, respectively. 3) The application of the simplified simulation method leads to a significant 85 % decrease in the average computational cost for evaporator calculations and a notable 36 % decrease for combined calculations of the evaporator and main pump. The study here is expected to provide technique support for the simulation and evaluation of the large nuclear island.

The Influence of Confined Space Size on the Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Internal Window Plume from Well-Ventilated Compartment Fires

In this research, the influence of confined space size on the temperature distribution characteristics of internal window plumes from well-ventilated compartment fires was studied. Theoretical analysis was firstly used to establish a mathematical model for the smoke after ejecting from the window in the space. The study considered fire heat release rate and vertical height as dependent variables. Numerical simulations and experimental methods were carried out to study the temperature variations. A critical distance L2 was obtained. Results show that when the space D between the vertical retaining wall and the building façade is greater than L2, the variation of D has little influence on radial temperature. Once D is less than L2, the radial temperature distribution inside the confined space will tend to be consistent, and the temperature in the confined space sharply increases as D decreases. In addition, a dimensionless model was derived to quantify the relationship between temperature rise and vertical height. The experimental and numerical simulation results were processed, which are in good agreement with the model. The study can provide a framework for managing building safety.

Research on the thermal flow characteristics of viscosity oil in hydrodynamic torque converter

The increase in power density of hydrodynamic torque converters (HTCs) leads to a sharp rise in temperature within flow channels, affecting the reliability. In order to accurately predict the thermal effect and temperature distribution characteristics of the HTC internal viscosity oil, a multi-physics computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is proposed. A specialized test bench was established, and the macro and internal flow temperature data were obtained. HTCs with different working conditions and wheel sets were studied. The results indicate that CFD model considering energy equation can accurately predict the overall hydrodynamic performance and the flow field temperature characteristics under different rotating conditions. The prediction error of the overall temperature rise is within 4.92%, and the flow field temperature prediction error of the stator is under 14.3%. The hydraulic characteristics is improved by 6.02%. The analysis of internal flow and energy exchange characteristics indicates the thermal effects and temperature distribution mechanisms caused by energy loss in the flow field within the HTC. The study provides an effective computational model for the prediction and control of the heat generation of the HTC and enhances the depth of research on the flow mechanism of inhomogeneous flow fields caused by thermal effects.

Thermal analysis of permanent magnet synchronous linear motor accounting for three-phase current unbalance

Three-phase current unbalance is a common winding fault of the motor, which will bring local overheating, cause security risks and economic losses, accurate temperature rise calculation and thermal flux characteristics analysis of the motor working in three-phase current unbalance are necessary and challenging. However, little research has been conducted on the thermal characteristics and analysis methods for the permanent magnet synchronous linear motor (PMSLM) working in three-phase current unbalance. To address this problem, a multilayer composite flat wall model contained heat source of the primary is proposed firstly to analysis the heat transfer characteristics of the PMSLM caused by three-phase current unbalance qualitatively. Then, the heat transfer and temperature distribution characteristics of the PMSLM are obtained by calculating the fluid-thermal coupling model of the PMSLM directly. What's more, the effect of current grade on heat transfer is analyzed by comparing the heat transfer characteristics of the PMSLM working in four different three-phase current balance cases. Finally, the qualitative analysis and fluid-thermal analysis results are verified experimentally with a PMSLM adopting four different three-phase current unbalance conditions. Thermal analysis of the PMSLM working in three-phase current unbalance makes it is possible to prevent local heat accumulation and avoid unexpected interruptions for the redundant motor system and the fault tolerant motor system.

Numerical Investigations on the Effects of Dome Cooling Air Flow on Combustion Characteristics and Emission Behavior in a Can-Type Gas Turbine Combustor

To meet the requirements of achieving higher efficiency and lower NOx pollution, the flame temperature in gas turbine combustors increases continually; thus, the effusion-cooling technology has been used to ensure the combustor liner remains within the allowed temperature, by which the combustion characteristics and emission behavior are possibly influenced. In order to investigate the effects of dome cooling air flow on combustion characteristics and NOx emissions, three-dimensional combustion simulations for a swirl-stabilized can-type gas turbine combustor are carried out in this work by using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Through adjusting the ratio of the dome cooling air flow and the dilution cooling air flow, the characteristics of flow field, temperature distribution and NOx emissions under each work condition are analyzed. At different ratios of the dome-cooling air flow to the total air flow, the flow velocity field in the region near the center of the combustion chamber is not changed much, while the velocity field near the chamber wall shows a more significant difference. The temperature in the outer recirculation zone within the combustion chamber is effectively reduced as the dome cooling air flow increases. By analyzing the distribution characteristics of the concentration of OH*, it is demonstrated that the dome cooling air flow does not have a direct effect on the reaction of combustion. It is also found that as the ratio of the dome cooling air flow to the total air flow increases from 0 to 0.15, the value of the NOx emissions drops from 28.4 to 26.3 ppmv, about a 7.4% decrease. The distribution of the NOx generation rate in the combustion chamber does not vary significantly with the increasing dome cooling air flow. Furthermore, by calculating the residence time in different stages, when the the ratio of the dome cooling air flow to the total air flow varies from 0 to 0.15, the residence time in the pilot stage decreases obviously, from 42 ms to 18 ms. This means that reduction in residence time is the main factor in the decrease of NOx emissions when the dome cooling air flow increases.

A novel gas injection method with swirl flow in underground gasification for improving gas production and controlling pollution yields

Underground coal gasification (UCG) is a promising technology, which can convert deep coal seams into high calorific value gas products through in-situ controllable combustion, for the traditional coal mining technology. However, the structure of raw coal is dense, and it is difficult for the injected gasification agent to penetrate from the coal surface to the inside of coal in the gasification channel, which leads to worse gasification performance. Different from conventional straight flow injection, swirl flow injection is proposed to improve the effective contact between the gas and the coal surface to enhance the gasification reaction efficiency. In this work, various types of novel swirl nozzles were independently designed. The characteristics of gas production, temperature distribution and tar pollutant are studied with different swirl angles. As the swirl number increases from 0 to 1.41, there is a significant enhancement in the residence time of oxygen in the axial direction and a reduction of the mass transfer between oxygen and the coal wall in the radial direction. As the oxygen flow rate increases from 0.5 to 2 L/min, swirl flow injection exhibits stronger gasification performance than traditional straight flow injection, such as maximum gas calorific value and tar generation control capability.

Investigating the coupling effect of ventilation and GHEs on temperature distribution and heat transfer characteristics

Tunnel lining geothermal heat exchangers (GHEs) offer numerous advantages, including small area, cost-effectiveness and high heat exchange efficiency. It is a good equipment to utilize geothermal energy in tunnels. However, few research has been conducted on the combined impact of tunnel lining GHEs and ventilation on the temperature field of the surrounding rock. In this study, laboratory test model of combined impact of heat transfer between ventilation and GHEs was established, the effects of different flow rates and wind speeds on temperature field and heat exchange characteristics of the rock were investigated, and the changes in heat transfer under different operational conditions were analyzed. The findings reveal that tunnel ventilation initially enhances the heat transfer efficiency of GHEs, but subsequently decreases the overall heat transfer. Moreover, higher wind speeds exacerbate this negative impact. The radius of the heating ring decreases with increased heat transfer, and the temperature of the surrounding rock rises with heightened heat exchange at same locations within the heating ring. There are reasonable ranges of wind speed and GHEs flow rate, which are 1.5 m/s–2 m/s for wind speed and 0.4 m/s–0.6 m/s for flow rate, respectively. These results are important for the evaluation of thermal effect of tunnel lining GHEs and ventilation design.

Temperature field analysis and equal-amplitude temperature rise constraint current control method under open-circuit fault-tolerant operation for five-phase permanent magnet motor

The phase redundancy and freedom of the five-phase permanent magnet motor (FPPMM) enhance the reliability of the motor system. However, the temperature rise and torque reduction issues of the motor during open-circuit fault operation need to be further studied. In order to study the temperature distribution characteristics and the output capability of the motor under fault operation subject to temperature rise constraints, a 3-D global temperature field model containing a complex heat dissipation structure has been established. And the equal-amplitude temperature rise constraint current control method is proposed under open-circuit fault-tolerant operation to improve its output capability. The temperature distribution of the motor during steady state operation under rated operating conditions is analyzed with emphasis. Based on this, the temperature field changes of the motor during single-phase and two-phase open-circuit fault-tolerant operation are investigated. Then, the proposed equal-amplitude temperature rise constrained current method is introduced in detail to ensure the safe operation of the motor. An experimental platform is built, which verifies the accuracy of the temperature field calculation, as well as the correctness of equal-amplitude temperature rise constrained current method.

Temperature Distribution Characteristics and Action Pattern of Concrete Box Girder under Low-Temperature and Cold Wave Conditions

In regions with severe cold and high latitudes, concrete structures are susceptible to cracking and displacement due to uneven temperature stress, which directly impacts their normal utilization. Therefore, to investigate the temperature distribution characteristics of concrete box girders under the combined influence of low temperatures and cold waves, a temperature test was conducted on a model of concrete box girders in Xinjiang Province, China. Based on the measured data, the distribution pattern of the most unfavorable negative temperature differential observed in high-latitude regions was determined. Long-term numerical simulation and extreme value analysis were performed using historical meteorological data, revealing that the vertical negative temperature gradient in the concrete box girder structures follows a composite exponential distribution. The temperature differential at the top complies with Chinese code requirements, while at the bottom, it aligns more closely with British standard BS5400. Statistical analysis of historical meteorological data predicts that the 50-year temperature differential will result in a drop amplitude of 26.42 °C, which is 1.44 times higher than measured values obtained from experiments. The proposed negative temperature gradient pattern for concrete box girders presented in this study can encompass general design codes and provide guidance for designing concrete bridges in severe cold areas.

Dynamic temperature distribution characteristics of a large glasshouse with cooling system during the start-stop stage

Excessive heat accumulation leads to high temperature in the glasshouse, the high temperature directly affects the normal growth of crops. This research based on the cooling system as the cooling method of glasshouse, experimental and computational fluid dynamics technique were used to investigate the cooling effect in the start-stop stage. CFD was used to simulate and optimize the temperature dynamics during the start-stop phase of the glasshouse cooling system in the most common summer climates (rainy and sunny). A glasshouse test platform was built in Wuhan in order to conduct temperature experiments to verify the effectiveness of the simulation. The results show that starting the cooling system in summer can effectively reduce the temperature inside the glasshouse in a short time (when it is rainy, the temperature is reduced by 8.1 °C; when it is sunny, the temperature is reduced by 5 °C). During the start-stop stage, the temperature trend of the horizontal and vertical planes is the same. Until the system is running stably, the indoor temperature is maintained uniform and stable, with little fluctuation. In order to create the best growing environment for crops, the air velocity of the air supply outlet is increased to 6.0 m/s on sunny days, which is helpful to increase crop yield and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Thermal-flow characteristics analysis of a novel resilient capacity ceramic insulated winding dry type transformer

With the increasing demand for the resilient capacity of transformers in high-proportion renewable energy grids, the overload capacity of transformers and the thermal conductivity of winding insulation materials have been put forward as important requirements. In response to these requirements, a novel ceramic high temperature tolerance insulation winding is proposed in this paper and is applied in a ceramic insulated winding transformer. A combination of simulation and experimentation is used to analyze the thermal-flow characteristics of this transformer. The temperature and flow field distribution characteristics of transformers with both winding insulation methods (ceramic and Nomex paper) are compared. The internal mechanism of reflux near the iron core and high voltage winding under forced air cooling is clarified. A superior outside cooling condition is obtained. A prototype ceramic insulated winding transformer is developed and tested to verify the accuracy of the simulation model. The results show that the hotspot temperature of the ceramic insulated winding transformer under natural cooling is 10.7% lower than that of the Nomex paper insulated winding transformer. With forced air cooling of 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 m/s applied at the bottom, the hotspot temperature of the ceramic insulated winding transformer is 11.4%, 10.5%, 9.7%, 14.0%, and 17.8% lower than that of the Nomex paper insulation winding transformer, respectively. Under forced air cooling, a reflux phenomenon is observed in both transformers in the vicinity of the iron core and high voltage winding due to the formation of adverse pressure gradient region and wall viscous force blocking. The strength of the reflux is affected by the magnitude of the forced air cooling flow velocity and the construction of the transformer. The optimal range of the external cooling flow velocity for the ceramic insulated winding transformer is 3–4 m/s. The errors between the simulated temperature and the measured temperature at the nine monitoring points of the prototype are all less than 5%, which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation model. The experimental and theoretical basis for the design and application of resilient capacity dry type transformers is provided by this research.

Non-uniform temperature fields in steel tubes with different inclinations under solar radiation

The temperature distribution within steel tubes is subject to non-uniformity due to the influence of surrounding environmental factors, which could pose safety concerns for steel structures. In response, this study undertook a comprehensive long-term experimental investigation, aimed at elucidating the temperature distribution characteristics of inclined steel tubes. The results underscored the non-uniform distribution of temperature fields in steel tubes under the influence of solar radiation, with notable sensitivity to their inclinations and orientations. In addition, a numerical simulation model specifically tailored to represent the thermal behavior of inclined steel tubes was developed and subsequently validated using empirical data gathered from the aforementioned experiments. Based on the developed simulation model, the thermal behaviors of a steel-arch-tower were numerically analyzed. It was shown that distinct vertical temperature variations exist across different sections of the tower, while the horizontal temperature differentials exhibit consistent trend. The outcomes of this combined experimental and numerical study provide useful references to understand the thermal effects in steel structures.

丘陵山地果园单轨式防霜机的仿真与试验

In order to solve the problems of artificial operation, high labor intensity and low efficiency of frost prevention in hilly orchards, this study takes hilly orchards as the research object. Based on the agronomic requirements of frost prevention in hilly orchards, a smoke anti-frost machine based on the transport track of hilly orchards is designed. With the help of Fluent software, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of smoke mass concentration and temperature in the process of smoke diffusion are simulated and analyzed based on the discrete phase model. The results show that the smoke continues to erupt at a speed of 6 m / s, and the plume volume gradually increases. After 9 s, the smoke reaches a stable diffusion state. Based on the established smoke diffusion simulation model, the orthogonal test analysis of the working parameters at the smoke outlet of the frost-proof machine was carried out with the temperature increase near the canopy of the fruit tree as the index. The results showed that the best combination of working parameters at the smoke outlet of the frost-proof machine was the smoke outlet speed of 10 m / s, the smoke outlet angle of 60 °, and the smoke outlet diameter of 140 mm. The field test results show that the frost-proof machine can continuously operate for 0.5 h at a running speed of 0.6 m / s, and the temperature in the height range of 1.5 m to 4 m in the working area can be increased by about 1.7 ° C. This study is of great significance to reduce the frost disaster loss of hilly orchards and improve the economic benefits of hilly orchards.

Investigation on the temperature distribution characteristics of steel slag asphalt mixture under different microwave heating and cooling methods

The utilization of steel slag aggregate (SSA) can enhance the microwave absorption efficiency of asphalt mixture, thus increasing its temperature and self-healing capability. In this study, the temperature distribution of basalt porous asphalt concrete (PAC-B), ordinary steel slag porous asphalt concrete (PAC-US), and modified steel slag porous asphalt concrete (PAC-MS) under the influence of different microwave heating and cooling methods were investigated through laboratory tests and numerical simulations. The heating methods including continuous heating, and two intermittent heating methods were used. Using the Monte Carlo method, three-dimensional mesoscopic numerical models were developed to simulate the microwave heating and cooling processes. The temperature of both the aggregates and asphalt mortar were analyzed, considering the influence of particle size on the aggregate temperature. The results revealed that the average inner heating rate of the three specimens is higher than the average surface heating rate. The average surface and inner heating rates of PAC-MS were higher than those of PAC-US and PAC-B. The average surface temperature and inner temperature during the heating process changed linearly, while nonlinear temperature variations were observed during the subsequent cooling phase. Increasing the number of cooling intervals during heating resulted in a more uniform temperature distribution within steel slag aggregate specimens. The results of numerical simulation indicated that the maximum temperature of aggregate was greater than that of asphalt mortar. During the cooling process, the highest temperature of the aggregate continuously decreased, whereas the lowest temperature initially increased before decreasing. The highest average volume temperature for various particle sizes was observed within the range of 4.75–9.5 mm. The laboratory test results were effectively validated by the numerical simulations.