Temperature Dependence Of Reaction Rate Research Articles

Measurements of the Reaction Rate Coefficients of Atomic Hydrogen with Astrochemical Anions: CN− and C3N−

We present the temperature-dependent reaction rate coefficients of CN− and C3N− with atomic hydrogen in the temperature range from 7 to 290 K, measured in a 16-pole radio-frequency ion trap. The rate of C3N− with H steadily increases toward lower temperatures, while the rate coefficients for the CN− + H system show a sudden change around 160 K. Fits to the data were performed to determine temperature-dependent reaction rate coefficients. The fits reveal a rate coefficient of 4.1(3)×10−10(T/300)−0.31(6) cm3 s−1 for C3N− + H. For CN−, we determined a rate coefficient for the temperature regime below 160 K of 3.2(4)×10−10(T/300)−0.31(11) cm3 s−1. Given our present results, higher rate coefficients than previously reported must be assumed for the modeling of cold interstellar environments involving these H atom reactions.

Shelf life and storage stability of cold plasma treated kiwifruit juice: kinetic models

ABSTRACT This study examined the quality changes and shelf life of cold plasma (Cold plasma-optimized, S2: 30 kV/5 mm/6.7 min and Cold plasma-extreme, S3: 30 kV/2 mm/10 min) and thermally-treated (S4: 90°C/5 min) kiwifruit juice packed in glass and polyethylene terephthalate bottles stored at 5, 15, and 25°C. Cold plasma and thermally treated juice samples were analyzed for peroxidase activity, microbial enumeration, bioactive compounds degradation, and sensory quality for up to 120 days. The residual activity of peroxidase enzyme in S2 sample after cold plasma treatment was 23.85%, decreasing with increase in storage time and temperature. After cold plasma and thermal treatment, the aerobic mesophiles and yeasts and molds count were below detectable limits in kiwifruit juice. Aerobic mesophiles and yeasts & molds emerged in S2, S3, and S4 samples stored at 5°C after 70, 70, and 90 days, respectively. The total color change increased with increase in storage time and temperature, whereas ascorbic acid, total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, and overall acceptability decreased. The shelf life of S2 in glass bottles was 100, 80, and 60 days at 5, 15, and 25°C based on total color change ≥ 12, ascorbic acid loss ≥ 50%, microbial count ≥ 6 Log CFU/mL, or overall acceptability < 5. Quality indices, including total color change, overall sensory acceptability, and ascorbic acid, were modeled, and zero-order model performed better than first and second-order reaction models. Furthermore, Arrhenius, Eyring, and Ball models were employed to model temperature-dependent reaction rates, and the Ball model performed better. So, the zero-order reaction and Ball model were combined to predict kiwifruit juice’s shelf life.

H-atom abstraction reactions of C1-C4 alkanes by ketenyl radical: Kinetic investigation and analysis

The kinetics of 16 H-atom abstraction reactions of C1-C4 alkanes by ketenyl radical (HCCO) are studied to enhance the existing combustion mechanisms. Firstly, the obtain the lowest-energy conformer, vibration frequencies and single point energies for the reactants, prepolymers, transition states, and products are determined using the CCSD(T)/cc-pVQZ//B3LYP/6-311G+(d,p) theory level. Subsequently, temperature-dependent reaction rate constants for the major channels are predicted by the TST method. Finally, the H-atom abstraction reactions are validated under multiple temperature conditions, and the effects of the reactions on auto-ignition process and CO emission characteristics of n-heptane/NG mixture are researched. The results indicate that the H-atom abstraction reactions by Cα-atom play a significant role for the diesel/NG combustion. To combine the reaction pathways and rate constants into the existing kinetic mechanisms resulted in more accurate predictions of the ignition delay time. Furthermore, these kinetics data are valuable for revealing the CO emissions of the dual-fuel engines.

Salt induced slowdown of kinetics and dynamics during thermal gelation of egg-yolk.

We investigated the effect of the NaCl concentration (0.3-2M) on the structure and dynamics of hen egg yolk at room temperature and during thermal gelation at temperatures in the range of 66-90 °C utilizing low-dose x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy in ultra-small angle x-ray scattering geometry. With an increase in the salt concentration, we observe progressive structural and dynamic changes at room temperature, indicating the disruption of yolk components such as yolk-granules and yolk-plasma proteins. Temperature- and salt-dependent structural and dynamic investigations suggest a delay in the gel formation and aggregation of yolk low-density lipoproteins with increasing ionic strength. However, the time-temperature superposition relationship observed in all samples suggests an identical mechanism underlying protein aggregation-gelation with a temperature-dependent reaction rate. The sol-gel transition time extracted from kinetic and dynamic information follows Arrhenius's behavior, and the activation energy (460kJ/mol) is found to be independent of the salt concentration.

Dissipative Non-Slip MHD Nanofluid Flow with Variable Viscousity and Thermal Conductivity in the Presence of Arrhenius Chemical Reaction

This research investigates the intricate dynamics of dissipative non-slip magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) nanofluid flow, characterized by variable viscosity and thermal conductivity, under the influence of an Arrhenius chemical reaction. The inclusion of the Arrhenius chemical reaction adds complexity through heat generation or absorption, impacting temperature and concentration gradients. The study is motivated by the extensive applications of nanofluids in engineering and industrial processes, where precise control of heat and mass transfer is critical. We develop a comprehensive mathematical model that incorporates the variable properties of the nanofluid, the effects of the Lorentz force due to the applied magnetic field, and the temperature-dependent reaction rates dictated by the Arrhenius equation. The formulated governing equations were non-dimensionalised to identify the flow governing parameters. Finite Element Method (FEM), grid generation, solution algorithms, and post-processing to analyse velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions were used to obtain the numerical methods to solve fluid flow problems based on the Navier-Stokes equations, involving concepts of discretization. pdsolve subpackage in Maple 2023 was used to numerically solve PDEs with specific initial and boundary conditions, incorporating the plot and display commands for graphical analysis, and the results are presented and discussed. The findings reveal that the interplay between parameters like Hartmann number, Darcy parameter, and heat generation or absorption profoundly influences flow behaviour and thermal characteristics. The reactivity parameter is crucial, dictating the rate of chemical reactions and affecting system dynamics. This research enhances understanding of the interdependencies among fluid properties, chemical reactions, and external parameters in nanofluid flows.

Theoretical study of temperature and pressure-dependent rate constants for 8 reactions involving CO and CO2 with C+, C2O2+, CnO3, CnO3+ (n = 1, 2) in carbon dioxide radiolysis

CO2-related reactions and their species play an important role in atmospheric and radiolysis chemistry. However, there remains a lack of temperature and pressure dependent reaction rates for many chemical reactions that are necessary for constructing relevant reaction mechanisms. 8 important atmospheric and radiolysis chemical reactions are investigated theoretically at the rev-DSD/j3z, CCSD/ACCD and CCSD(T)/CBS levels. The temperature, pressure-dependent rate constants are obtained by the RRKM/ME method, which show a reasonable agreement with the reported values. Based on our results, the mechanisms of correlation reaction of CO2 reaction network are refined and provide guidance for studying the directed conversion of CO2.

Mixed convective magnetohydrodynamic and thermally radiative flow of reactive couple stress MWCNT–Ag/C2H6O2 hybrid nanofluid in a porous vertical channel: Entropy analysis

This paper is concerned with the analysis of the mixed convective magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of a reactive couple stress multi-walled carbon nanotube −Ag/C2H6O2 hybrid nanofluid in a porous vertical channel subjected to quadratic thermal radiation along with a uniform inclined magnetic field applied to the channel walls. The flow is driven by the pressure gradient force and the buoyancy force, which is modeled based on the nonlinear Boussinesq approximation. The temperature-dependent reaction rate of the reactant molecule is derived using the Arrhenius law. The momentum and energy equations that govern the system are modeled in consideration of slip and convective conditions. The governing equations are non-dimensionalized by applying relevant dimensionless parameters and are solved using the homotopy analysis method (HAM). To analyze the irreversibilities in the system, the entropy generation number and the Bejan number are defined. Different important physical parameters developing in the system are considered for analysis, and their effects are scrutinized on the velocity and temperature profiles along with entropy generation. The emphasis is given to the concentration of nanoparticles along with the parameters arising due to the reactions of the fluid, buoyancy force, inclined magnetic field, thermal radiation, and porous material. The analysis reveals that the velocity and temperature of the fluid lowers with a higher concentration of nanoparticles, radiation parameter, and Hartmann number, whereas develops for the higher slip parameters and inclination of the magnetic field. The entropy generation rate increases with rising slip parameters and depletes for higher nanoparticle concentration, radiation parameter, Hartmann number, and inclination angle. The irreversibility in the system remains dominant due to heat transfer with higher Frank-Kameneskii and activation energy parameters, Hartmann number, and angle of inclination.

Exploring non-equilibrium processes and spatio-temporal scaling laws in heated egg yolk using coherent X-rays

The soft-grainy microstructure of cooked egg yolk is the result of a series of out-of-equilibrium processes of its protein-lipid contents; however, it is unclear how egg yolk constituents contribute to these processes to create the desired microstructure. By employing X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy, we investigate the functional contribution of egg yolk constituents: proteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and yolk-granules to the development of grainy-gel microstructure and microscopic dynamics during cooking. We find that the viscosity of the heated egg yolk is solely determined by the degree of protein gelation, whereas the grainy-gel microstructure is controlled by the extent of LDL aggregation. Overall, protein denaturation-aggregation-gelation and LDL-aggregation follows Arrhenius-type time-temperature superposition (TTS), indicating an identical mechanism with a temperature-dependent reaction rate. However, above 75 °C TTS breaks down and temperature-independent gelation dynamics is observed, demonstrating that the temperature can no longer accelerate certain non-equilibrium processes above a threshold value.

Galactose isomerization to tagatose over MgBr2 follows a temperature-dependent reaction rate kinetics as predicted by first principles-based theories

Tagatose, a classified low-calorie sugar, possesses anti-hyperglycaemic and prebiotic characteristics. Therefore, it is considered a potential food additive supplement (sweetener) for lifestyle health problems in humans. While many reports on its production via biological and chemical methods have been published, the thermodynamic behavior of its synthesis using galactose is rarely focused on. Herein, we report the MgBr2-mediated galactose interconversion to tagatose (single-step) and its kinetic mechanism. The oppositely charged counterions (Mg2+ and Br‒) can induce the reaction via different pathways in a parallel fashion, i.e., the Mg2+ behaving as a Lewis acid can enable via a 1,2-hydride shift pathway, whereas the Br‒ offering the Brønsted basic sites via a proton transfer pathway. This resulted in a tagatose production as high as 22% and 73% selectivity within 60 min at 120 °C in water. Furthermore, the reaction has yielded a single co-product formation (talose up to 7%). From the inverse-gated quantitative NMR analysis, the contribution of the counterions in the reaction is roughly 52%:48% by Mg2+:Br‒. The determination of the temperature-dependent reaction kinetics (elementary steps) was made by employing the first-principles-based theories (i.e., transition state-Eyring theory for the proton transfer pathway that involves no hydride shift and Marcus theory for the hydride shift pathway). The energy calculations of the pathways made via DFT modeling suggested the higher feasibility of a hydride shift mechanism of galactose to tagatose.

Cold CAS ion trap – 22 pole trap with ring electrodes for astrochemistry

The enhancement of a cryogenic radio frequency 22 pole trap instrument by the addition of ring electrodes is presented in detail. The ring electrodes tightly surround the poles and only a fraction of the applied electric potential penetrates to the trap axis, facilitating the fine control of slow cold ions. A precise computational model, describing the effective mechanical potential created by the applied static and rf fields, governing the ion behaviour, is employed to demonstrate and understand the operation of our setup. The use of ring electrodes for improved extraction of cold stored ions is shown. Variable trapping potentials, placed on one ring electrode, can be used to control the evaporation of only those H + ions from the trap, whose kinetic energy exceeds the barrier. This ring electrode trapping opens new possibilities to study processes of minimal kinetic energy release, e. g. spin exchange. We propose a robust modified method for the determination of temperature dependent ion molecule reaction rates, resistant to effects caused by neutral gas freezing and demonstrate it on the reaction of CO + / CO 2 + with H 2 / D 2 . Finally, the use of a supercontinuum laser for quick localisation of spectroscopic bands is examined on the N 2 + Meinel system.

Some considerations of measuring temperature sensitivity in thermal ecology

Some considerations of measuring temperature sensitivity in thermal ecology

Effect of heat treatment on phenolic composition and radical scavenging activity of olive leaf extract at different pH conditions: a spectroscopic and kinetic study.

The present study focused on the effect of isothermal treatment (5-90 °C) and pH (2.0-6.0) of aqueous olive leaf phenolic extract solutions on the kinetics of degradation of single and total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity, with the objective of predicting and optimizing the thermal treatments in foods enriched with olive leaf extracts. The major compound, oleuropein, showed higher degradation at low pH2.0 and temperature-dependent reaction rates, which fitted well a first-order kinetic model, with an estimated activation energy of 98.03 ± 0.08 kJ mol-1 . Oleuropein hydrolysis resulted in a zero-order increase in hydroxytyrosol concentration at same pH (Ea = 71.59 ± 1.5kJ mol-1 ), whereas a 100-fold slower degradation rate was observed at higher pH. Verbascoside was only degraded at pH6.0, also following first-order kinetics. These changes in oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol concentrations led to significant changes in fluorescence maximum intensities centered around 315 and 360 nm and in the 425-500 nm spectral zone for samples at pH6.0, which could be associated with verbacoside degradation. Conversely, analysis of total phenolic content and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity showed little changes, indicating a rather constant overall reducing capacity of the resulting pool of compounds after thermal treatments. The present study can contribute to the knowledge related to oleuropein and phenolic fraction degradation as a result of matrix (pH) and processing. The kinetic parameters obtained could be applied for predicting and optimizing the thermal treatments in foods and drinks enriched with olive leaf extracts. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Temperature and pressure dependent rate constants of the reactions of OH• with cyclopentene from variational TST and SS-QRRK methods.

In this work, the pressure- and temperature-dependent reaction rate constants for the hydrogen abstraction and addition of hydroxyl radicals to the unsaturated cyclopentene were studied. Geometries and vibrational frequencies of reactants, products, and transition states were calculated using density functional theory, with single-point energy corrections determined at the domain-based local pair natural orbital-coupled-cluster single double triple/cc-pVTZ-F12 level. The high-pressure limit rate constants were calculated using the canonical variational transition state theory with the small-curvature tunneling approximation. The vibrational partition functions were corrected by the effects of torsional and ring-puckering anharmonicities of the transition states and cyclopentene, respectively. Variational effects are shown to be relevant for all the hydrogen abstraction reactions. The increasing of the rate constants by tunneling is significant at temperatures below 500K. The pressure dependence on the rate constants of the addition of OH• to cyclopentene was calculated using the system-specific quantum Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel model. The high-pressure limit rate constants decrease with increasing temperature in the range 250-1000K. The falloff behavior was studied at several temperatures with pressures varying between 10-3 and 103 bar. At temperatures below 500K, the effect of the pressure on the addition rate constant is very modest. However, at temperatures around and above 1000K, taking pressure into account is mandatory for an accurate rate constant calculation. Branching ratio analyses reveal that the addition reaction dominates at temperatures below 500K, decreasing rapidly at higher temperatures. Arrhenius parameters are provided for all reactions and pressure dependent Arrhenius parameters are given for the addition of OH• to cyclopentene.

Temperature affects the kinetics but not the products of the reaction between 4-methylbenzoquinone and lysine

Quinones are electrophilic compounds that can undergo Michael addition or Schiff base reaction with nucleophilic amines, but the effect of temperature has not been systematically studied. The aim of this study was to characterize how temperature affects the reaction mechanism and kinetics of 4-methylbenzoquinone (4MBQ) with lysine (Lys), Nα-acetyl Lys or Nε-acetyl Lys. The products were identified and characterized by LC-MS/MS, which revealed formation of Michael addition products, Schiff base, and a di-adduct in Lys and Nα-acetyl Lys-containing reaction mixtures. The product profiles were not affected by temperature in the range of 15–100 °C. NMR analysis proved that Michael addition of Nα-acetyl Lys occurred on the C5 position of 4MBQ. Rate constants for the reactions studied by stopped-flow UV–vis spectrophotometry under pseudo-first-order conditions where the amines were present in excess in the range 15 °C to 45 °C showed the α-amino groups of Lys are more reactive than the ε-groups. The kinetics results revealed that the temperature dependence of reaction rates followed the Arrhenius law, with activation energies in the order: Lys < Nε-acetyl Lys < Nα-acetyl Lys. Our results provide detailed knowledge about the temperature dependence of the reaction between Lys residues and quinones under conditions relevant for storage of foods.

Insight into the chemical reaction process of coal during the spontaneous combustion latency

The oxidation reaction intensity of coal is quite weak during the spontaneous combustion latency. A thermopile sensor suitable for an isothermal flow reactor was developed to monitor the temperature of coal during the spontaneous combustion latency. The role of oxidation temperature and particle size were discussed. The element and oxygen-containing functional group changes of coal samples after oxidation were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the coal temperature has remarkable laws which conforms to a quadratic polynomial T = T0+A t-B t2+C t3-D t4. In the temperature range 20–70 °C, a temperature dependence of reaction rate which does not conform to the Arrhenius equation. The laws accord with a third order polynomial function ln(Dt/dt) = A(1/T)3+B(1/T)2+C(1/T)+D. The decrease of particle size can effectively increase the oxidation heat released by coal during the spontaneous combustion latency. Singly bonded C–O groups, phenol, alcohol or ether, dominate at all temperatures over other oxygen-containing functional groups. The contents of C–O groups and hydroperoxide continue to increase during the spontaneous combustion latency. The results will be helpful to further reveal the oxidation mechanism of coal during the spontaneous combustion latency.

Transfer Learning Approach to Multitarget Temperature-Dependent Reaction Rate Prediction.

Accurate prediction of temperature-dependent reaction rate constants of organic compounds is of great importance to both atmospheric chemistry and combustion science. Extensive work has been done on developing automated mechanism generation systems but the lack of quality reaction rate data remains a huge bottleneck in the application of highly detailed mechanisms. Machine learning prediction models have been recently adopted to alleviate the data gap in thermochemistry and have great potential to do the same for kinetic data with the recent release of quality reaction rate data compilations. The ultimate goal is to formulate easily accessible, general-purpose, temperature-dependent, and multitarget models for the prediction of reaction rates. To that end, we propose a model that depends on the well-known Morgan fingerprints as well as learned representations transferred from the QM9 data set. We propose the use of an Arrhenius-based loss where predictions of the three modified-Arrhenius parameters (A, n, and B = Ea/R) are given instead of the direct prediction of reaction rate constants. Our model is >35% more accurate compared to a baseline model of feed forward network (FFN) on Morgan fingerprints.

A mathematical model to predict the color change of fresh dough sheets under fluctuation temperatures

The objective of this work was to establish a mathematical model to predict the color change of fresh dough sheets under fluctuation temperatures. The changes of color expressed in the parameters (L*, a*, b* and TCD) of green tea and turmeric dough sheets were measured at 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 °C, respectively, and then the change models were established by zero- and first-order reaction kinetics model. The results showed that the first-order reaction kinetics model (all R2 > 0.9) fitted well the change of color parameter L* while the other parameters were not well fitted by zero- and first-order reaction kinetics model. Furthermore, the temperature-dependent reaction rate was assessed by the Arrhenius equation and showed better performance. Finally, a dynamic prediction model of parameter L* combining the first-order reaction kinetics model with the Arrhenius equation was established under fluctuation temperatures. The validation results showed that changes of parameter L* under fluctuation temperatures could be predicted accurately by the model. This study will may be useful to determine consumption time and shelf life under the dynamic product distribution channel by providing real-time indication of quality of fresh noodle products.

Colloidal Polydopamine Beads: A Photothermally Active Support for Noble Metal Nanocatalysts

Polydopamine (PDA) is a unique bioinspired synthetic polymer that integrates broadband light absorption, efficient photothermal transduction, and versatile surface-adhesion functions in a single material entity. Here, we utilize colloidal PDA beads in the submicron particle size regime as an easily processable and photothermally active support for sub-10 nm Pd nanocatalysts to construct a multifunctional material system that allows us to kinetically boost thermal catalytic reactions through visible and near-infrared light illuminations. Choosing the Pd-catalyzed nitrophenol reduction by ammonium formate as a model transfer hydrogenation reaction exhibiting temperature-dependent reaction rates, we demonstrate that interfacial molecule-transforming processes on metal nanocatalyst surfaces can be kinetically modulated by harnessing the thermal energy produced through photothermal transduction in the PDA supports.

Quantification of solid-phase chemical reactions using the temperature-dependent terahertz pulsed spectroscopy, sum rule, and Arrhenius theory: thermal decomposition of α-lactose monohydrate

Transformations of the low-energy vibrational spectra are associated with structural changes in an analyte and closely related to the instability of weak chemical bounds. Terahertz (THz)/far-infrared optical spectroscopy is commonly used to probe such transformation, aimed at characterization of the underlying solid-phase chemical reactions in organic compounds. However, such studies usually provide quite qualitative information about the temperature- and time-dependent parameters of absorption peaks in dielectric spectra of an analyte. In this paper, an approach for quantitative analyses of the solid-phased chemical reactions based on the THz pulsed spectroscopy was developed. It involves studying an evolution of the sample optical properties, as a function of the analyte temperature and reaction time, and relies on the classical oscillator model, the sum rule, and the Arrhenius theory. The method allows one to determine the temperature-dependent reaction rate V1(T) and activation energy Ea. To demonstrate the practical utility of this method, it was applied to study α-lactose monohydrate during its temperature-induced molecular decomposition. Analysis of the measured THz spectra revealed the increase of the reaction rate in the range of V1 ≃ ~9 × 10-4-10-2 min-1, when the analyte temperature rises from 313 to 393 K, while the Arrhenius activation energy is Ea ≃ ~45.4 kJ/mol. Thanks to a large number of obtained physical and chemical parameters, the developed approach expands capabilities of THz spectroscopy in chemical physics, analytical chemistry, and pharmaceutical industry.

New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling

AbstractSignificant seasonal changes in chemical and microbiological water quality can occur in buildings at different fixture locations due to temperature and time dependent reaction rates. Here, a series of calibrated plumbing hydraulic‐water quality models were developed for the extensively monitored Retrofitted Net‐zero Energy, Water &amp; Waste (ReNEWW) house in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. The eight new models predict the absolute level of free chlorine, total trihalomethanes, copper, iron, lead, NO3− (nitrate‐nitrogen), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and Legionella spp. concentration at each fixture for plumbing use, operational characteristics, and design layouts of the plumbing system. Model development revealed that the carrying capacity to describe Legionella spp. growth (and other organisms) under water usage and plumbing design conditions is lacking in the literature. Reducing simulated building water use by 25% prompted increased absolute concentrations of HPC and Legionella spp., each increasing by a factor of about 105. When the simulated service line length was increased, Legionella spp. concentrations increased by up to 106 gene copies /L in the Summer season. The proposed modeling framework can be used to support better planning, design, analysis, and operational decision‐making.