Temperature Dependence Of Dielectric Constant Research Articles

Temperature-dependent characterization of full tensor properties of [111]c poled Mn-doped 28PIN-43PMN-29PT single crystals

The temperature-dependent characterization of full tensor properties of single-domain relaxor-based single crystals (SCs) is important for understanding the influence of temperature on the properties of their multidomain SCs. However, no relevant results have been published because characterization is difficult to achieve using the traditional electric resonance method. In this Letter, the temperature-dependent elastic and piezoelectric properties of single-domain [111]c poled Mn-doped 28Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-43Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-29PbTiO3 SCs were investigated in the range of 20–80 °C by resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) using a rectangular parallelepiped sample. The temperature-dependent dielectric constants were calculated from the measured capacitances of the sample. The results are self-consistent because they were obtained from the same sample. The elastic constants obtained using the ultrasonic pulse-echo method agree closely with those obtained using RUS. Moreover, the experimental results of electric impedance spectrum agree closely with those simulated using the material constants characterized herein, indicating that the characterization is reliable.

Large electrocaloric effect across the non-hysteretic electrostructural phase transition in lead-free (Ba0.88Ca0.12)(Ti0.94Sn0.06)O3 ceramics

Structural, dielectric, and electrocaloric properties were investigated in Pb-free ceramic (Ba0.88Ca0.12)(Ti0.94Sn0.06)O3 (BCST), synthesized using solid-state sintering method. Rietveld refinement of room temperature XRD data revealed the existence of pure perovskite tetragonal (P4mm) phase. Temperature-dependent XRD analyses confirmed a structural transition from tetragonal to cubic phase near 380 K. Temperature-dependent dielectric constant (εr) and specific heat capacity (Cp) confirmed the presence of thermal hysteresis in two phase transitions near 233 ± 10 K and 254 ± 10 K, and a non-hysteretic behavior at the Curie temperature (TC∼373 ± 10 K). A comprehensive Raman study corroborated the existence of phase transitions. Electrocaloric properties were determined using indirect method utilizing the non-hysteretic nature across TC. A large adiabatic temperature change of |∆T| = 0.52 K, isotropic entropy change |∆S| = 0.68 J/kg.K, electrocaloric coefficients, |∆T/∆E |= 0.311 K.mm/kV and |∆S/∆E| = 0.41 J.mm/K.kg.kV were obtained at 380 K for an electric field of 16.7 kV/cm. Obtained value of |∆T/∆E| is relatively good, reported among other BaTiO3-based ceramics.

Universal Dielectric Response in Electronically Correlated Functional Oxides CaCu3Ti4O12, LaFeO3, YFe0.5Cr0.5O3 and their Nanocomposites: A Comparative Study

AbstractCaCu3Ti4O12 (CCTO), LaFeO3 (LFO) and YFe0.5Cr0.5O3 (YFCO) were synthesized via conventional sol–gel auto–combustion method using citric acid as gelling agent. The X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the phase purity of the samples. The energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) analysis confirms the stoichiometry of the pristine phases. The average particle size obtained from the field emission Scanning electron microscopy (FE−SEM) images revealed that CaCu3Ti4O12 exhibits a broad range of particle size starting from a couple of hundreds of nanometer to micrometer, whereas that for LaFeO3 and YFe0.5Cr0.5O3 are about 110 nm and 50 nm, respectively. We have fabricated the new composites: CCTO–LFO, CCTO–YFCO and LFO–YFCO. The grain sizes of the composite phases are consistent with the pristine phases as they are prepared by at lower sintering temperatures and duration. The dielectric properties of these ceramic composites were compared to those of the pristine phases. The temperature and frequency dependent dielectric measurements reveal a wide range of dielectric constant with moderate tan δ values. The temperature dependent dielectric constant of the investigated samples varies from 100 to 1500 at room temperature and the data have been analyzed using universal dielectric response (UDR) model.

Effects of the Temperature-Dependent Behavior of the Gap-Filling PDMS on the Response of a Capacitive MEMS to the Electrostatic Actuation

In recent years, researchers have shown interest in using elastomers with high dielectric constant and good elasticity in capacitive MEMS. This paper aims to investigate how the performance of capacitive sensors/actuators is affected by the temperature-dependent behavior of gap-filling Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). As a case study, a model is created, consisting of a proof mass with two attached flexible microbeams parallel to a stationary electrode, under electrostatic actuation. The actuation is directly proportional to the temperature-dependent dielectric constant. To reduce resistance stiffness, the bulk PDMS was assumed to have porosity, resulting in a nonlinear displacement-dependent Young’s modulus. The system’s static and dynamic responses were obtained by solving the governing nonlinear equations using Galerkin-based numerical procedures. Additionally, a physically gradient-descent-based learning method was used to predict the nonlinear frequency response of the system. The results have shown that using PDMS instead of an air gap significantly reduces the required actuation voltage, although this difference is less pronounced at higher temperatures. In addition, the inclusion of PDMS alters the resonance behavior of the system and also reducing the temperature diminishes the nonlinear softening behavior of the system under specific bias and AC voltages.

Structural, electrical, magnetic, and anti-cancer properties of Gd-doped Mg–Cd ferrites

In this study, we report structural, electrical, magnetic, and anti-cancer properties of pure and Gd3+ ion-substituted Mg–Cd ferrites produced via a sol-gel auto-combustion synthesis process. The prepared Gd-doped and undoped Mg–Cd-based ferrite's physical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) to find structural properties, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) for surface area analysis, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was used to understand morphological status and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) used for elemental confirmation. XRD reveals that 900 °C sintering temperature for 5 h gives us the purest form of cubic spinel structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) suggests no changes in bonds while increasing the dopant. The study of temperature-dependent dielectric constants showed a significant peak in the dielectric constant at around 109 between 300 °C and 400 °C. Subsequently, the trend shifted towards a decreasing order. Surprisingly, the dielectric loss has yielded meager numbers. Magnetic characteristics were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM); magnetic saturation increased as dopant concentration rose. This material is beneficial in high-frequency device applications, low-loss antennas, and radomes due to its dielectric and magnetic characteristics. The anti-cancer study suggests that it is more efficient at inhibiting cancer cells than normal cells. Also, the anti-microbial and anti-cancer characteristics suggest it can be useful in biomedical applications.

High piezoelectric performance in lead-free (K, Na)NbO3 ceramics under a low driving field

In this work, lead-free (K0.485Na0.485Li0.03)Nb0.8Ta0.2O3 composition was designed to control the orthorhombic-tetragonal phases boundary near the room temperature as confirmed by Rietveld analysis, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and temperature dependent dielectric constant. A comparative study of the direct and indirect synthesis methods was carried out and their functional properties were optimized as a function of sintering temperature (Ts) and dwell time. Here, we achieved a large dynamic piezoelectric constant (d33*) of 510 pm/V under a very low electric field of 15–30 kV/cm. Moreover, an enhanced static piezoelectric constant (d33) of 335 pC/N was obtained with a high Curie temperature (TC) of 315 °C. The large d33 and d33* simultaneously with high TC in a single composition are promising results in lead-free polycrystalline ceramics. The strategic design of this work opens a new door for the possible development of novel functional materials for device applications.

Studies of structural, dielectric, electrical, and optical properties of a multi-doped novel complex perovskite (Bi1/2Na1/2)(Fe1/3Mn1/3W1/3)O3 ceramic for opto-electronic application

(Bi1/2Na1/2)(Fe1/3Mn1/3W1/3)O3 is a new complex perovskite compound synthesized by a solid-state method. A preliminary structural study using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows the monoclinic symmetry of the material. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph shows the dense microstructure or morphology of rectangular shape grains of different dimensions. The purity and elemental composition of the compound were obtained by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX and EDS) spectrum. The analysis of frequency and temperature-dependent relative dielectric constant (εr) impedance and ac conductivity (σac) predict the presence of Maxwell-Wagner type of dielectric dispersion and thermally activated relaxation mechanism. In-depth analysis of impedance and associated factors reveals that they are substantially dependent on temperature and have a significant link with their microstructures. Similar to semiconductors, the nature of impedance spectra displays a negative temperature coefficient of resistance behavior. The electric polarization hysteresis loop shows the ferroelectric behavior and explores the possible applications. The band gap (Eg) is found to be 2.40 eV using the UV-visible spectrum, appropriate for solar and optoelectronic applications. The value of super-capacitance is 58.96 F/g, applicable for an electrode material supercapacitor application. The behavior of leakage currents has also been investigated and found that conduction has been identified as a space-charge conduction mechanism. We are very interested in designing and manufacturing novel dielectric ceramics because of the rising need for the miniaturization of electronic components and the flexibility of applications. Sensors, actuators, transducers, and capacitors are among the most prevalent applications of such types of materials.

Weakening Effect of Mn on the Oxygen Vacancies of KNN-BZT-Mn Ceramic with Improved Energy Storage Performance

Abstract The weakened pinning effect of oxygen vacancies due to the introduction of Mn on the transfer from polarization nanoregions to normal ferroelectric domains was investigated through the component design. The 0.85K0.5Na0.5NbO3-0.15Bi0.5Zn0.5Ti0.5O3-xMnO2 (abbreviated with KNN-BZT-xMn, x=0 and 0.1, i.e. KNN-BZT and KNN-BZT-Mn) ceramics were synthesized by the conventional solid-reaction method. The relaxor transition from ferroelectric R to paraelectric C phase of the ceramics is demonstrated by the temperature-dependent dielectric constants. The oxygen vacancies account for grain polarization and grain boundary polarization is derived from the migration of oxygen vacancies to the grain boundary, which is indicated by the complex impedance spectra and slimmer ferroelectric hysteresis loop for KNN-BZT-Mn. The mechanism for enhanced energy storage performance is ascribed to the NbMn-Vo decreases the pinning effect of the oxygen vacancies.

Engineering room temperature multiferroicity and temperature dependent dielectric properties of Cr doped BaTiO3 ceramics

The coexistence of ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, and piezoelectricity at room temperature in BaTi1-xCrxO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.06) nanostructures is interesting and leads to the multiferroic nature of system. Sol-gel auto-combustion technique has been used for the synthesis of nanostructures. The XRD patterns along with Rietveld refinement analysis, confirm that the samples possess parent tetragonal perovskite structure in the P4mm space group. The oxygen vacancies stoichiometry ratio was estimated through XPS studies. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the large grain size in the doped sample. The study of leakage current density reveals an increase in its value with the increase in Cr content due to defects induced in the system. P-E measurements confirm the ferroelectric nature of the samples that diminishes in the doped samples due to the high leakage current. Moreover, the estimated value of energy efficiency (η) was found to be maximum for the undoped sample. The undoped BaTiO3 has a diamagnetic character that is partially altered into weak ferromagnetic under the Cr-doping at the expense of decreasing polarization parameters. The temperature-dependent dielectric constant shows all characteristics of phase transitions in the samples. The doping of Cr enhances the ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition temperature (Tc). The piezoelectricity remains preserved in the doped samples. Thus, the coexistence of ferroelectricity, ferromagnetism, and piezoelectricity at room temperature finalizes the multiferroic nature of the synthesized samples.

The cavity perturbation method for evaluating hematocrit via dielectric properties

The physical parameters of human blood (complex permittivity and conductivity) at microwave frequencies have been investigated to assess the hematocrit (HCT). The cavity perturbation method based on a rectangular cavity operated in TE101 mode at frequency 4.212 GHz has been utilized to measure the permittivity of blood with different hematocrit % at a range of temperatures. According to the results, the dielectric constant, loss factor, and conductivity appeared to be influenced by HCT level. Though the dielectric constant is the only parameter that shows clear linear regression decreasing behavior with a correlation value around (R2 = 0.93). For thirty healthy donors the dielectric constant decreases from (65.61 ± 1.4 to 44.64 ± 4.0) and from (65.3 ± 1.2 to 48.3 ± 1.88) for men and women, respectively, with increasing hematocrit percentage from 20% HCT up to 95% HCT. The temperature dependence of the dielectric constant is also examined in the temperature range 27 °C–50 °C and the results display a slight decrease in dielectric constant with elevation temperature. The temperature-dependence dielectric constant of water and blood samples were fitted to an empirical polynomial with temperature. A comparison of estimated HCT using the cavity technique based on dielectric properties shows a very good agreement with commercially standard HCT measurement methods. Finally, the cavity technique can be applied to measure the hematocrit up to high values based on the dielectric constant with high precision, simplicity, and low cost compared with traditional techniques.

Dielectric response of vegetable oil-based nanofluid and impregnated Kraft paper for high voltage transformer insulation

Methyl ester from vegetable oil has been considered a potential replacement for mineral oil used for power transformer cooling and insulating applications. However, some pertinent properties in making this liquid a better transformer oil based on the laydown standards need to be enhanced to maximize the use of this insulating liquid. Technology involving nano-modification can enhance the properties of these ester liquids placing them in a better position as a good alternative. In this study, we aim to investigate the performance of methyl ester liquid from neem seed oil, a non-food grade oil, when modified with SiO2 insulating nanoparticles at several concentrations. Furthermore, Kraft paper compatibility has also been analyzed to observe their compatibility after impregnation. The breakdown strength, temperature-dependent dissipation loss factor, dielectric constant, and viscosity of both pure and nanofluid samples of neem ester liquid have been measured per standard methods. The nanofluid's dielectric performance has been significantly enhanced by the presence of SiO2 nanoparticles according to results obtained from the experiment. For instance, the dielectric dissipation factor at an operating frequency of 60 Hz has been improved by 96%, 89%, and 79% at 30 °C, 50 °C, and 70 °C respectively relative to the base neem liquid. This remarkable improvement has been attributed to the SiO2 nanoparticle's ability to polarize, trap, and de-trap mobile electrons develop in nanofluid when an electric field is applied.

Synergistic approach for enhancement of optical and electrical dielectric properties of size-tunable Cu doped NiO semiconductor quantum nanoflakes

In this article, isolated percolative Cu-doped NiO nanoflakes were manufactured through an advanced chemical synthesis method. The powder materials were sintered at 300 °C, 350 °C, and 400 °C to pursue the effectuation of phase and band gap adaptation from X-ray diffractometry, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The optical study for nanoparticles was effectuated by Ultraviolet–Visible spectrophotometer, and Photoluminescence spectroscopy confirm the quantum confinement effect. Morphology and elemental conformation were surveyed by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope, High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope, and Energy Dispersive X-ray depiction and confirmed the nanostructure of our sample. The frequency and temperature dependence dielectric constant, loss tangent (tanδ), ac conductivity (σac); and the Nyquist plot were also premeditated. Finally, the larger ionic radii and higher valency of the dopant yields a subsequently high dielectric constant and ac conductivity along with low loss paving the empowerment of Cu-impregnated NiO nanoparticles in optoelectrical automation.

Influence of Mn-doping on the structure, high-temperature dielectric, and conductive properties of NaNbO3 ceramics

Single phase NaNb1−xMnxO3 (NMn) with x = 0.00−0.06 ceramics were synthesized using solid state reaction technique at 1150 °C sintering temperature. The Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of NMn ceramics confirms the orthorhombic phase symmetry with Pbma space group. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) reveals that grains become denser and larger with doping. The dielectric constant (ϵ′) and tangent loss (tan δ) study has been done at room temperature to 500 °C over a wide frequency in both cooling and heating mode. The anomaly at high temperature region in temperature dependent dielectric constant (ϵ′) plot in both thermal cycle attributes to the P(AFE)-R(AFE) polymorphic phase transition. The relaxor nature of the studied samples strongly depends on dopant concentration and applied field. The impedance analysis reveals negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behaviour of material. The Nyquist study suggests the non-Debye characteristic of the dielectric relaxation in NMn ceramics.

Phase transition monitoring and temperature sensing via FIR technology in Bi/Sm‐codoped KNN transparent ceramics

AbstractThe phase transition temperature (e.g., that of orthorhombic‐tetragonal TO‐T) of relaxor ferroelectrics are commonly obtained through electrical method (i.e., temperature dependence of dielectric constant), and the samples need to be coated with metal electrode and tested by a sophisticated impedance analyzer. This contact measuring method is inefficient, inconvenient and easy to damage the sample surface, inapplicable to transparent ferroelectrics. Here, we successfully fabricated Bi/Sm co‐doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 transparent ceramics with photoluminescent behavior and relaxor‐like ferroelectricity, which simultaneously realized TO‐T monitoring and temperature sensing via fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) technology. This simple, rapid, noncontact and nondestructive optical way displays small TO‐T deviation (merely 0.78%) compared to the electrical method. And the temperature‐dependent optical characteristics and coercive electric field all present abrupt changes, whose abnormal temperature regions are in accordance with that around TO‐T. In addition, the maximum absolute sensitivity and relative sensitivity of the ceramics reach 0.0072 K−1 (at 533 K) and 0.0111 K−1 (at 453 K), respectively, exhibiting superior optical temperature sensing performance. The tactical use of FIR technology is of great significance for widening the applications of luminescent‐ferroelectric transparent ceramics.

Energy Storage Performance of KNN-Based Dielectric Ceramic through the Component Design

In this work, (1−x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3–xBiMg0.5Sn0.5O3 [(1−x)KNN–xBMS] ceramics were prepared by the conventional solid-reaction method and the microstructure and electrical properties were investigated. The results suggest that the BMS accounts for the R(Rhombohedral)-C(Cubic) relaxor phase transition due to an out-plane deformation as well as nearly unchanged c. Such phase transition is demonstrated by the temperature-dependent dielectric constants and accordingly calculated dispersion degree. The oxygen vacancy migration is dominating polarization in the ceramics, which is confirmed by complex impedance. Also, such migration gives birth to the hysteretic dielectric response with the increase of x. However, the energy storage performance is enhanced compared to KNN, indicating that the addition of Mg and Sn according to their energy band structures is an efficient way to induce the relaxor phase transition and associated good energy storage performance.

Improper High-Tc Perovskite Ferroelectric with Dielectric Bistability Enables Broadband Ultraviolet-to-Infrared Photopyroelectric Effects.

The photopyroelectric effect in ferroelectrics has shown great potential for application in infrared detection and imaging. One particular subclass is broadband with dielectric bistability, which allows for large pyroelectric figures-of-merit (FOMs). Herein, an improper high-Tc perovskite ferroelectric, (IA)2 (EA)2 Pb3 Cl10 (1, where IA is isoamylammonium and EA is ethylammonium) is presented, in which spontaneous polarization (Ps ) stems from the dynamic ordering of organic cations and the tilting of distorted PbCl6 octahedra. Notably, 1 displays unusual dielectric bistability with small variations in the temperature-dependent dielectric constants near Tc =392 K; this bistable attribute endows large pyroelectric FOMs with peak voltage efficiency (FV =1.7×10-2 cm2 µC-1 ) and sensitivity (FD =3.9×10-4 Pa-1/2 ). These FV and FD parameters, beyond those of their proper counterparts, make 1 a promising candidate for infrared photodetection. As expected, the broadband photopyroelectric effects observed in 1 covered the ultraviolet to infrared-II spectral region (266-1950nm). Such Ps -directed photoactivities overcome the optical bandgap limitation and allow for wide-wave photodetection. As an innovative study on improper ferroelectricity, light is shaded here on the targeted engineering of new electrically ordered candidate materials for smart optoelectronic devices.

Studies of Dielectric Characteristics of Polymer Films in a High-Frequency Electromagnetic Field

Establishing the relationship between the structure of solids, on the one hand, and macroscopic physical properties, on the other, makes it possible to obtain detailed information about the structure and nature of interactions in the system involved. The solution to this problem makes it possible to formulate recommendations for the creation of materials with specified properties. In this work, much attention is paid to polymer films of syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (1,2-SPB). The properties of polymer films differ from the properties of bulk materials of the same chemical composition as films. The polymer (1,2-SPB) has an amorphous, irregular structure and, due to its significant irregular structure and makeup, has important electrical, physical and chemical properties. Its physical properties make this polymer promising for use in various fields of mechanical engineering, agriculture, construction, and healthcare. The paper reports the results of a study of relaxation processes by the method of thermoactivation spectroscopy of a relatively new polymer - syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene. The mechanisms of deformation and relaxation polarization are described and studied in detail. A technique for preparing samples and processing the experimental results of the dielectric characteristics of polymer films are described. Dielectric measurements were performed using a standard R-571 bridge. Experimental temperature dependences of dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and loss tangent before and after exposure to a high-frequency electromagnetic field are shown. An atomic force microscopy (AFM) survey of a 1,2-SPB polymer film is presented. Particle analysis by AFM provides a unique opportunity to determine the size and shape of particles.

Switchable Dielectric Materials Based on a Diprotonated Organic Cation Containing Two Different Anions: (C5H16N2)BF4X (X = Cl, Br, NO3)

Three molecular-based phase transition compounds, namely, (C5H16N2)BF4Cl (1, C5H16N2 = diprotonated 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine), (C5H16N2)BF4Br (2), and (C5H16N2)BF4NO3 (3), were synthesized and characterized. Differential scanning calorimetry and the step-like anomaly of the real part (ε′) of the temperature-dependent dielectric constant revealed that the compounds underwent reversible first-order phase transition with high phase transition temperature under the stimulation of temperature. Variable-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the microcosmic driving force of phase transition was the order–disordered change of the organic cation and spherical anion. Notably, the diprotonated organic cations were charge-balanced by two different anions of the combination BF4– and Cl–, Br– and NO3–. Our research paves a new avenue to construct molecular-based phase transition materials with temperature stimulus response.

New insight into effects of oxygen vacancies on crystal structure and electrical properties of barium titanate dielectric ceramic

The oxygen vacancies in perovskite-type dielectric ceramic influence the crystal structure and electrical properties of the ceramics significantly. In the work, the oxygen vacancies are investigated for typical barium titanate (BT) ceramic through a control of sintering atmosphere. A lattice deformation with preferred orientation of (111), (002) and (200) planes are observed due to the oxygen vacancies. The electrical properties are systematically studied through temperature-dependent dielectric constants, leakage currents, complex impedance spectra and breakdown strengthens (Eb). The results suggest that the oxygen vacancies account for low resistance, low Eb and large leakage current. Such variations are elaborated from the views of the energy band structure based on the DFT and the finite element simulation. Besides, the mechanical properties are calculated and the increased elastic constant (C) along z-axis and modulus of BT-Vo gives rise to the sharply decreased of piezoelectric constant (d33).

Composition-spread epitaxial ferroelectric thin films for temperature-insensitive functional devices

Ba<sub><i>x</i></sub>Sr<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> (BST) ferroelectric thin films are widely used in microwave tunable devices due to their high dielectric constants, strong electric field tunabilities and low microwave losses. However, because of the temperature dependence of dielectric constant in ferroelectric material, the high-tunability for conventional single component ferroelectric thin film can only be achieved in the vicinity of Curie Temperature (<i>T</i><sub>C</sub>) which leads the ferroelectric thin films to be difficult to operate in a wide temperature range. To obtain ferroelectric thin films for temperature stable functional devices, single composition Ba<sub>0.2</sub>Sr<sub>0.8</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> thin films, Ba<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> thin films, and Ba<sub>0.2</sub>Sr<sub>0.8</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub>/Ba<sub>0.5</sub>Sr<sub>0.5</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> heterostructure thin films are deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). By comparing their dielectric properties in a wide temperature range, it is found that the temperature sensitivity of BST film can be effectively reduced by introducing a composition gradient along the epitaxial direction. However, the heterostructure engineering may bring extra troubles caused by interfaces, which may limit the quality factor <i>Q</i>. In this paper, we extend our combinatorial film deposition technique to ferroelectric materials, and we successfully fabricate in-plane composition-spread Ba<sub>1–<i>x</i></sub>Sr<sub><i>x</i></sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> thin films, which are expected to broaden the phase transition temperature ranges of BST films while avoiding the problem of interface control.